英语四级阅读ppt课件.ppt

Merry Merry Christmas Christmas To you all and To you all and May you May you succeed succeedCET 4CET 4国家教委颁布的大学英语教学大纲对四级阅读能力的具体要求是：掌握基本阅读技能，能顺利阅读并正确理解语言难度中等的一般题材文章和科普、科技读物，阅读速度达到每分钟80词。阅读难度略低、生词不超过总词数3%的材料，速度达到每分钟100词，理解准确率以70%为合格（即20个题应做正确14个）。大学英语教学大纲对阅读理解部分的测试能力也做了具体规定：1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2.了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；3.既理解字面的意思，也能根据所读的材料进行一定的判断和推论；4.既理解个别句子的意义，也能理解上下文的逻辑关系。阅阅 读读 讲讲 座座阅读理解部分的测试时间为40分钟，要求考生阅读快速阅读（15分钟)，15选10和两篇仔细阅读(25分钟)总阅读量在1000-1200词之间。每篇短文后有5个题，总题数为20个题，每题得分为2分，共40分，要求考生根据文章内容从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。阅读理解短文的题材十分广泛，大体可分为两类：一类是科技方面的，如有关医学、动植物、海洋、地质、遗传、语言、天文、空间技术等；另一类是社会方面的，如历史、文化、家庭、婚姻、教育、伦理、犯罪、娱乐、交通、住房、环境、能源、经济等。文章体裁主要以记叙文、说明文、议论文为主。阅读理解部分所设置的选择题大致分为以下几种类型：事实细节题、主旨题、推断题、词汇辨义题、作者态度、观点题等。下面对各题型的解题方法做一简单归纳大学英语四级阅读大学英语四级阅读理解主题和中心思想理解主题和中心思想(Understanding the Topic and Main Idea)辩认主题展开的重要细节辩认主题展开的重要细节(Recognizing Primary Supporting Details)区分事实和看法区分事实和看法(Distinguishing Between Facts and Opinions 进行推论进行推论(Making Inferences)利用上下文猜测短语的含义利用上下文猜测短语的含义(Guessing the Meaning of Unknown Phrases Through Contextual Clues)主旨题是测试学生对整篇短文的理解能力的。因此辩认主题句是获取文章主旨大意的一个有效方法。主题句的特点为:结构一般比较简单，表述的意思比较概括。主题句往往位于文章开首，或位于文章中段、文章末尾。有些文章首尾都有主题句前后呼应，两次点题。对于没有主题句的文章，可把文中细节所集中论述的要点，运用逻辑推理的方法，酝酿出文章的主题。抓住了文章的中心思想，也就不难用浓缩、简练的语言，概括出文章的标题。从最近的十套全真试题看，主旨题占全部阅读理解题的11.5%。这类题常见的表达形式有：m（1)What is the main idea(subject)of this passage?（2）What does this passage mainly concerned?（3）The main theme of this passage is _.（4）The main point of the passage is_.（5）Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（6）The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _.（7）On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook?（8）The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _.（9）Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?Sample 1Sample 1Turn on the world news broadcast any evening,and the mood is one of semi-darkness and hopelessness.Maybe Brazil and Peru havent gone to war,but the news is that some other countries have.Thousands of people have been left homeless by earthquakes,floods,and fires,but nobody reports on the millions of people unharmed by natural disasters.In the cities,men and women go about the daily affairs of earning a living,quietly and calmly,without making the news,but crime,and corruption seem to be on every street corner according to the latest news report.Q:What does the passage mainly discuss?A)The evening news about war.B)The depressing world news we often hear from broadcast C)The latest news about homeless people.D)The import news in the world:natural disaster,crime and corruption.本段第一句即为主题句，概述本段的主题思想，也就是说，作者开宗明义，一开段就把要告诉读者的基本看法陈述出来：“无论哪天晚上打开世界新闻广播，你听到的基调总是阴晦的和绝望的。”接着，作者为支持自己的这种看法，使读者信服，便以有关战争、灾祸和犯罪三项新闻报道为例，分别陈述在后续的三个句子里。因此，该段主要讨论的应是B）项，“我们经常从广播中听到的令人沮丧的新闻”。主题句位于开段位置的可能性很大，因此，在确定主题句时，应首先注意段落的开段句。通常用演绎法撰写的段落，遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即以概述开段，随之辅以细说。凡以主题句开段的段落皆有这一特点。Sample 2Who was the first scientist?There is,of course,no answer to this question.It is probably more fruitful to ask,“What type of man gave the first scientific explanation to natural phenomena?”We cannot completely answer this question,either,but there can be little doubt that he was a man who was curious about his environment,and who attempted to explain his observations without reference to a supernatural being.We say this because supernatural explanations of natural phenomena can never be scientific.Q:The passage is primarily concerned with _.A)who was the first scientistB)who was first curious about his environmentC)who first attempted to explain his observations scientificallyD)what type of man the first scientist was.本段的三个层次比较明显。第一至第三句，乃至第四句的前半部分，都是以设置问题的方式提出段落所要讨论的主题：“谁是第一个科学家？”