英语三级A语法课件.ppt

PracticalEnglishTestforColleges(LevelA)高等学校英语应用能力考试（A级）PRETCOA序号序号 测试测试项目项目 题号题号 测试内容测试内容 题型题型 百分百分比比 时间时间分配分配 听力听力理解理解 115 对话、会话、短文对话、会话、短文 选择、填空选择、填空15%15分钟分钟 语法语法结构结构 1635 语法、词形变化语法、词形变化 选择、填空选择、填空15%15分钟分钟 阅读阅读理解理解 3660 一般性及应用性文字一般性及应用性文字 选择、填空、匹配选择、填空、匹配35%40分钟分钟 英译英译汉汉 6165 句子、段落句子、段落 句子选择、句子选择、段落翻译段落翻译 20%25分钟分钟 写作写作 应用文应用文翻译、书写翻译、书写15%25分钟分钟 合计合计 65+1 100%120分钟分钟 Grammar 高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.虚拟语气虚拟语气4.时态时态14.词形转换词形转换2.定语从句定语从句3.状语从句状语从句11.倒装句倒装句12.强调句强调句8.比较级和最高级比较级和最高级6.分词作状语分词作状语7.分词作定语分词作定语10.同位语同位语9.先行词先行词it15.词组词组5.被动语态被动语态13.动词动词+-ing/-todov一一虚虚拟拟语语气气高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法虚拟语气虚拟语气v虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等(在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。虚拟语气的概念虚拟语气虚拟语气一、在条件从句中(叫虚拟条件句)，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以do为例)：虚拟语气在虚拟语气在在条件从句中在条件从句中表示与事实情况相反表示与事实情况相反条件从句的谓语形式条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示现在情况表示现在情况过去式过去式(did)(be常用常用were)Would/could/might/should(用于第用于第1人称人称)+动动词原形词原形(do)表示过去情况表示过去情况过去完成式过去完成式(had+done)Would/could/might/should+havedone表示将来情况表示将来情况过去式过去式(did)(were)should+doweretodoWould/could/might/should+do虚拟语气虚拟语气例句例句1.Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。(与过去事实相反)2.Ifitwere(weretobe/shouldbe)sunnytomorrow,Iwouldcometoseeyou.明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。(与将来事实可能相反)3.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgonow.假如我是你的话，我现在就走。(与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你)虚拟语气在虚拟语气在在条件从句中在条件从句中虚拟语气虚拟语气二、省略二、省略 if 的条件从句的条件从句当从句中有were,had或should时，可省略if，而把它们放在句首。vIfIweretomeethimtomorrow,Ishouldaskhimaboutit.WereItomeethimtomorrow,vIfheshouldfailintheexperimentthistime,hewouldtryagain.ShouldhefailintheexperimentIfyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.虚拟语气在虚拟语气在在条件从句中在条件从句中Hadyoucomeafew.虚拟语气虚拟语气三、错综时间的条件句（交叉虚拟）三、错综时间的条件句（交叉虚拟）即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同。此时，需要按时间来确定虚拟形式。如：1.Iftheyhadstudiedhard,theycoulddoiteasilynow.如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。2.Ifhehadnottakenmyadvice,hewouldntdoitmuchbetterlikethis.如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。虚拟语气在复合句中的应用：虚拟语气在复合句中的应用：虚拟语气虚拟语气1、记住：这些动词后面接的宾语从句：表示愿望(wish),建议(suggest,advice,propose,recommend)，要求(demand,request,require,insist),命令(order,command)等。2、除wish外，其它动词用should+do构成,should可以省略。3、wish接宾语从句有三种情况：1)现在：用过去式2)过去：用过去完成式(haddone)3)将来：用情态动词(would/could)+do虚拟语气在：虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中在宾语从句中虚拟语气虚拟语气例句1.Iwishshewouldbeonmyside.我希望她能站在我一边。2.IwishIwere30yearsyounger.我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。3.Iwish(that)youwouldgetagoodjob.我希望你能找到一个好职业。4.Hewishedhehadntdoneit.他想要是他没这样做该多好。5.Heorderedthatthestudents(should)washtheclotheseveryweekbythemselves.他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。虚拟语气在：虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中在宾语从句中虚拟语气虚拟语气4、记住：记住：insist/suggest各有两种意思，要用不同的语气各有两种意思，要用不同的语气Insist表示表示“坚决要求坚决要求”时，用虚拟形式时，用虚拟形式，即，即should+do;Insist表示表示“坚称，坚持说坚称，坚持说”时，用陈述语气时，用陈述语气，表示事实。，表示事实。Suggest表示表示“建议建议”时，用虚拟形式。时，用虚拟形式。Suggest表示表示“表明、暗示表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。时，用陈述语气。例句例句1)Theteachersuggestedthatwe(should)cleantheblackboardafterclass.老师老师建议建议我们课后把黑板擦了。我们课后把黑板擦了。2)Heinsistedthatallofusshouldbethereontimebyanymeans.他他坚持要坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。3)Heinsistedthathewasright.虚拟语气在：虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中在宾语从句中虚拟语气虚拟语气5.在在would(had)rather(宁愿宁愿)引导的宾语从引导的宾语从句中句中当从句表示现在或将来的时间时当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要谓语动词要用一般过去时用一般过去时;表示过去时间时表示过去时间时,谓语动词要谓语动词要用过去完成时。