阅读理解和七选五原创题-高三英语二轮复习.docx

Reading TimeAHumans are creating AI, and robots are learning to improve themselves. Who will teach whom? Who on earth are wiser? Using a handheld device, Ajay Mandelkar, Jim Fan and Yuke Zhu use their software to control a robot arm.Credit: L.A. CiceroBender is one of the robot arms that a team of Stanford researchers is using to test two frameworks that, together, could make it faster and easier to teach robots basic skills. The RoboTurk framework allows people to direct the robot arms in real time with a smartphone and a browser by showing the robot how to carry out tasks like picking up objects. SURREAL speeds the learning process by running multiple experiences at once, essentially allowing the robots to learn from many experiences simultaneously."With RoboTurk and SURREAL, we can push the boundary of what robots can do by combining lots of data collected by humans and coupling that with large-scale reinforcement learning," said Mandlekar, a member of the team that developed the frameworks.Humans teaching robotsYuke Zhu, a PhD student in computer science and a member of the team, showed how the system works by opening the app on his iPhone and waving it through the air. He guided the robot arm - like a mechanical crane in an arcade game（电子游戏） - to hover over his prize: a wooden block painted to look like a steak. This is a simple pick-and-place task that involves identifying objects, picking them up and putting them into the bin with the correct label.To humans, the task seems ridiculously easy. But for the robots of today, it's quite difficult. Robots typically learn by interacting with and exploring their environment - which usually results in lots of random arm waving - or from large datasets.However, those lessons aren't always perfect. When Zhu pressed hard on his phone screen and the robot released its grip, the wooden steak hit the edge of the bin and clattered（发出哗啦的声音） onto the table. "Humans are by no means optimal at this," Mandlekar said, "but this experience is still integral for the robots." Vocabulary:hover: remain at or near a particular level.1. How could the two frameworks make it faster and easier to teach robots basic skills?A. By showing the robot how to carry out tasksB. By running multiple experiences at onceC. By combining lots of data collected by humansD. By coupling many data with mass over-learning2. Which of the right order to carry out the task based on Yuke Zhu?a. Recognizing different wooden blocksb. Raising wooden blocks c. Labeling the wooden blocks and the bind. Putting wooden blocks into the bin A. c-a-b-d B. a-c-b-d C. b-a-c-d D. b-a-d-c3. What can we infer from the underlined sentence?A. Those robots arent perfect at all.B. It is hard to control a robot by an engineer.C. It is not optimal for humans to finish any task.D. The Robotic Technology is progressing gradually4. What is the best title of this passage?A. Humans teach robots basic skills.B. Humans help robots learn tasks.C. The two frameworks are used in robot teaching.D. The two frameworks are developed to test robots.BModern culture does not love only the anti-hero; modern culture loves nearly anything it finds praiseworthy. This includes a wide field. There is even another spectrum, just within this sort of hero. At the far ends of this more specialized spectrum range world-wide figures such as Princess Diana to less known, community heroes. Princess Diana is perhaps the most famous woman in the world; her death is mourned by millions. She is most well known for her campaigns against several social issues including AIDS, poverty, drug-problems, and homelessness. Her work to raise awareness for these issues has put her down in history, and has made her a hero to the world. However, heroes do not have to be world heroes to be classified heroes. For example: There was the high school football player who gave up his senior season to donate one of his kidneys to save his grandmother. Or even more remarkable, 18-year-old Keisha Thomas, a black girl who threw herself over a white man with a confederate flag shirt who was being beaten at a KKK rally in Ann Arbor.? These wholly unselfish acts make these people heroes. The ability to put others before oneself is a somewhat rare quality. A person can be a hero to his or her family, or to the world. A jewel thief or a Mob member can be exceptionally heroic. The greatest difference in the hero of today and the hero of times past is the number and social standing. In times past, the hero was cultural perfection; today anyone can be a hero. In that aspect, we have progressed as a civilization. Now there is an ever growing number of heroes that societies can idolize and imitate. With ever more idols, there comes, ideally, a boost in a societys overall goodness. If each individual was encouraged to pick a personal hero, perhaps the world would have fewer problems. 5. What does the underlined word “spectrum” mean?A. heroB. worthC. fieldD. figure6. What does the author want to express by taking Princess Diana for example?A. Princess Diana was once a most famous woman in the world.B. Different people have different opinions about modern heroes in modern society.C. Princess Diana has many contributions to several social issues.D. The world doesnt regard Princess Diana as a heroine.7. Whats the authors attitude towards the football players donating one of his kidneys?A. He should have competed in his senior season.B. He should not be regarded as a real hero.C. He was a real hero to his family.D. He must be awarded as a national hero.8. What can we infer from the second paragraph?A. Anyone can be a hero at any times if he wishes.B. Hero standard has developed with society.C. A jewel thief is a somewhat hero.D. Picking yourself a hero can solve many social problems.CHow do speech and language normally develop?The most intensive period of speech and language development for humans is during the first three years of life, a period when the brain is developing and maturing. These skills appear to develop best in a world that is rich with sounds, sights, and consistent (一致的，协调的，相容的) exposure (揭发) to the speech and language of others.There is increasing evidence suggesting that there are "critical periods" for speech and language development in infants and young children. This means that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language, during this period. The beginning signs of communication occur during the first few days of life when an infant learns that a cry will bring food, comfort, and companionship. As they grow, infants begin to sort out the speech sounds (phonemes) or building blocks that compose the words of their language. Research has shown that by six months of age, most children recognize the basic sounds of their native language.As the speech mechanism (jaw, lips, and tongue) and voice mature, an infant is able to make controlled sound. By six months of age, an infant usually babbles or produces repetitive syllables such as "ba, ba, ba". By the end of their first year, most children have mastered the ability to say a few simple words. Children are most likely unaware of the meaning