翻译-糖尿病.pdf

文档DiabetesDiabetesDiabetes(Diabetes(糖尿病糖尿病)is is a a condition wherecondition where thethe bodybody is is unableunable toto automaticallyautomaticallyregulate blood glucose levels,resulting in too much glucose in the blood.regulate blood glucose levels,resulting in too much glucose in the blood.糖尿病是一个条件,身体无法自动调节血糖水平,导致血液中过多的葡萄糖。Glucose(Glucose(葡萄糖葡萄糖)comescomes fromfrom foodsfoods thatthat containcontain carbohydrate(carbohydrate(碳水化合碳水化合物物),for example,breads and cereals(),for example,breads and cereals(谷物谷物,谷类谷类),milk and dairy foods,fruits and),milk and dairy foods,fruits andsomesome vegetables.vegetables.GlucoseGlucose travelstravels inin thethe bIoodbIood streamstream toto thethe musclesmuscles andand otherotherorgansorgans wherewhere it it is is usedused asas fuel.fuel.ExcessExcess glucoseglucose is is detoured(detoured(绕道绕道)toto thethe liverliverwhere it is stored for future use.Glucose is the bodys preferred(where it is stored for future use.Glucose is the bodys preferred(首选的首选的)source)sourceof energy and our bodies need it to work efficiently,just like a car need petrol toof energy and our bodies need it to work efficiently,just like a car need petrol torun.run.葡萄糖来自于含有碳水化合物的食物,例如,面包和谷类食品,牛奶和乳制品的食品,水果和一些蔬菜。葡萄糖在救护车流到肌肉和其他器官,用作燃料。多余的葡萄糖是遭遇肝脏存储以供将来使用。葡萄糖是身体的首选源的能量,我们的身体需要有效地工作,就像汽车需要汽油。The blood glucose level is regulated with the help of insulin,a hormone(orThe blood glucose level is regulated with the help of insulin,a hormone(orchemical messenger)made in the pancreas(chemical messenger)made in the pancreas(胰腺胰腺).Insulin is the key that glucose).Insulin is the key that glucoseneeds to enter the bodysneeds to enter the bodyscellscells soso that it can be used as fuel.that it can be used as fuel.Diabetes developsDiabetes developswhen the pancreaswhen the pancreas stops producing insulin or whenstops producing insulin or when the body does not respondthe body does not respondproperly to insulin.There are two major types of diabetes:Type 1,a disease inproperly to insulin.There are two major types of diabetes:Type 1,a disease inwhich the body does not produce any insulin,most often occurs in children andwhich the body does not produce any insulin,most often occurs in children andyoung adults.People with Type1 diabetes must take daily insulin injection to stayyoung adults.People with Type1 diabetes must take daily insulin injection to stayalive.Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 to 10 percent of diabetes.Type2,a metabolicalive.Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 to 10 percent of diabetes.Type2,a metabolicdisorder resulting from the bodys inability to make enough or properly use ofdisorder resulting from the bodys inability to make enough or properly use ofinsulin.It is the most common form of the disease.Type2 diabetes accounts forinsulin.It is the most common form of the disease.Type2 diabetes accounts for9090 toto 9595 percentpercent ofof diabetes.diabetes.Type2Type2 diabetesdiabetes is is nearingnearing epidemic(epidemic(流行的流行的)proportions,proportions,duedue toto anan increasedincreased numbernumber ofof olderolder people,people,andand a a greatergreaterprevalence of obesity and sedentaryprevalence of obesity and sedentarylifestyles.Insulin injections are necessarylifestyles.Insulin injections are necessarytototreattreatTypelTypel diabetes.diabetes.Type2 diabetesType2 diabetes can usually be controlled in the firstcan usually be controlled in the firstinstance by regular exercise and diet.Tablets(instance by regular exercise and diet.Tablets(药片药片)and eventually()and eventually(最终最终)insulin)insulininjections may be needed as the disease prognsses.injections may be needed as the disease prognsses.文档血糖水平的调节胰岛素的帮助下,一种激素(或化学信使)胰腺。胰岛素是关键,葡萄糖需要进入人体细胞,以便它可以作为燃料。糖尿病发展当胰腺停止生产胰岛素或当身体不正确地响应胰岛素。糖尿病的主要有两种类型:1 型,一种疾病的身体不会产生任何胰岛素,最常发生在儿童和年轻人。1 型糖尿病患者必须每天注射胰岛素。1 型糖尿病占 5-10%的糖尿病。类型 2,造成代谢紊乱身体无法赚到足够的或正确使用胰岛素。这是最常见的疾病。类型 2 型糖尿病占 90-95%的糖尿病。类型2 糖尿病是接近流行,由于老年人数量的增加,和一个更大的普遍肥胖和久坐不动的生活方式。胰岛素注射治疗 Typel 糖尿病是必要的。类型 2 糖尿病通常可以首先通过有规律的锻炼和控制饮食。平板电脑和最终疾病 prognsses 可能需要注射胰岛素。