高考英语阅读之说明文基础训练（一）.doc

2022高考英语阅读之说明文基础训练（一）(A)When our Scottish puppy, Annie, reached adolescence, she suddenly stopped following my commands. Previously, if I called “come”, she would fly across our yard to my arms. Now, the 8-month-old gave me a look and ran the other way. Our dog trainer advised us to stop worrying. “She's a teenager,” she said. “She'll grow out of it.” Now, a new study is backing that up: Dogs experience a period that makes them act out, just like human teenagers. Puppies bond with humans much as children do. “But owners often feel like they're failing when their puppies reach adolescence,” said Lucy Asher, lead author of the new study. Asher and her team monitored 70 female dogs being raised as guide dogs. They asked caregivers to score them on their attention-seeking behaviors like sitting close to their owners and separation-related behaviors like trembling when left behind. Both types of behaviors show general anxiety and fearfulness. Dogs with high scores entered adolescence earlier at about 5 months, compared with 8 months for those with lower scores. Further, adolescent dogs that were stressed by separation from their caregivers were also increasingly disobedient to that person, but not others.To test obedience, the scientists assessed a separate group of 69 guide dogs, first at 5 months and later at 8 months. They asked the dog's caregiver and a stranger to give the command to “sit”. All of the preadolescent puppies quickly sat for both people, but when the same puppies reached adolescence, they refused to follow the order from their caregivers. However, they readily obeyed the stranger. Dogs that weren't securely attached to their caregivers were even more willing to follow the stranger's commands.Because of the similarity between adolescent puppies and humans, dogs could serve as a model species for studying adolescence in humans. And on a more practical note, the temporary nature of dog disobedience might make us worry less when our puppies suddenly get minds of their own. Just ask Annie she's now happy to come, sit, and stay a while.1. What can we infer about Annie's disobedience according to Asher? A. It is natural. B. It is foolish. C. It is unique. D. It is impolite.2. How did the guide dogs aged 8 months behave in the obedience test?A. They became very fierce.B. They were barely attached to anyone.C. They became a little exhausted.D. They were obedient in front of the stranger.3 What is implied in the last sentence of the text? A. The author feels grateful for the trainer's advice. B. The author is learning how to get on with his dog. C. The author's dog has been out of its adolescence. D. The author's dog has become a model for other dogs.4. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Adolescent Dogs Act like Human Teenagers B. Humans Should Care about Their Puppies More C. Puppies Are Closely Related to Human Teenagers D. Dogs Tend to Obey Their Owners' Orders(B)An international group of coffee experts has considered Ethiopia's coffee as the best in the world.Coffee is a top export( 出口物) of the country.But at home,it is seen as national pride.Ethiopians feel good about their coffee,and enjoying a drink with friends is a long tradition.Some people say the climate produces quality beans.Morton Wennersgarrd is a coffee importer.He said，“Ethiopia has different ancient types of coffee.They are planted in places with perfect soil，perfect altitude，and climates that are really suitable for coffee processing.” Finding the best quality beans is often an issue of taste.The process is known as cuppingtasting and comparing coffee from different roasted beans ， grading and then pricing them.But before international experts come to taste，coffee beans are studied in small coffee laboratories.Helen Assefa，a lab technician，describes the process，“When the coffee comes to the lab，we assess(评价) its quality first by recording the details.Then we weigh the moisture( 水分) level and we examine the beans for analysis.After that we grind( 磨碎) the coffee beans and taste the samples.In the end we check for defective( 有瑕疵的) beans.” Mubarik Abaoli is a lab worker.He says that testing is a very difficult and long process.“We select out the defects by hand.And we select out the defect according to the defect types.”Ethiopia has got a lot of money by exporting coffee to more than 120 countries.The country has an export revenue( 税收) of more than 840 million a year.But not all the best coffee leaves Ethiopia.Forty percent of the coffee grown in the country stays there.It remains an important part of everyday life at work，at home and at ceremonies.1.Ethiopians' attitude towards coffee may best be described asA.braveBRelaxedCproudDDoubtful2The third paragraph is mainly aboutA.the ways of making coffeeB.the influence of the coffeeC.the tips on planting the best coffeeD.the process of assessing the coffee 3What can we learn from the last paragraph?A.Coffee plays an important role in Ethiopians' life.B.More than 120 countries export coffee to Ethiopia. C40% of the coffee grown in Ethiopia is exported. DEthiopians earn their living by exporting coffee.4.What is the main purpose of the passage? ATo advertise the coffee in Ethiopia.B.To comment on coffee experts' work.C.To introduce the best coffee in the world.D.To recommend activities in Ethiopia to tourists.