定语从句和名词性从句.pdf

定语从句总结概念：定语从句（Attributive Clauses）:定语从句在复合句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导。定语从句又称为形容词性从句。关系词引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等，关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词 常有3个作用：连接主从句。指代先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。在定语从句中充当句子成分。考点：关系词的选择（先行词不完整的情况要补充完整）解题步骤：找出先行词。找出定语从句。判断定语从句中缺少什么成分。把先行词带入定语从句中，构成一个完整的句子。题型示例：1.The man who livesnext to us sells vegetables.（主）解析：先行词是the man.定语从句是里面的.定语从句中缺少主语，而先行词指人，所以关系词可以用who或that.The man lives next to us.是一个完整的句子。2.October 1,2008 isthe day that I will never forget.解析：先行词是the day.定语从句是里面的.定语从句中缺少宾语，而先行词指物，所以关系词可以用which或that.还可以省略。I will n ever forget the day.是一个完整的句子。关系代词用法小结：That:指人又指物，做主语也可以做宾语。做宾语时可以省略。但不能引导非限制 性定语从句。（注：只能用that不能用which的情况详见英语必修一练习册第四 单元，在此不作详述）。Which:只能指物（除了人都是物，比如时间，地点，原因），可以做主语也可以做宾语。做宾语时可以省略Who:只能指人，做主语也可以做宾语。做宾语时可以省略。Whom:只能指人，只能做宾语。做宾语时可以省略。Whose表示从属关系，即“的”可以指人也可以指物的从属。特别注意:1.只有whom和which前面可以加介词。2.限制性定语从句中，先行词做宾语时，关系代词可以省略。如：A:She is the girl _ I want to visit.（她是那个我想拜访的女孩解析：the girl是先行词，指人，做宾语,还可）所以关系词可以用that,who,whom是一-个以省略。I want to visit the girl.：完整句子。对比B:She is the girl _ I want to speak.（她是那个我想和她说话的女孩）解析：the girl是先行词，指人，做宾语。但是speak是不及物动词，不能直接跟宾语。要跟介词to.即：I want to speak tothe girl.才是完整的句子。所以该题的答案是to whom.以上A.B两题的唯一区别就是：从句中谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词As的用法:1.在限制性定语从句中，构成the same-as和such（a）asEg.He isnt such a man _ he used to be.A.who B.whom C.that D.as2.在非限制性定语从句中，一般有如下短语:As we/you know众所周知As is known to all众所周知As is reported/as has bee n reported正如所报道的As is expected/as has bee n expected正如所预料的Eg.He is good at En glish,_we all know.A.that B.as C.whom D.what关系副词的用法小结：When:做时间状语，表示在时候，可以等于相应的介词+whichEg:1985 is the year whe n I was born.Where:做地点状语，表示在地方，可以等于相应的介词+whichEg:This is the school where I have bee n work ing for 3 years.Why:做原因状语，表示因为”，只能等于for which,且先行词一般为the reasonEg:That was the reas on why I was late this morning.非限制性定语从句（Why和that不能引导非限制性定语从句.）非限制性定语从句对先行词起附加说明的作用，可以去掉。而限制性定语从句对 先行词起修饰限定的作用，不能去掉。Beijing,which is the capital of China,has a long history.She was late again,which made her boss very angry.The old man has two sons,both of whom are doctors.定语从句专项练习题1.The place _in terested me most was the Childre ns Palace.A.Which B.where C.what D.in which2.Do you know the man _?A.whom I spoke B.to who spoke C.I spoke to D.that I spoke3.This is the hotel _ last mon th.A.which they stayed B.at that they stayedC.where they stayed at D.where they stayed4.Do you know the year _ the Chin ese Communist Party was foun ded?A.which B.that C.whe n D.on which5.That is the day _Ill n ever forget.A.which B.on which C.i n which D.whe n6.Great cha nges have take n place since the n in the factory _ we are work ing.A.where B.that C.which D.there7.Ca n you lend me the book _the other day?A.about which you talked B.which you talkedC.about that you talked D.that you talked8.The engin eer_ my father works is about 50 years old.A.to whom B.on whom C.with which D.with whom9.Im in terested in_you have said.A.all that B.all what C.that D.which10.He isnt such a man _ he used to be.A.who B.whom C.that D.as11.He talked a lot about things and pers ons_they remembered in the schoolA.which B.that C.whom D.what12.Youre the only pers on _ve ever met _could do it.A.who;/B./;whom C.whom;/D./;who13.1 lost a book,_ I cant remember now.A.whose title B.its title C.the title of it D.the title of that14.Last summer we visited the West Lake,_Han gzhou is famous in the world.A.for which B.for that C.in which D.what15.1 can n ever forget the day_ we worked together and the day _ wespe nt together.A.whe n;which B.which;whe n C.what;that D.on which;whe n16.The way _ he looks at problems is wrong.A.which B.whose C.what D./17.This machi ne,_ for many years,is still worki ng perfectly.A.after which I have looked B.which I have looked afterC.that I have looked after D.I have looked after18.The reas on _ he did nt come was _he was ill.A.why;that B.that;why C.for that;that D.for which;what19.I have bought two ball pens,_ writes well.A.none of them B.n either of them C.n either of which D.none of which20.1 want to use the same tools _ used in your factory a few days ago.A.as was B.which was C.as were D.which21._ This is the magaz ineI copied the paragraph.A.that B.which C.from that D.from which22.Is _ some Germa n friends visited last week?A.this school B.this the school C.this school one D.this school where23.