起引入主题的作用。第二层次主要是第四句后半部分的从句，它们对前面的提问作了笼统的回答：对自然现象首先做出科学解释的那种人，“无疑是对周围的事物充满求知欲的人，而且是在解释观察结果时力排超自然力量的影响的人。”此句起到陈述主题思想的作用，应为主题句。段落的最后一句（即第三层次）仅对主题思想作进一步的解释。以上这段短文显然主要是关于（第一个）科学家应该是怎样一个人，所以选D）。其余三项太具体，没能概括主题科学家应具有什么素质。当主题句位于段落中间时，开段的句子（一句或若干句）大都只起引入主题的作用，即表述段落要论述的主题，而主题思想则由随之引出的句子（即主题句）来表达。此外，为阐明主题思想，在主题句后，仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或作合乎逻辑的引申。一般说来，这一类的段落包括三个层次：“引题主题思想解释”，或“提问回答解释”、Sample 3 For years,nuclear-power advocates have claimed that nuclear power is the most economical form of energy available;but in light of a few facts,one begins to doubt this claim.The cost of building the Sequoiah nuclear plant,for example,exceeded a billion dollars.For this astronomical amount of money,one can expect this reactor to be out of operation approximately 30%of the time.After 30 or 40 years,it will become too“hot”to operate and will be shut down permanently.(TO be continued)Even though the reactor will be shut down,it will still be highly radioactive and will have to be totally enclosed in concrete and leadall at a cost of another few million dollarsand guarded virtually forever.Nuclear power is neither cheap nor economical;it is both expensive and wasteful.(The end)Q:Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A)Nuclear power is the most inexpensive form of energy available.B)Although nuclear power costs a lot,it can be used permanently.C)It is not economical to use nuclear power.D)Nuclear power is very popular in many countries.本段共有六句。第一句提出的只是段落所要议论的主题，即核能的经济效益问题，没有明确地陈述作者对问题的看法。接下来四句以西克沃伊核电站为例，分析其造价高而工作寿命极其有限的弊病。最后一句合乎逻辑地引出作者分析这一事例而得出的结论。由此可知，C），“使用核能经济上不划算”为正确答案。A）、B）两项与原文内容不符，D）项内容原文并未提及。与主题句位于开段的情况相反，主题句位于收段时，段落的写作程序是：表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子居后，并以此收段。通常用归纳法撰写的段落大抵如此。位于收段的主题句往往陈述依据上文的细节推出的结论或建议、归纳的要点或共性，以及得出的观察结果或印象。Sample 4British and American universities are similar in their pursuit of knowledge as a goal but are quite different in their organization and operation.English universities and colleges are relatively small.American universities,which combine a number of different colleges and professional schools,are large,sometimes with 20,000 to 25,000 students on one campus.Teacher training colleges and polytechnics（工艺专科学校）are alternatives to the university course for some students in England,being established for specific purposes.In contrast,virtually all schools of education,engineering and business studies,are integral parts of universities in the United States.In England,universities receive about 70%of their financial support through Parliamentary grants.Similarly,in the United States,public institutions receive about 75%of their funds from local,state,and federal sources,but private colleges and universities receive little or no government support.In England,personal financial aid is provided by the government to over 80%of the students,through local education authorities,according to the parents income.In the U.S.,student aid is given by the university or the sponsoring agency and is provided by private organizations and the state or federal governments.Obviously,British and American universities have similar educational aims but different means for achieving these aims.Q:From the passage we learn that_.A)the goal of education between British and American universities are quite differentB)the ways of running the universities are quite different between England and America C)the British universities include a lot of collegesD)the American universities include a lot of organizations本文主要通过对照来说明英国大学与美国大学的不同点。第一句除指出它们都是以传授知识作为目标这一共同点之外，主要概述它们的不同点，即在学校的组织和管理上有很大的区别。为说明这一看法（即段落的主题思想），作者随即陈述若干细节，包括学校的规模、教学组织结构、办学经费的来源以及学生助学金的来源与管理等四个方面。最后，作者使用逻辑承接词obviously，既总结上述细节，又引出一个结论性的句子作为收段。显然，首尾两句表述的是同一个主题思想，只是句型结构和用词略有不同。