(C)One of the most traditional British holidays is the seaside holiday. Typically, families travel to British seaside towns.In the late 1970s, air travel became affordable for the average family, and more and more British people started travelling abroad for their summer holidays. After all, the British weather isnt very good, even in summer.In the 1980s and 1990s, British young people became wealthier. They started to go abroad in groups. Once at their destination they socialized with other young people and had one long party.British holidaying habits have begun to change, however. The UK now has a warmer climate than before, so people don't always feel they need to go overseas. Also, the world seems a less certain place as interconnected economic rise and fall, which means that the cost of foreign holidays is less predictable than before. The domestic(国内的) tourism industry when people go on holiday in their own country is healthier than it has been in decades. UK newspapers have even invented a new word: a “staycation”.In some ways, therefore, the UK has come full circle. There is now an increased appreciation among Britons for the diversity of the UK. It is not just the geography, which ranges from the flat fens (沼泽) of East Anglia to the valleys of Wales to the mountains of Scotland, which is diverse. And it is not just the diversity of climate-based activities on offer, which range from surfing in the warm southwest of England, to hillwalking and skiing in the north. It is also the diversity of the cultures in the UK that is beginning to be of interest to domestic tourists. People forget sometimes that there are different accents, languages, traditions, cuisines and peoples across all the parts of the UK.1. Why do more British people take their holidays in their own country?A. The Internet makes them closer.B. They are wealthier and more sociable.C. The global climate is getting much warmer.D. The expense on foreign holidays is unsteady.2. What does the underlined word “staycation” in Paragraph 4 refer to?A. A vacation spent at home.B. A healthier style of living.C. A new way to spend holiday.D. A fashionabletourism industry.3. Which is the best heading that matches Paragraph 5?A. Flights of fancy.B. Sun, sea and sand.C. The length and width.D. Footloose and fancy-free.4. What is the purpose of the author in writing the passage?A. To prove the UK has diverse scenery.B. To show the UK starts to discover itself.C. To tell the development of the United Kingdom.D. To explain why the British prefer spending holidays inland.(D)Half of the world's beaches could disappear by 2100, a study published in the journal Nature Climate Change suggests.Michalis Vousdoukas, of the European Union's Joint Research Center in Ispra, Italy, was the lead researchist. "Tourist areas which have sandy beaches as their main selling point will probably face strong consequences," he said. Aside from economic value, beaches play an important environmental role. "Sandy beaches are important habitats supporting a wide range of species. They also protect the coast from the effects of storms, so without sandy beaches other inland environments can be affected by the effects of waves and saltwater entering," Vousdoukas added.The main causes are rising sea-level and erosion (侵蚀)from storms, the study says, which warned of the near-disappearance of almost half of the world's sandy beaches by the end of the century. Beaches in the United States will be “greatly affected”，as will shorelines in Canada, Mexico, China and Chile. In the U. S. , beaches along the East Coast and the Gulf Coast will experience the most erosion.Michalis Vousdoukas and other researchers used satellite images to track the way beaches have changed over the past 30 years and patterned how global warming might affect them in the future. They found that West Africa will see some of the worst losses, where more than 60% of sandy coastline may be lost in countries such as The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. Australia will also take a hit:when the total length of sandy beach projected to be lost is analyzed, Australia would be hit the hardest, with more than 7,000 miles at risk.1. What mainly caused the disappearance of half of the world's beaches?A. Over population and more tourism.B. Severe erosion and coastline losses.C. Global warming and climate change.D. Sea-level rise and storm destruction.2. Which country possibly loses more than half of sandy coastline according to the study?A. Chile.B. The Gambia.C. Australia. D. The United States.3. Why are beaches important to wildlife?A. They can provide habitats for species.B. They can block out waves and storms.C. They can be popular tourist attractions.D. They can stop erosion from happening.4. What is the author's purpose in writing this text?A. To introduce beaches.B. To make a comparison.C. To protect environment.D. To explain a study.