用过去完成时。Iwouldratherhe/youcametomorrowthantoday.虚拟语气在：虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中在宾语从句中虚拟语气虚拟语气主句的主语常是表示说话人愿望(wish/desire)、建议(suggestion/advice)要求(requirement/demand)、命令(order,command)等的名词，表语从句的谓语动词用(should)+do.Oursuggestionisthatyou(should)bethereontime.虚拟语气在虚拟语气在在表语从句中在表语从句中虚拟语气虚拟语气同位语从句的先行词常是表示说话人愿望、建议、要求、命令等的名词。vThesuggestionthatstudents(should)learnsomethingpracticalisworthconsidering.vDoyouknowtheorderthatyou(should)keepwatch.虚拟语气在虚拟语气在在同位语从句中在同位语从句中虚拟语气虚拟语气在句型“Itisimportant(necessary,strange,natural)that.”中，that后面的从句中的谓语动词用：should+动词原形例句1.Itsnecessarythatweshouldhaveawalknow.我们有必要出去散散步。2.Itsnaturalthatsheshoulddoso.她这样做是很自然的。3.Itsimportantthatweshouldtakegoodcareofthepatient.重要的是我们要照顾好病人。虚拟语气在虚拟语气在在主语从句中在主语从句中虚拟语气虚拟语气在asif/though从句中，常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式(haddone).一、asif连接表语从句Shelookedasifsheweremadeofice.她看起来似乎是冰做的Helookedasifhehadntsleptfortwodays.二、asif连接方式状语从句Shelookedaftertheboyasifhewereherownson.她照顾这男孩就像自己的儿子一样。Hespeakstousasifhehadbeenthere.他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。虚拟语气在虚拟语气在在在asif从句中从句中虚拟语气虚拟语气1.ifonly意为：若是.那该多好啊;真希望.;只要,只要.就好表示现在的情况,应用过去式;如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态IfonlyIhadarrivedintime!Ifonlyshedidntdrivesofast.2.Its(high/right)timethatthat从句要用虚拟语气：谓语用过去时或should+doItstimethatyouleft/shouldleavehere.虚拟语气中的几个特例虚拟语气中的几个特例虚拟语气虚拟语气3.一些介词短语,如:butfor(要不是),without,otherwise(否则),等表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气Withoutyourhelp,wewouldnothavemadesuchrapidprogress.Butformybrothershelp,Iwouldnothavefinisheditontime.Ihadtodosth.moreimportant,otherwiseImighthavehelped.虚拟语气中的几个特例虚拟语气中的几个特例虚拟语气虚拟语气1.Alan_thepartyifhehadgonetoLondon.A.wouldhavemissedB.hadmissedC.wouldmissD.missed2.Itwasthedrug，notthedisease，thatkilledtheboy.Hewouldbestillalivetodayifhe_thatdrug.A.nottakeB.shouldnthavetakenC.didnttakeD.hadnttakenExercises虚拟语气虚拟语气3.IfonlyI_tomyparents!(ButIdidnt.)A.listenedB.hadlistenedC.shouldlistenD.wouldlisten4.TomsuggestedthatAnn_thehouse.A.sellB.soldC.shallsellD.wouldsell5.Iwishthisbus_totheuniversity.A.goB.wentC.hasgoneD.hadgone虚拟语气虚拟语气6.Simonlooksasthoughhenever_asquaremeal(吃得饱),thoughhisparentsfeedhimverywell.A.getB.gettingC.gotD.shouldget7.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhe_there.A.hadbeenB.wereC.wasD.been8.I_yousomemoney,butIhadntgotanythen.A.wouldlendB.wouldhavelentC.couldlendD.mayhavelent虚拟语气虚拟语气9.HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?-No,butIwishI_.A.haveB.willC.doD.had10.Idontthinkitistherighttimethatyou_.A.willgoB.wentC.goD.mustgo11.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken虚拟语气虚拟语气v12.(2003上海春季高考题)Look at the trouble I am in!If only I _ your advice.vA.followedB.would followvC.had followedD.should followv13.(2002上海高考题)It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.vA.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallenvC.should fall D.were to fallv14.She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him，but he didnt believe it.vA.hadnt spoken B.shouldnt speakvC.wouldnt speak D.not speak虚拟语气虚拟语气v15.Itishightimethechild_tothehospital.vA.issentB.wouldbesentvC.besentD.weresentv16.Ifit_sohard，wedgototown.vA.isntrainingB.werentrainingvC.doesntrainD.hasrain17.Itsstrangethathe_withoutsayinggood-byetous.A.shouldhavegoneoutB.wentC.shouldgooutD.goesout虚拟语气虚拟语气v18.Had you listened to the