从段落中可知，“英、美两国大学的管理方法有所不同”，因而选B）。这句话实际上概括了段落大意。其余几个选项均不合原意。一般来说，一个段落只围绕着一个主题来表述主旨大意，只是有些段落在结构上比较严谨，采用了前呼后应，两次点题，从而更加突出主题思想的写法。两个主题句表述的是同一个主题，即后者重述前者所表述的思想内容。但两个主题句在句型结构和用词方面往往不尽一致，而且在内容上后者也不是前者的简单重复，多半有所引申或顺应其间细节的铺叙而另有侧重。Sample 5 The average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile.Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe.In the western hemisphere,population densities range from about 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico.In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in Iceland to 831 per square mile in the Netherlands.Within countries there are wide variations of population densities.For example,in Egypt,the average is 55 persons per square mile,but 1,300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable（可耕的）.Q:The best title for the passage would be_.A)Great Differences in Population Density of the World.B)The Average Population Density of the World.C)Different Populations in different Countries.D)People and the World.第一句“世界人口的平均密度为每平方英里47人”不是主题句，因为后续的句子都不是用来支撑它所表述的意思。该句仅起引入主题的作用，表明下文要论述的是populationdensity。据此可以确定本段论述的主要对象是人口密度，而且后续细节也都紧扣这一主题，如大陆的、西半球的、欧洲的以及一国之内的人口密度。再从所有细节涉及的共同点来看，都论及“人口密度的差距”这一方面。据此，A）项，“世界人口密度的巨大区别”，为该文的最佳标题。B）、C）两项：“世界人口的平均密度”、“不同国家的不同人口”，都没有准确点到题。至于D）项，“人民和国家”，则太笼统，也不切题。没有主题句的段落，如上一段，主要通过对细节的陈述含蓄地表现段落的主题思想。即使段落中有的句子表述的内容具有概括性，但不是演绎的前提，也不是归纳的结果，仍属细节或仅起引入主题的作用。对于无主题句的段落，不可能采用辩认主题句的方法来获取段落的主题思想。这里，宜采用酝酿段落题要或标题的方法，把不同的细节所集中论述的要点概括出来。尽管不一定达到主题句那样完整，但只要切合段落的主题，即可表达该段的主题思想。使用这种方法，要求读者在正确理解所有细节的基础上，发挥自己的逻辑概括能力。返回返回m细节是组成文章的主体部分，是用来阐明主旨大意的，或者说，是用来支撑主题思想的。要注意识别句子的功能及文中的承接语，以便充分理解文章的主旨及具体细节和事实。问题中有时含有NOT,EXCEPT,BUT等表示否定、排除等意义的词语，需要进行逆向思维。因此，考生一定要保持思维清晰，认真审题，不宜匆忙武断。从最近的十套全真试题看，细节占全部理解题的69.5%.常见的出题形式有：1.Which of the following statement is true?2.Which of the following statement is NOT true?3.Which of the following statement is NOT mentioned in the text?4.The statement made by the author are based on the evidence/example/fact that _.5.According to the author,who/what/when/where/which/why/how6.The author states all of the following EXCEPTSample 6One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people,but rather a drug used against disease.The wartime use of penicillin（青霉素）saved thousands of lives.In the First World War,for example,pneumonia（肺 炎）was responsible for 18%of all the deaths in the United States army.In the Second World War,the rate went down to less than 1%.In addition,penicillin was helpful in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected.Q:What was the pneumonia death rate of all the deaths in the United States army during the Second World War?A)About 18%.B)No more than 1%.C)1%.D)About 17%.该段短文中句子的逻辑功能可划分如下：第一句为主题引入句。第二句“在战时使用青霉素挽救了几千条人命”，应为主题句。余下三句为支撑主题的陈述细节的句子：承接语for example提示，第三句为例解性的细节；第四句具有与之对比的含义，可视为同一细节；in addition是增补性的承接语，提示第五句为另一个细节。显然，答案为B），二战其间美军中死于肺炎的人“不到百分之一”，选项用了“no more than”，等同于原文的“less than”。Sample 7We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee.When it was introduced,most people did not like it as well as“regular”coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance(introduction stage)at one point,though,instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced(stage of rapid growth).After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off(stage of maturity),sales went into a slight decline when freeze-dried coffee were introduced(stage of decline).Q This paragraph tells us that a new product is _.A)not easily accepted by the publicB)often inferior to old ones at firstC)often more expensive than old onesD)usually introduced to satisfy different tastes 问题是当人们开始喜爱某一品牌的产品时，其销售情况如何。被本段中“After a while,people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off（stage of maturity）.”的意思是一段时间，人们独钟于一个品牌，其销售达到稳定状态。（即为产品成熟阶段）。故答案为B).返回返回事实是直接陈述的客观事实，而看法则分为作者明说的看法或暗指的意思两种。