(E)A strong coffee after a poor nights sleep is the kick-start many people need in the morning but new research suggests that it might be best to have a bite to eat first.A study has found that drinking coffee first can have a negative effect on blood sugar control - a risk factor for diabetes and heart disease.“We know that nearly half of us will wake in the morning and, before doing anything else, drink coffeesubjectively the more tired we feel, the stronger the coffee,” said Professor James Betts, at the University of Bath in the UK.For their study, researchers at the University of Bath got 29 healthy men and women to take part in three different overnight experiments, with at least a week between them.In one, the participants had a normal nights sleep, roughly from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m., and were asked to consume a sugary drink on waking in the morning. They then experienced an interrupted nights sleep, where the researchers woke them every hour for five minutes by sending them text messages to which they had to respond and upon waking were given the same sugary drink.On another night, participants experienced the same sleep interruption, but this time were first given a strong black coffee 30 minutes before consuming the sugary drink.They found that one night of interrupted sleep did not worsen the participants blood sugar and insulin responses when compared to the normal nights sleepalthough previous research suggested that losing many hours of sleep or many nights of poor sleep could have a negative effect. However, strong black coffee consumed before breakfast actually increased the blood sugar response by around 50% suggesting that relying on coffee after a bad night to stop feeling sleepy could limit your bodys ability to tolerate the sugar in your breakfast.1. What was unchanged in the three experiments?A. The sugary drink.B. The blood sugar response.C. The amount of sleep.D. The intake of coffee.2. What increased the participants blood sugar response most before breakfast?A. A normal sugary drink.B. A normal nights sleep.C. A cup of strong black coffee.D. An interrupted nights sleep.3. How did researchers draw the conclusion?A. By referring to some documents.B. By listing some examples.C. By surveying the participants.D. By comparing the results.参考答案：(A)： ADCA (B)： CDAC(C)：DAAB(D)1。根据第三段中“The main causes are rising sea-level and erosion （侵蚀）from storms, the study says, which warned of the near-disappearance of almost half of the world's sandy beaches by the end of the century. ”（研究报告说，主要原因是海平面上升和风暴侵蚀，该研究警告说，到本世纪末，世界上近一半的沙滩将消失。）可知，沙滩消失的主要原因是海平面上升和风暴的侵蚀，故选D。2。根据最后一段中“They found that West Africa will see some of the worst losses, where more than 60% of sandy coastline may be lost in countries such as The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. ”（他们发现，西非将出现一些损失最严重的地区，冈比亚和几内亚比绍等国可能会损失60%以上的沙质海岸线。）可知，Gambia和Guinea-Bissau等国家60%以上的海岸线可能会消失，故选B。3。根据第二段中“Sandy beaches are important habitats supporting a wide range of species. ”可知，沙滩是各种各样的物种提供栖息地，因此很重要，故选A。4。根据第一段“Half of the world's beaches could disappear by 2100”可知，到2100年，世界上一半的海滩可能会消失；在第二段中“Sandy beaches are important habitats supporting a wide range of species. ”（沙滩是一个重要的栖息地，支持各种各样的物种）介绍了海滩的重要性，因此可以推断出作者写本文的主要目的是引起人们的注意，共同保护环境 ，故选C。(E)1。根据第五段“In one, the participants had a normal nights sleep, roughly from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m., and were asked to consume a sugary drink on waking in the morning. They then experienced an interrupted nights sleep, where the researchers woke them every hour for five minutes by sending them text messages to which they had to respond and upon waking were given the same sugary drink.(在一组实验中，参与者睡了一个正常的晚上，大约从晚上11点到早上7点，然后被要求在早上醒来时喝一杯含糖饮料。 然后他们的睡眠被打断，研究人员每隔5分钟给他们发短信，每小时叫醒他们一次，他们必须回复，醒来后给他们同样的含糖饮料)”以及第六段“On another night, participants experienced the same sleep interruption, but this time were first given a strong black coffee 30 minutes before consuming the sugary drink.(在另一个晚上，参与者也经历了同样的睡眠中断，但这一次，他们先喝了一杯浓黑咖啡，30分钟后再喝含糖饮料)”可知，在三个试验中没有改变的是受试者都喝了含糖饮料。故选A。2。根据最后一段中“However, strong black coffee consumed before breakfast actually increased the blood sugar response by around 50% suggesting that relying on coffee after a bad night to stop feeling sleepy could limit your bodys ability to tolerate the sugar in your breakfast.(然而，早餐前喝浓黑咖啡实际上会使血糖反应增加约50%这表明在经历了糟糕的一夜之后，依赖咖啡来消除困倦可能会限制身体对早餐糖分的耐受能力)”可知，早餐前，一杯浓黑咖啡增加了受试者的血糖反应。故选C。3。根据第四段“For their study, researchers at the University of Ba