of their first words, but soon learn the power of those words as others respond to them.By eighteen months of age, most children can say eight to ten words. By age two, most are putting words together in crude sentences such as "more milk." During this period, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts. At this age they also engage in representational or pretend play. At ages three, four, and five, a child's vocabulary rapidly increases, and he or she begins to master the rules of language.http:/www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/speechandlanguage.asp 9. According to the passage, which of the statement is NOT true?A. The developing brain is best able to absorb any language.B. The beginning signs of communication occur during the first few days of life.C. By six months of age, all children recognize the basic sounds of their native language.D. By age two, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.10. We can infer from the passage that _.A. By six months of age, an infant must babble or produce repetitive syllablesB. By the end of their first year, most children are most likely aware of the meaning of their first words.C. By age two, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.D. The brain development is critical important for children to develop their speech and language ability.11. That there are "critical periods" for speech and language development in infants and young children means _.A. that children are so young that it is easy for them to study.B. that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language.C. that the children are eager to learn the language.D. we must take care of children.12. The best title for the passage might be “_”.A. How to help the children develop their speech and language.B. How do speech and language normally develop?C. The ways to develop speech and language.D. A study about speech and language development.DFood crime involves serious and intentional dishonesty that impacts detrimentally（有害地） on the safety or authenticity of food, drink or animal feed.At the National Food Crime Unit, we have identified seven techniques as the main methods through which food crime can be committed. The seven techniques are:Ø theft - dishonestly appropriating food, drink or feed products in order to profit from their use or saleØ unlawful processing slaughtering* or preparing meat and related products in unapproved premises* or using unauthorized techniquesØ waste diversion - unlawfully diverting food, drink or feed meant for disposal(处置), back into the supply chainØ adulteration（掺杂、伪造）- reducing the quality of food by including a foreign substance, in order to lower costs or fake a higher qualityØ substitution - replacing a food or ingredient with another substance that is similar but inferiorØ misrepresentation - marketing or labelling a product to wrongly portray（描绘）its quality, safety, origin or freshnessØ document fraud(欺骗) -includes the making, use and possession of false documents with the intent to sell, market or otherwise vouch（保证）for a fraudulent（欺骗性的）or substandard（非标准化的）productFood Crime Confidential is a reporting facility where anyone with suspicions about food crime can report these safely and in confidence, over the phone or online. This means that your details will not be shared with anyone else.While still of concern, instances where there is no direct intention to deceive or deliberate dishonesty do not constitute（构成）food crime and should not be reported to the NFCU. These should be reported here to the relevant local authority. If you send information about a wrongdoing or criminal activity to the NFCU, you can be reassured that your personal information will be protected. It will not be shared with any other part of our Agency or any other partner. The only time your information will be shared is if you give us your permission as requested at the end of the form.Please use the links above to share information with us. However, you can also contact the Unit by calling Food Crime Confidential on 0207 276 8787.https:/www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/food-crimeVocabulary:slaughter：the killing of many people cruelly and unfairly, especially in a war:E.g. Hardly anyone in the town escaped the slaughter when the rebels were defeatedpremise: an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based:E.g. The research project is based on the premise stated earlier.13. According to the passage, which of the following is not TRUE? A. Food crime does harm to every aspect of our lives. B. Adulteration is used to lower costs or fake a higher quality.C. There is more dishonesty in food, drink or feed products to make more profit. D. Replacing a food with another similar but inferior substance is one of a food crime. 14. What should we do if we find a food crime?A. Fight with criminals.B. Cover a food crime confidently.C. Protect our personal information.D. Dont share information with others.15. Whats the best title of this passage?A. Food crime is detrimental.B. How to react to a food crime?C. Be courageous to fight with a food crime.D. Whats the food crime and how to deal with it?EIn humans, other mammals, and many other animals that have been studied such as fish, birds, ants, and fruit-flies regular sleep is necessary for survival._16_.In mammals, the measurement of eye movement during sleep is used to divide sleep into two broad types: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep._17_.Sleep proceeds in cycles of REM and NREM phases.In humans, this cycle is approximately 90 to 110 minutes. Each phase may have a distinct physiological function. Drugs such as alcohol and sleeping pills can suppress certain stages of sleep. This can result in a sleep that exhibits loss of consciousness. _18_.In REM, the brain is active and the body inactive, and this is when most dreaming occurs._19_, REM sleep is similar in appearance to the wakeful EEG that has low voltage and mixed frequency. During REM sleep there is loss of skeletal muscle tone, and an active sympathetic nervous system.In NREM sleep, the body is active and the brain inactive, and there is relatively little dreaming. Non-REM encompasses four stages; stages 1 and 2 are considered 'light sleep', and 3 and 4 'deep sleep'. _20_, unlike REM sleep which is characterized by rapid eye movements and relative absence of muscle tone. There are often limb movements, and parasomnia sleep walking occurs in non-REM sleep. A. They are differentiated solely using EEGB. Related closely to an electroencephalography(EEG)C. Characterized by an electroencephalography (EEG) D. But this does not fulfill its physiological functions.E. A cyclical alternating pattern may sometimes be observed during a stage.F. The capability for arousal from sleep is also needed for health and survival.G. Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological and psychological features.FA first-aider is someone who has undertaken training appropriate to the circumstances. _ 21_Ø first aid at workØ emergency first aid at work, or, Ø any other level of training or qualification that is appropriate to the circumstancesEm