定语从句中where与which的区别.pdf

定语从句中定语从句中 wherewhere 和和 whichwhich 的区别的区别is the factory_we visited yesterday.is the stable_Jesus Chirst was born.1,which分析：关键是看从句中的动词。如果是及物动词（顾名思义，就是必须要接物做宾语的动词，或能用做被动的动词），则表明从句缺宾语，修饰人用 who/whom/that。修饰物用 that/which.如动词是不及物（顾名思义就是不需要接物做宾语的或要接宾语时前面必须要加介词的，即用介宾的动词），则说明从句不缺宾语，可能是状语(或介宾）。表地点用 where.时间用 when.如题 1：从句的动词是 visit，我们说参观某个地方说：visit some place。而不说 visit in theplace 所以 visit 是及物动词。所以缺宾语，修饰物故用which.如题2，我们说出生于某地用be born in，如：i was born in beijing 而不说i was born beijing.故说明 born 后不直接跟宾语，应用介宾，或关系副词（where/when)所以此处填 in which 也是正确的。所以在平时的练习中应注意动词的及物于不及物性1 这是解决这类题的关键之一。扩展练习：are the days _ I spent with my mom.(when）2.These are the times _ Iexperienced.（which）英语 定语从句 that,where,which 的区别例如：(1)I love places _ the people are really fridendy(2)This is the place _ I have ever visitedthere(3).This is the house _ I want to buyA.In which(4)this is the museum _ we visited last yearA.whereB.in whichthat1.C也可以是 thatD，也可以不填。where 关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语。that 和 which 是关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时也可以省略。第 1 题中，places 是人们友好的地点，所以指代place 的 where 在从句中作地点状语。第 2 题中，the place 是 visit 的对象，谓语动词的对象是宾语。所以指代 the place 应当是that/which，that/which 也可以省略。第 3 题中，the house 是 buy 的对象，所以指代 the house 的应当是 that/which，that/which也可以省略。第 4 题的道理同第 2 题。顺便说一下，1、如果把第2 题的动词换成 played basketball,或 grow up，等，那么 先行词the place 就不是这些动词的对象了，而是这些动词所发生的地点，这时关系词就要用 where了。2、关系副词可以换成“介词+关系代词”。如第 1 题 where 可以换成 in/at which。定语从句中引导词定语从句中引导词 wherewhere，whatwhat，whomwhom，whosewhose，thatthat，whowho的用法的用法I.限制性定语从句的特殊用法II.非限制性定语从句III.同位语从句IV.同位语从句和定语从句的区别I.限制性定语从句的特殊用法1.way+定语从句 way 后面跟定语从句有三种形式。(1)way+in which+定语从句例如：She was pleased with the way in which he had accepted her criticism.(2)way+that+定语从句例如：They didnt do itin the way that we do now.(3)way+定语从句例如：He didnt speak the way I do.2.as 引导的定语从句(1)在由 as 引导的定语从句中所修饰的词（先行词）前面常有 such 或 the same。例如：Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.I have the same trouble as you(have).(2)As 在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。例如：Lets discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.（作主语）I never heard such stories as he tells.（作宾语）Ive never seen such a clever man as he is.（作表语）(3)As 有时引导非限制性定语从句，可在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，修饰主句，常解释为正如、如同。例如：As is known to all,the earth moves round the sun.（作主语）As was expected,he performed the task with success.（作主语）As he predicted,the wind changed.（作宾语）The meeting is very important,as indeed it is.（作表语）II.非限制性定语从句1.非限制性定语从句由 who,whom,which 引导（不可用 that），还可以由 whose,when,where 等词引导。非限制性定语从句要用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句可以删去，整个句子的意思还是完整的，而限制性定语从句如果被删去，句子的意思不完整。例如：Mr Brown,who is our English teacher,lives near our school.Yesterday I met my sons school master,whom you saw at my home las t year.He has finished the difficult exercise,which is easy for you.The factory is headed by a 35-year-old man,whose wife is from America.They will fly to Qingdao,where they plan to stay for two weeks.In these days,when I was a child,the city had no industry to speak of.注意：非限制性定语从句中的关系词是不可省略的。2.非限制性定语从句有时并非修饰名词或代词，它可以修饰整个句子。例如：They have invited me to visit their country,which is very kind of them.3.in front of,at the back of,in the middle of 等短语在定语从句中的用法。如果关系代词是作这类介词短语的宾语时，介词短语必须提前。例如：Yesterday afternoon we arrived at his log cabin,in front of which stood a tall tree.4.注意此类句子表达方式。There are forty students in their class,thirty of whom are Leaguemembers.也可以改成 There are forty students in their class,of whom thirty are League members.III.同位语从句 同位语从句常跟在 idea,fact,doubt,thought,belief,news,hope 等词后面，由连接代词 that（不可用 which）和连接副词 when,where,whether 等引导。例如：I had no idea that you were here.The fact that he is unfit for his job is quite clear.Then arose the question where we were to get the machine needed.All the time she was in bitter doubt whether she was right.IV.