doctor，you_allrightnow.vA.areB.werevC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeenv19.Idratheryou_knowthesecret.vA.didntB.hadntvC.notD.nottov20.Withoutyourhelp，we_thistask.vA.dontfinishB.willnotfinishvC.didntfinishD.wouldnothavefinished虚拟语气虚拟语气v21.Isntitabouttimethatyou_topickupthevisitorsfromNewYork?vA.wentB.wouldgovC.goD.willgov22.IwishI_youyesterday.vA.sawB.didseevC.hadseenD.weretoseev23.Hissilenceatthemeetingsuggestedthathe_toyourplan.vA.didntagreeB.hadntagreedvC.wouldntagreeD.notagree虚拟语气虚拟语气v24.Thefatherinsistedhisdaughter_arichman.vA.wouldbeengagedtoB.beengagedtovC.shouldengagedtoD.mustbeengagedtov25.You_earlier.Thebusleftamomentago.vA.wouldcomeB.shouldhavecomevC.mustcomeD.couldhavecomev26.She made a suggestion that the plan_carefully.vA.beconsideredB.wasconsideredvC.shouldconsiderD.wouldbeconsideredv二二定定语语从从句句高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法定语从句的分类限制性关系分句限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句1限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不不可可分分割割的联系，缺少了它，作为先行项的名词（词组）便不能明确不能明确表示其所指对象。非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有比比较较松松散散的联系，因此，如果省略一个非限制性关系分句，并不影响不影响先行项的所指意义。2在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常不用逗号不用逗号。在口语中有停顿，在书写中常常用用逗逗号隔开号隔开。3Here is the boy who damaged the vase.My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法限制性关系分句限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句指指人人指指物物指人指人指物指物作作主主语语whothatwhichthatwho/whom/whosewhich作作宾宾语语whom/who/that/zerowhich/that/zero作介作介词补词补足成足成分分whomwhich定语从句中定语从句中关系关系代词代词的选择的选择成分成分关系关系代词代词高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法定语从句中定语从句中关系关系副词副词的选择的选择1.when表示时间2.where表示地点3.why表示原因它们在定语从句中都充当状语成分状语成分。高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.The advertising company recently hired a designer _ had once won a prize in a national contest.A.whose B.which C.whom D.who 2.It is important to provide an environment _ people are encouraged to make suggestions at all levels of the company.A.from which B.on which C.in which D.for which 练习题：DC高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法3.Once more I have to leave Beijing,_ I have been living for eight years.A.that B.where C.which D.as 4.There is no evidence _ oil price will come down in the near future.（同位语）A.which B.that C.where D.asBB高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法5.It was not such a good job _ she had read about in the advertisement.A.like B.which C.as D.whatsuch that引导的是“结果状语从句”Cv三三状状语语从从句句高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.时间状语从句时间状语从句当当时候时候when,while,as在在之前之前before 在在之后之后after一一就就as soon as,the moment,the second,he minute,the instant直到直到直到直到才才until/tillnot until/till词例词例含义含义三、状语从句三、状语从句高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.The new staff didnt know how to use the system _ I explained it to him yesterday.A.until B.because C.if D.since2.They had talked only for a few minutes _ they found they were of different opinions.A.unless B.while C.before D.once 3.I will ask Mr.Smith to ring you up _ he comes back to the office.A.when B.where C.because D.although 主将从现主将从现只出现在只出现在时间状语从句和条时间状语从句和条件状语从句中件状语从句中ACA高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法4.They will not start the project until the board chairman _ back from South Africa.A.will comeB.is comingC.cameD.comesD高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法类别类别词例词例2条件状语从句条件状语从句if如果如果unless除非，若不除非，若不3原因状语从句原因状语从句because因为因为since既然既然4让步状语从句让步状语从句though/although虽然虽然evenif/though即使即使5结果状语从句结果状语从句so+a./ad.+that如此如此以至于以至于6目的状语从句目的状语从句sothatinorderthatincase以免、以防万一以免、以防万一lest免得免得目的是目的是高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法5.He was attending a meeting,_ he would have come to your party yesterday.A.unless B.when C.but D.or 6.She did not go to the party last night,_ she had to finish her term paper.A.if B.though C.till D.because7.Young _ he is,he has proved to be an able salesman.A.that B.who C.as D.whichasas构成的让步状语从句：构成的让步状语从句：名词词组名词词组/形容词形容词+as+as+主语主语+谓语谓语尽管他是个孩子，他对软件编程却知道很多。