The normal blood glucose level ranges between 3.5-7.8 mmol/L.Over time,The normal blood glucose level ranges between 3.5-7.8 mmol/L.Over time,highhigh bloodblood glucoseglucose levelslevels maymay damagedamage bloodblood vesselsvessels andand nerves.nerves.TheseThesecomplicationscomplications ofof diabetesdiabetes cancan causecause damagedamage toto eyes,eyes,nervesnerves andand kidneyskidneys andandincrease the risk of heart attack(increase the risk of heart attack(心脏病发作心脏病发作),stroke,impotence(),stroke,impotence(阳痿阳痿)and foot)and footproblems.This damage can happen before an individual knowsif the has diabetesproblems.This damage can happen before an individual knowsif the has diabetesoror if if diabetesdiabetes is is undetectedundetected forfor a a longlong time.time.StudiesStudies havehave shownshown thatthat if if bloodbloodglucoseglucose andand cholesterol(cholesterol(胆固醇胆固醇)levels,levels,andand bloodblood pressurepressure areare keptkept withinwithinnormalnormal limits,limits,thethe riskrisk ofof damagedamage toto thethe bodybody isreduced.isreduced.Therefore,Therefore,it it is isimportant to know if you have diabetes.The symptoms of diabetes include:thirst,important to know if you have diabetes.The symptoms of diabetes include:thirst,frequentfrequent urination(urination(排尿排尿),tirednesstiredness oror lacklack ofof energy,energy,blurred(blurred(模糊不清的模糊不清的)vision,vision,infectioninfection(e.g.(e.g.thrush),thrush),weightweight loss.loss.However,However,thethe symptomssymptoms ofof diabetesdiabetesmay not appear until blood glucose levels are above approximately 15mmol/L ormay not appear until blood glucose levels are above approximately 15mmol/L orhigher.So,it is common to have diabetes without knowing about it.In Australia,higher.So,it is common to have diabetes without knowing about it.In Australia,one adult in twelve has diabetes and the prevalence is increasing,Research hasone adult in twelve has diabetes and the prevalence is increasing,Research hasshown that for every person with known diabetes,there is another who has it butshown that for every person with known diabetes,there is another who has it buthas not yet been diagnosed.has not yet been diagnosed.正常血糖范围 3.5-7.8 mmol/L 之间随着时间的推移，高血糖会损害血管和神经。这些糖尿病并发症会造成对眼睛的伤害，神经和肾脏，增加心脏病发作，中风的危险，阳痿和足部问题。这种损伤可以在一个人知道如果有糖尿病或者糖尿病被发现很长一段时间。有研究表明，如果血糖和胆固醇水平，血压保持在正常范围内，减少对身体的损害风险。因此，它是要知道如果你有糖尿病，重要的。糖尿病的症状包括：口渴，尿频，疲劳或乏力，视力模糊，感染（如鹅口疮），减肥。然而，糖尿病症状可能直到血糖水平高于约 15mmol/L 以上出现。因此，它是常见的有糖尿病，不知道它。在澳大利亚，十二个成年人糖尿病的患病率不断增加，研究表明一个人与已知的糖尿病，还有一个谁拥有它但尚未确诊。文档The development of diabetes is influenced by our lifestyle and our genes.WeThe development of diabetes is influenced by our lifestyle and our genes.Wecan identify some factors that predispose(can identify some factors that predispose(使偏向于使偏向于)people to developing Type2)people to developing Type2diabetes.Having one or more of the following risk factors,increases the risk ofdiabetes.Having one or more of the following risk factors,increases the risk ofdeveloping diabetes or of having undiagnosed Type2 diabetes.One factor is age.developing diabetes or of having undiagnosed Type2 diabetes.One factor is age.As we get older,we become less active,and may gain excess weight.This weightAs we get older,we become less active,and may gain excess weight.This weighttends to he stored around the abdomen(tends to he stored around the abdomen(腹部腹部)and upper body.Less activity and)and upper body.Less activity andweightweight gaingain resuftresuft inin thethe bodysbodys insulininsulin becomingbecoming lessless effective.effective.a a termterm calledcalledinsmin resistance.over the age of 65.the incidence of Type2 diabetes affects 1 ininsmin resistance.over the age of 65.the incidence of Type2 diabetes affects 1 in5 5 people.people.AnothorAnothor riskingrisking factorfactor is is thethe weightweight andand bodybody massmass indexindex(BMIBMI).).whichwhich is is alsoalso anindicationanindication ofof whetherwhether youryour weightweightis is inin thethe healthyhealthy weightweightrange in relation to yourheight.In Caucasian people.arange in relation to yourheight.In Caucasian people.aBMI of 20-25 indicatesBMI of 