虚拟语气专题.ppt

Subjunctive Moodv语气（mood）是一种以动词形式表现出来的语法特征，表示说话人对所说事物的态度。英语中有三种语气：v1)陈述语气（the indicative mood）:陈述事实v2）祈使语气（the imperative mood）:提出请求或命令v3）虚拟语气（the subjective mood):表示主观愿望或使假设想象。虚拟语气 一 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气 （一）if 条件句中的虚拟语气 （二）省略if 的虚拟条件句 （三）错综时间虚拟条件句 （四）含蓄虚拟条件句 二 名词性从句中的虚拟语气结构 (一)宾语从句中的虚拟语气 （二）主语从句中的虚拟语气 （三）表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气 （四）wish后面所跟宾语从句中的虚拟语气 三 其他句型中的虚拟语气条件句的种类v条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。v真实条件句的假设是可能发生或完成的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。vIf I have enough time next year,I will go to France.v非真实条件句的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件句和表示结果的主句皆用虚拟语气。第一部分 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气（一）if非真实虚拟条件句中，主句和从句谓语动词的形式假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去时（be用were）Should(would,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反Had+过去分词Should(would,could,might)+have+过去分词与将来事实相反should+动词原型，were to+动词原形Should(would,could,might)+动词原形历年真题v1 Jean does not want to work right away because she thinks that if she _a job she probably would not be able to see her friends very often.vA)has to get B)were to getvC)had got D)could have got v2 If I had not stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you _now.vA)couldnt have smiled B)wouldnt be smiling vC)didnt smile D)wont smile v3 If the whole operation _beforehand,a great deal of time and money would have been lost.vA)was not planned B)has not been planed vC)had not been planned D)were not planned（二）省略if的虚拟条件句的用法v在正式文体中，当if条件句中含有助动词had,should,were 时，可以省略if，而将had,should,were 提到句首，从而构成倒装虚拟句。vHad he worked harder,he would have got through the exam.vWere they to arrive before we depart the day after tomorrow,we should have a wonderful dinner party.v我们后天走，如果他们在这之前到达，我们就可以痛快的吃一顿。历年真题1_for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.A)Not being B)Had it not been C)Without being D)Not having been 2 _right now,she would get there on Sunday.A)Would she leave B)If she leaves C)Were she to leave D)If she had left3 _before we depart the day after tomorrow,we should have a wonderful dinner party.A)Had they arrived B)Would they arrive C)Were they arriving D)Were they to arrive 4 Had he worked harder,he _the exams.A)must have got through B)would have got through C)would get through D)could get through 5 The millions of calculations involved,had they been done by hand,all practical value_ by time they were finished.A)had lost B)would have lost C)would lose D)should have lost _(三)错综时间虚拟条件句v错综时间指主句和从句的动作不是发生在同一时间。此时二者的谓语动词形式按照他们各自动作发生的时间，以if条件句虚拟语气的三种基本形式为标准来确定其相应的形式。v1 Mary would be alive today,if the doctor had come sooner last night.(主句表示与现在事实相反，条件句表示与过去事实相反。)v2 If I hadnt finished my homework by now,I would be doing it tomorrow morning.（条件句表示与现在事实相反，主句表示与将来事实相反。）历年真题v1 If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you _now.vA)wont smile B)couldnt have smiled vC)wouldnt be smiling D)didnt smile（四）含蓄虚拟条件句v假设的情况有时候不是用一个if条件句来表示的，而是隐含在上下文中。表示暗含条件的方式有：v1 介词或介词短语。如without,but for(要不是),but that（若非）vBut for your cooperation,we could not have succeeded in our experiment.v没有你们的合作，我们的试验是不可能成功的。v2 连词，如：but,or,or else 等。vI would be most glad to help you,but I am busy now.v我倒是非常愿意帮你的忙，可是我现在很忙。v3 副词，如，otherwise 等。vWe didnt know his telephone number；otherwise we would have telephoned him.v我们不知道他的电话号码，要不然我们给他打电话了。v3 副词，如，otherwise 等。vWe didnt know his telephone number；otherwise we would have telephoned him.v我们不知道他的电话号码，要不然我们给他打电话了。v4 比较等级vA more careful person wouldnt have made so many mistakes.v如果仔细一点，就不会出那么多的错了。