-Did you ask the guard _ happe ned?-Yes,he told me all_ he kn ew.A.what;that B.what;what C.which;which D.that;that24.I shall n ever forget those years _I lived on the farm withthe farmers,_has a great effect on my life.A.whe n;who B.that;which C.which;that D.whe n;which25.The nu mber of the people who _cars _in creas ing.A.owns;are B.owns;is C.own;is D.own;are26.Is oxyge n the only gas _ helps fire bur n?A.that B./C.which D.it27.The clever boy made a hole in the wall,_ he could see_ was goingon in side house.A.which;what B.through which;what C.through that;what D.what;that注：限制性定语从句修饰限定非限制性定语从句补充说明同位语从句.解释说明1.The girl who is play ing basketballis my sister.2.She is too fat,which makes her un happy.3.Do you know the news that she was married last week?判断句型：1.The news that she told me yesterdayis true.2.The news that she had an accident yesterdayis true.名词性从句(by Mr.Frank)一.概念：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1.引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if不充当从句的任何成分连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接畐U词:when,where,how,why二.比较：whether与if均为”是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，只用whether不用if.1.whether引导主语从句并在句首2.引导表语从句和同位语从句3.whether从句作介词宾语4.从句后有or notWhether he will come is not clear.三.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.四.名词性that-从句1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。例如：主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。宾语：Joh n said that he was leavi ng for London on Wedn esday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语：The fact that he has not bee n see n recen tly disturbs every one in his office.近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。五.名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词禾口where,when,how,why等连 接副词。例如：主语：How the book will sell depe nds on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。宾语：In on esown home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。表语：My questi on is who will take over preside nt of the Foun dati on.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。同位语：I have no idea whe n he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：Im n ot sure why she refused their in vitation么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：That depe nds on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。B.This is a sple ndid n ewsC.Its splendid newsD.This is sple ndid n ews6._ still n eeds to be discussed.A.How is the pla n to be carried outB.How the pla n is to be carried outC.Why is the pla n carried out还没决定谁做这项工作。.我尚不能肯定她为什2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.It remai ns unknown whe n they are going to get married.明。名词性从句练习题1._ we n eed more practice is quite clear.A.When B.What C.That D./2._ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your bus in ess.A.IfB.Whether C.Eve n if D.No matter whe n3._ he is doing seems quite difficult.A.How B.That C.Which D.What4._ that there is ano ther good harvest this year.A.It says B.It is said C.It was said D.He was said5._ that she has received a doctors degree.A.Its a splendid newsA.Where did she put it他们何时结婚依然不D.Why the pla n carried out7._ is unknown to us all.B.Where she put itC.That where she put itD.In which she put it8.The reason why I have to go is _ if I dont.A.that she will be disappo in tedB.because she will be disappo in tedC.on acco unt of her being disappo in tedD.that she will be disappo inting9._do you think will teach us maths next term？A.Whom B.Who C.What D.That10.He ofte n thinks of _ he can do more for the four moder ni zatio ns.A.what B.how C.that D.which