20-25 indicatesa healthy weight range.Over 25 indicatcs the overweight range.Some people,e.g.a healthy weight range.Over 25 indicatcs the overweight range.Some people,e.g.Asian,AsianIndian and Indigenous Australians,arc healthy at a lower BMI range.Asian,AsianIndian and Indigenous Australians,arc healthy at a lower BMI range.19-2319-23 is is thethe idealideal rangerange forfor peoplepeople fromfrom thesethese backrounds.backrounds.However.However.weightweight is isonly part of the equation.Of greater significanceonly part of the equation.Of greater significanceis body composition,i.e.theis body composition,i.e.theamountamount ofof musclemuscle comparedcompared toto fatfat inin thethe body.body.andand wherewhere fatfat is is storedstored inin thethebody.Fat that is stored around the upper body or abdomen is less healthy thanbody.Fat that is stored around the upper body or abdomen is less healthy thanfat that is stored on the hips(fat that is stored on the hips(臀部臀部)and thighs.Abdominal fat is associated with)and thighs.Abdominal fat is associated withanan increasedincreased riskrisk ofof highhigh bloodblood prcssure,prcssure,highhigh bloodblood fats(cholesterolfats(cholesterol andandtriglyceridestriglycerides 甘油三酯甘油三酯)and diabetes.)and diabetes.糖尿病的发展是由我们的生活方式和基因的影响。我们可以找出一些因素，使人容易发生2型糖尿病。有以下一个或多个危险因素，增加患糖尿病或有未确诊的糖尿病风险。一个因素是年龄。当我们长大了，我们变得不那么积极，可以获得多余的重量。这个重量往往他囤积在腹部和上半身。在体内的胰岛素越来越少，体重增加，具有很强的有效活动。一项被称为 insmin 阻力。65 岁以上的。2 型糖尿病发病率的影响 1 5 人。还有一个风险因素是体重和身体质量指数（BMI）。这也正是无论你的体重在健康体重范围的身高一。在白种人。BMI 20-25 表示一个健康的体重范围。25 伴随着超重的范围。有些人，例如亚洲，亚洲的印度和澳大利亚土著人，在一个较低的BMI 范围弧健康。19-23 是从这些家庭背景人的理想范围。然而。重量只是问题的一部分。更重要的是身体成分，即肌肉量比脂肪在体内。和储存在身体内的脂肪。脂肪在身体上部或腹部比脂肪储存在臀部和大腿的不健康。腹部脂肪与高血压的风险增加有关，高血脂（胆固醇和甘油三酯甘油三酯）和糖尿病。文档People with type2 diabetes have insulin resistancePeople with type2 diabetes have insulin resistance，where the cell of the bodywhere the cell of the bodydont respond properly to insulin,inorder to take up glucose,Insulin resistance isdont respond properly to insulin,inorder to take up glucose,Insulin resistance isassociatedassociated withwith highhigh bloodblood pressure,highpressure,high bloodblood fatsfats andand thethe tendencytendency toto gaingainwightwight aroundaround thethe abdomen.abdomen.thesethese areare allall riskrisk factorsfactors forfor devlopingdevloping heartheartdisease,so there is a close association between diabetes an cardiovascular(disease,so there is a close association between diabetes an cardiovascular(心绞痛心绞痛)disease,i.e.heart attacks,angina(disease,i.e.heart attacks,angina(绞痛绞痛),stroke and poor circulation in the legs.),stroke and poor circulation in the legs.2 型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的人，身体的细胞对胰岛素的反应不好，为了把葡萄糖，胰岛素抵抗伴高血压，高血脂和增加在腹部怀特趋势。这些都是发展心脏疾病的危险因素，因此有密切的关联，糖尿病，心血管疾病，与我。e.heart 攻击，心绞痛，在腿中风和血液循环不良。Type2 diabetes is more common in people from some ethnic groups and mayType2 diabetes is more common in people from some ethnic groups and maydevelopdevelop genes.genes.whichwhich areare responsibleresponsible forfor manymany aspectsaspects ofof regulatingregulating bloodbloodglucose control,and problems with these genes or how they work under certainglucose control,and problems with these genes or how they work under certainconditions(for example.stress.inactivity or overweight)may be responsible forconditions(for example.stress.inactivity or overweight)may be responsible forType2 diabetes.Close family relatives share these genes so may indicate you areType2 diabetes.Close family relatives share these genes so may indicate you areatatgreater risk.There is still much to be learnt about the role of genes in Type2greater risk.There is still much to be learnt about the role of genes in Type2diabetes.diabetes.2 型糖尿病是 更 共同 在 人 从 一些 民族 组和可能发展的基因。这是负责调节血糖控制的许多方面的问题，以及这些基因如何工作在一定条件下（例如。应力。闲置或超重）可能是导致糖尿病。家人亲戚分享这些基因很可能表明你有更大的风险。仍有很多需要了解基因在糖尿病中的作用。DiabetesDiabetes maymay bebe prevented,prevented,oror atat leastleast delayed.delayed.byby weightweight loss,loss,a a healthyhealthylifestyle.in particular regular physical activity.lifestyle.in particular regular physical activity.糖尿病是可以预防的，或至少推迟。减肥，健康的生活方式。特别是有规律的体育活动。