vGiven more time,I would have been able to finish the experiment.v如果再多给点时间，我是可以完成实验的。历年真题v1 He must have had an accident,or he _then.vA)would have been here vB)had to be herevC)should be here vD)would be herev2 Five minutes earlier,_we could have caught the last train.vA)and B)butvC)or D)so v3 We didnt know his telephone number,otherwise we _ him.vA)would have telephoned vB)must have telephoned vC)would telephone vD)had telephoned 第二部分 名词性从句中的虚拟语气v（一）宾语从句中的虚拟语气v虚拟语气可以用于表示命令，请求，建议，愿望，要求等名词性从句中，从句谓语动词形式是“should+动词原形”或者省掉“should”而用 “动词原形”。这类动词有：ask(要求)advise（劝告）determine（决定）decide（决定）command（命令）insist（坚持）intend（打算）move（提议）prefer（宁愿）propose（提议）order（命令）recommend（推荐）request（要求）require（要求）suggest（建议）urge（主张）demand（要求）desire（渴望）direct（命令）v当suggest,insist 等动词不表示建议，要求的时候，其宾语从句中的谓语动词不需要用虚拟语气。vAre you suggesting that I am not suited for the job?v你是在暗示说我不适合那件工作吗？vHe insisted that he was innocent.v他坚称自己是无辜的。历年真题v1 As Commander in-chief of the armed forces,I have requested that all measures _for our defense.vA)had been taken B)would be takenvC)be taken D)to be takenv2 The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _ after 11:00 p.m.vA）not to play loud music vB)should not play loud music vC)dont play loud music vD)couldnt play loud music v3 Mikes uncle insists _in this hotel.vA)staying not B)not to stay vC)that he would not stay D)that he not stay（二）主语从句中的虚拟语气v主语从句中的虚拟语气形式为：It is+引起虚拟的形容词或过去分词that 主语从句（谓语动词原形或者是should+动词原形）v这类形容词主要有：vAppropriate 适合的 better 较好的vEssential 紧要的 important 重要的vNatural 自然的 preferable 优越的vUrgent 紧迫的 advisable 适当合理的vDesirable 理想的 imperative 迫切的vInsistent 坚持的 necessary 必要的vStrange 奇怪的 vital 极其重要的v过去分词：vDesired demanded ordered requested suggested recommended required 练习vIt is important that the hotel receptionist _that guests are registered correctly.vA has made sure B must make surevC to make sure D make sure vIt is essential that these application forms _back as early as possible.vA must be sent B are sent vC will be sent D be sent 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气v在表示建议，命令，主张，目的，愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要求用虚拟语气。其形式为：谓语动词原形或者是should+动词原形。这类名词有：vResolution 决心 decision 决议vMotion 提议 suggestion 建议vPreference 选择 proposal 提议vAdvice 劝告 recommendation 推荐vDesire 愿望 demand 要求vRequirement 要求 order 命令vNecessity 必要性 request 要求vIdea 要求 pray 恳请 练习vMany a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _to investigate the incident.vA were set up B was set upvC be set up D set up Wish 后面宾语从句的虚拟语气vWish 后面所跟宾语从句要用虚拟语气形式，其主要形式有三种：v1 表示与现在情况相反的愿望，wish+主语动词过去式（be 用were）v2 表示与过去情况相反的愿望，wish+主语had+过去分词v3 表示与将来情况相反的愿望，wish+主语would(could)等+动词原形vThey wish they had not lost the chance.vI wish she would come tomorrow.v注：1.在It is wished that 的主语从句中，以及wish作名词所引起的到表语和同位语从句中也要求用虚拟语气，形式同上。v2.if only 引起的感叹句，as if/as though 引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，也要求用虚拟语气，其形式与wish的宾语从句的动词结构是一样的。vIf only he could come!我真希望他能来。vIf only you hadnt offended him!要是你那时不冒犯他就好了。vTom talked about France as if he had been there.(注：as if/though 引起的从句有时候也用陈述语气，表示较大的真实性或可能性。vIt looks as if it is going to rain.练习v1 Sometimes I wish I _in a different time and a different place.vA be living B would live vC were living D would have lived v2 Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university.vA studied B had been studying vC study D had studied 3第三部分 其他句型的虚拟语气v（一）would rather,would sooner 等短语后面所跟的宾语从句的虚拟语气v（二）It is(high/about)time 后面所跟的虚拟语气v（三）if only 引起的感叹句的虚拟语气。