态度、观点题考察识别作者的态度和意图的能力。从最近的十套全真试题看，作者态度、观点题占全部阅读理解题的1.5%。常见的提问方式有:a1.The tone of this passage is2.What is the authors attitude toward?3.What does the writer think of?4.How does the author feel about?5.The author implied that 6.The passage suggests that 7.The author seems to agree with 8.The author of the passage probably feels that _.9.The authors purpose in writing the passage is _.10.In this passage,the authors opinion 11.How does the author feel about表达作者态度和意图的能力，常用的词如：pessimistic(悲观的)optimistic(乐观的)indifferent(漠不关心的)defensive(防御的)concerned (关心的)neutral(中立的)positive(肯定的)critical(批评的)compromising(折衷的)objective(客观的)approving(赞同的)disappointed(失望的)sample 8I remember thinking there was something absurdly melodramatic about screaming“Help,help!”at eight on a Tuesday evening in December and changing my plea to the more specific“Help,let me in,please let me in!”But the houses were cold,closed,unfriendly,and I ran on until I heard Jeremys screams behind me announcing that our attackers had fled.The neighbors who had not opened their doors to us came out with baseball bats and helped Jeremy find his glasses and keys.In a group they were very brave.We waited for the cops to come until someone said to someone else that the noodles were getting cold,and I said politely,第一段中的“The houses were-closed,”是事实，而“The houses were cold,-unfriendly,”是作者的观点。第二段的第一句“The neighbors who had not opened their doors to us came out with baseball bats-”是事实，而“In a group they were very brave.”是作者的观点。还有，第二段的“-someone said to someone else that the noodles were getting cold,”也是事实，而第三段的“I was happy to see them go.”是作者的观点。当然，这里指出的都是作者直白的观点，而作者隐含的观点是：邻居们既懦弱、自私、和冷漠，又十分虚伪。Please go and eat.Were O.K.”I was happy to see them go.-返回返回在理解阅读材料的主旨大意及抓住其重要细节时，还需具备获得文章或句子所表达的隐含信息的能力，对所读内容进行一定的引申和推理。往往可以从作者带有感情色彩的语气、措辞等文体特征推断出作者的观点、态度、写作目的、文章风格和基调。常见表达方式为：1.It can be inferred from the passage that _.2.The passage suggests that 3.It is implied but not directly stated that _.4.From the passage we may conclude that _orIt can be concluded from the passage that _.5.From the passage we have learned that _.6.According to the author(In the writers opinion)what/who/which/how_?7.This passage is most probably written for 推断题不仅仅局限于上述几种表达形式,而通常会有对“原因”、“结果”、“情节”、“观点”、“立场”、“方法”等方面内容进行推理或判断的其它表达形式。所以，在做推断题时，要把握住问题的关键所在，切勿脱离原文，“想当然”地进行无根据的推理。综观最近的十套全真试题，推断题占全部阅读理解题的8%。Sample 9Worldwide fame burst upon Albert Einstein on November 7,1919,when British astronomers announced they found the first confirmation of Einsteins general relativity theory.Einstein had already become known in scientific circles because of his two astonishing theories:the special theory of relativity,published in 1905 when he was only 26 and a minor clerk in the Swiss patent（专利）office,and the general theory of relativity,advanced between 1913 and 1915.He was considered so brilliant by other scientists that in 1914 he was invited to join the famous Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and to become head of the research branch at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.He accepted the offer and moved to Berlin.Q:It can be inferred from the passage that the author _.A)is critical about EinsteinB)is indifferent to Einsteins achievementC)doesnt think highly of Einstein D)praises Einstein highly返回返回本文简略地记叙了爱因斯坦获得学术成就和声望的经历。尽管短文没有直接陈述作者对爱因斯坦的评论，但从某些记叙的措辞中仍可窥见作者对爱因斯坦的称颂，如Worldwide fame burst upon-（-声震全球），-so brilliant-that-（-才华横溢-以致）等。由此可知，答案应为D），作者“高度评价爱因斯坦”。其余三项均不合作者的态度。返回返回利用上下文猜测短语的含义,与利用上下文猜测词义一样。短语附近一般都有与之相关的线索，可供作逻辑上的推理。找到有关的提示或线索。从最近的十套全真试题看，词汇辨义题占全部阅读理解题的9.5%。该类题型常见的出题方式有 w1.According to the passage,the word/expression in line/paragraph refers to/means 2.Which of the following has the closest meaning to _?3.The writer used the word to express