初中英语词汇辨析.pdf
词汇辨析一、引导宾语从句,一般既可用 whether 也可用 if。但1 or not 放在 whether 之后时,只能用 whether 不用 if。I dont know whether or not he will come.我不知道他是不是回来。注 1:如果 or not 放在 whether 所引导的从句句尾,则可以用 if 来替换。I dont know whether/if he will come or not.我不知道他是不是回来。2 在强调任意选择时,用 whetheror,此时不用 if 替换 whether。He asked me whether I wanted to go there by train or by bus.他问我是想乘火车还是坐公共汽车去那里。注:whether 和 or 一起还有“不管”之意,引导让步状语从句。Whether he drives or takes the train,he will be here on time.不管开车来还是乘火车来,他都会准时到。3 虽引导宾语从句,但为了强调宾语部分,也可把从句放在句首,此时只用whether 不用 if。Whether he will come I am not sure.他是不是来我拿不准。4 从句作介词宾语时只用 whether 不用 if。It depends on whether it will be fine.那得看是不是晴天。5 作 discuss 等动词的宾语时,用 whether 不用 if。We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论是不是该关掉商店。6 句子中有 if 引导的条件句,如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句,用 whether不用 if。He asked me whether Id move to New York if I got the job.他问我如果我得到那份工作是否会搬家到纽约。7 容易产生歧义时用 whether 不用 if 来表示“是否”。Please let me know if you need help.如果你需要帮助请告诉我。或:请告诉我你是否需要帮助。对比:Please let me know if you need help.请告诉我你是否需要帮助。8 如果宾语从句为否定句时,则只用 if 不用 whether。I dont know if it wont rain tomorrow.我不知道明天是不是会下雨。二、在引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般用 whether 不用 if。如:Whether it is true remains a question.(主语从句)那是不是真的还是个问题。The question is whether it is true.(表语从句)问题是是不是真的。We have a doubt whether it is true.(同位语从句)我们怀疑那是不是真的。注:whether 引导主语从句放在主句之后时可用 if 来代替。It is unclear whether/if he likes the present.他是不是喜欢那个礼物还不清楚。三、用在动词不定式之前时用 whether 不用 if。I dont know whether to go there at once.我不知道是不是该立刻去那里。数词有两种:表示数目多少的数词叫基数词,如:one,ten twenty-three;表示顺序先后的数词叫序数词,如:first,third,twentieth。1.基数词基数词相当于名词,在句中可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如:Three of my classmates are from Shanghai.I am twenty this year.They have four classes in the morning and three in the afternoon.2.序数词1)序数词的构成:大多数的序数词是由基数词加-th 构成。如:sevenseventh;tententh以-t 结尾的基数词只在词尾加-h。如:eighteighth以-ve 结尾的基数词改-ve 为 f 再加-th。如:fivefifth;twelvetwelfth以-y 结尾的基数词改-y 为-ie 再加-th。如:twentytwentieth,thirtythirtieth几十几的序数词只在个位数体现。如:twenty-onetwenty-first;thirty-threethirty-third特殊的序数词:onefirst;twosecond;threethird;nineninth2)序数词在句中同样可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如:June the first is Childrens Day.When did you first meet each other?She was the last to arrive.3.数词的用法:1)表示年、月、日,“年”用基数词,“日”用序数词。如:May eleventh,20072)表示时间。如:Its eleven twenty.3)表示编号。编号既可以用基数词表示,也可以用序数词表示。区别是基数词用在名词之后,序数词位于名词之前,并加定冠词。如:Lesson Nine;the NinthLesson4)介词 in ones+整数数词的复数形式,表示年龄。如:She is in her early forties.(她四十出头。)5)序数词前加冠词“a”表示“再一次”。如:Can I try a second time?6)在 hundred,thousand,million,billion 前有数词时为实数意义,它们的词尾不能加复数。前无数词时为虚数意义,hundred,thousand,million,billion 可加复数,并可和 of 连用,构成短语。如:five hundred students;millions of people4.分数的构成分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于 1 时,分母加 s,如:1/5:one fifth2/3:two thirds2-:two and three quarters5.小数的表示法0.09:point zero nine2.7:two point seven6.百分数的表达法90%:ninety percent0.5%:point five percent7.倍数表达法表示两倍时用 twice,表示三倍以上的倍数时用 times。如:The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.This desk is twice as large as that one.8.算式表达法:5+6:five plus six(or five and six)7-6:seven minus six23:two multiplied by three(or two times three)8/4:eight divided by four9.与数词相关的主谓一致原则1)当名词词组中心词为表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等复数名词时,往往根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看做一个整体,谓语采用单数形式。如:Twenty dollars is not enough.Two months has passed before we realized.但是如果“数词”单用,表示人或物,谓语动词一般用复数。如:Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.2)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于 of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式:如果 of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;如果 of-词组中名词或代词是复数,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.3)如果主语是 many a,more than one+单数名词构成,尽管从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.4)a+单数名词+or two 做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。如 one or two+复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如:A word or two is missed in the sentence.One or two words are missed in the sentence.