v（四）连接词 in case,lest,for fear that 后面所跟的从句中的虚拟语气v（五）as if(as though)引起的从句中的应用（一）Would rather,would sooner 等短语后面所跟宾语从句中的虚拟语气vWouldnt you rather your child _to bed early?vA go B would go vC went D goes vI would rather I _to the party yesterday evening.vA not go B not gone vC had not gone D would not gone vWould rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might as well,would prefer 后面所跟宾语从句，表示愿望，意为“宁愿，但愿”，形式为：v1 would rather,would sooner等+主语谓语动词过去时态，表示现在或者是将来的愿望。v2 would rather,would sooner等主语动词的过去完成时态，表示过去的愿望。v注：would rather 等短语后面也可以直接跟动词。其后面谓语动词用动词原形，表示现在或者是将来的愿望，用现在完成时态表示过去的愿望。vI would rather go now.v我宁愿现在就走。vThey would rather not have been to the party.v他们宁愿没有去参加那次晚会。（二）It is(high/about)time 后面所跟的虚拟语气v“You are very selfish.It is high time you _that you are not the most important person in the world”Edgar said to his boss angrily.vA realized B realize vC have realized D should realize vIt is(high/about)time(that)后面所跟的虚拟语气，通常是用过去时态，有时候也用should+动词原形，意为“该是的时候了”vIt is time(that)we went to school.v我们该上学了。vIt is time that the boy(should)go to school.v这个小孩该上学了。（三）if only 引起的感叹句的虚拟语气v1Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _ your advice.vA follow B would follow vC had follow D have follow v2I am sure he is up to the job _ he would give his mind to it.vA if only B in case vC until D unless v要是他用心去做，我肯定他能胜任这个工作。v3 If only the explosion _,those people would not have been killed.vA not happened B had not happened vC not happens D does not happen v在if only 引起的感叹句要求用虚拟语气，表示惊讶，愿望。v当表示与现在或者是将来事实相反，用过去式或者是would/could/might+动词原形。v当表示与过去事实相反，则用would/could/mighthave+过去分词或者直接用过去完成式。(四)连接词in case,lest,for fear that 后面所跟的从句的虚拟语气v虚拟语气还常常用于in case,lest.for fear that 等引起的状语从句中表示“以防，以免”，其动词形式是should+动词原形。vHe took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.vShe put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.注：这些句型中should一般不可以省去。但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述形式。The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.As if(though)引起的从句中的应用v虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语状语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句中的形式形同。vEg.Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.艾伦谈起罗马来好像自己到过那儿。vShe looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。注意：vas if(though)引起的从句有时也可用陈述语气，这时表示较大的真实性或可能性。例如：vIt looks as if it is going to rain.v看起来天要下雨。测试v1.If you had taken your umbrella with you when you went to work this morning,you _wet now.(not,be)v2_ it _for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.(be)v3.He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they_.(not,exist)v4.She should call you immediately if she_(need)help.v5.Mr Jones would rather _(stay)home last night.v6.The guests_(arrive)last night,but there _(be)still no news about them.v7.If you had listened to me,you_(not be)in such a trouble now.v8.He talked as if he _(do)all the work himself,but in fact Tom and I _(do)most of it.v9.It is about time that fence _.(mend)v10.If only we _(have)a phone!I am tired of queuing outside the public phone box.测试2v1.If it were to rain tomorrow,the match_.(postpone)v2.But for your help,we_(not be)able to finish the work in time.v3.If a metal _(heat),it will expand.v4.He always talks as though he _(address)a public meeting.v5.What a pity that he gave orders that all those lovely trees_(cut)down.v6.I hate driving.I would rather you _(drive).v7.Mother _(feel)anxious if I came home late.v8.Even if I _(be)with you then,I _(can,not,do)much for you.v9._he _(listen)to me,Tom would not have failed.v10.If only I _(know)how to operate an electronic computer as you do.