同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句用于名词后面，对该名词的内容作进一步说明，连接词在从句中不作成份。定语从句用于修饰名词或代词，引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词往往在定语从句中作一个成份。例如：Have you heard the news that Mr Smith will come to give a lecture on Irish Fairy Tales这里 that 引导的是同位语从句，不可以用 which 代替 that，连接代词在从句中不作成份。Have you told him the news that I told you last week这里 that 引导的是定语从句，可以用which 代替 that，它在定语从句中作宾语。高考需要掌握的不及物动词有哪些高考需要掌握的不及物动词有哪些英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词和不及物动词。不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi.的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of,at 后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了.常用的不及物动词appear，Appear calmcome，Come easy(safe)go，Go mad(crazy,bad,sour,wrong,hungry,blind)get，Get angry(ill,wet,excited,married,paid)fall，Fall asleep(fall ill,fall short,fall flat)feel，Feel good(sleepy)keep，Keep quiet(silent)look，Look fit(well,young,tired)make，Make certain(sure,ready,a good teacher)prove，Prove an effective method(correct,accurate)remain，Remain still(unchanged)rest，Rest satisfied(content)rise，Rise redseem，Seem happystand，Stand stillstay，Stay young(stay fresh,the same)turn，Turn teacher=become a teacher(yellow)turn out，Turn out true用法举例Look carefully!(注意：carefully 是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语)look at 看.+宾语 Look at me carefully!(me是代词，作宾语)（at 是小范围 in 是大范围）如：The students work very hard.学生们很努力地学习。She apologized to me again.她再次向我道歉。The accident happened yesterday evening.昨天晚上发生了事故。与及物动词的区别及物动词与不及物动词的区别从是否需要宾语来分，实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。“How long can I keep the book”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久”2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitiveverb)。如：Birds fly.鸟会飞。It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：Shall I begin at once 我可以立刻开始吗(begin 作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(begin 作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的(leave 作及物动词)They left last week.他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well 这布经得起洗吗4)与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如 arrive 到达，agree同意，1isten 听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如：We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at 不能省去)(比较：Wereached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to 不可省去)(比较：We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan他们同意这个计划吗(to 不可省去)b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve 为服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务及物动词后可以加宾语，不及物动词后不可以加宾语动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：a主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于：主+谓+宾；主+谓+双宾；主+谓+宾+宾补结构。如：He reached Paris the day before yesterday.Please hand me the book over there.They asked me to go fishing with them.类似的还有：buy,catch,invent,found,like,observe,offer,prevent,promise,raise,find,forget,receive,regard,see,say,seat,supply,select,suppose,show,make,take,tell.b主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用于：主+谓结构。This is the room where I once lived.类似的还有：agree,go,work,listen,look,come,die,belong,fall,exist,rise,arrive,sit,sail,hurry,fail,succeed.c既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。如 begin 都是作开始讲。everybody,our game begins.let us begin our game.类似的还有：start,answer,sing,close,consider,insist,read,learn,prepare,pay,hurt,improve.d既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift 作不及物动词时是指烟雾的消散。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.作及物动词时是升高；举起。He lifted his glass and drank.类似的还有：beatvi.跳动 vt.敲、打;grow vi.生长 vt.种植play vi.玩耍 vt.打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.发出（气味）vt.嗅ringvi.（电话、铃）响 vt.打电话speak vi.讲话vt.说（语言）hangvi.悬挂 vt.绞死operate vi.动手术vt.操作需要注意的一点是：少数不及物动词唯一可跟的宾语是同源宾语，如：I dreamed a dreamlast night.