Child as he is,he knows much aboutsoftwareprogramming.CDDv四四时时态态高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法一般时态一般时态进行时态进行时态完成时态完成时态完成进行时态完成进行时态现现在在writewritesam is arehashavehas have过过去去wrotewaswere had written had been writing将将来来shallwillshallwillshallwillshallwill过过去去将将来来shouldwouldshouldwouldshouldwouldshouldwouldwritingwritten been writingwritingwritebewritinghavewritten have been writing writebewritinghavewritten have been writing 高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法现在完成时现在完成时has/havedone用法用法已完成已完成未完成未完成动动作作或或过过程程发发生生在在说说话话之之前前某某个个没没有有明明确确说说出出的的过过去去时时间间，现现在在已已完完成并和现在情况联系。成并和现在情况联系。是是指指动动作作或或状状态态从从过过去去某某时时开开始始继继续续到到现现在在，可能继续下去可能继续下去.例句例句e.g.Hes turned off the light.e.g.Hes lived here since 1960.注释注释灯灯在在一一个个过过去去时时间间被被关关掉，说话时仍然关着。掉，说话时仍然关着。他他从从19601960年年来来到到这这里里居居住，至今还住在这里。住，至今还住在这里。高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法过去完成时把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现过去完成时把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联系在时间不发生联系-表示过去的过去。表示过去的过去。e.g.ShetoldmehernameafterI_(ask)hertwice.过去完成时过去完成时 haddone现在现在她告诉我她的名字她告诉我她的名字我问她的名字我问她的名字dodidhad donehadasked高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法 现在完成（进行）时经常与现在完成（进行）时经常与since-since-词组或词组或since-since-分句分句连用，表示连用，表示“自某时以来自某时以来”一直进行或者未进行一直进行或者未进行某项活动。某项活动。主句（现在完成时主句（现在完成时/现在完成进行时），现在完成进行时），since-since-从句从句（一般过去时）（一般过去时）e.g.I e.g.I have livedhave lived in the dormitory,since I in the dormitory,since I arrivedarrived here.here.现在完成时现在完成时一般过去时一般过去时自从我来这儿，就住在学生公寓。自从我来这儿，就住在学生公寓。1.Since-结构高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法by the end of by the timeBy the end of By the time到时候为止1.By the end of last month,we(find)_ a good solution to the technical problem.2.By the time you come to see me next month,I _ my term paper.A.have completed B.complete C.am completing D.will have completedhadfoundD过去的时间，主句时态haddone将来的时间，主句时态willhavedone2.by+时间高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法It is/will be+the first time that 分句（现在完成时）（现在完成时）e.g.Is this the first time youve come to China?It was the first time that 分句（过去完成体）（过去完成体）e.g.It was the second time I had been(be)abroad.3.3.“It is the first time+that It is the first time+that 分句分句”Back这是你第一次来中国吗？这是你第一次来中国吗？这是我第二次出国这是我第二次出国v五五分词作状语分词作状语高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法不定式作状语*（）表示目的 e.g.We will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor.（）表示结果 e.g.He hurried home only to find that his grandfather was dead.（）表示原因 e.g.He was lucky to have found the lost child.五、分词作状语高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法-ing分词作状语（）作时间状语 e.g.（When we were)Climbing to the top of the tower,we saw a magnificent view.（）*作原因状语 e.g.Having worked hard all day,I was ready for bed all day.（）*作伴随状语 e.g.He ran up to her,breathing heavily.表示主动高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法-ed分词作状语(1)*作时间状语 e.g.(When it is)Heated,the metal expands.(2)*作原因状语 e.g.(Because he was)Deeply moved,he thanked her again and again.表示被动高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.The auto industry spends large amounts of money on marketing campaigns _ young adult customers.A.attract B.attractedC.to attract D.attracts2._ by the failure of the project,the manager could hardly say a word.A.To be shocked B.ShockedC.Be shocked D.Shocking练习题：练习题：CB高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法3._that I was not going to get much chance for promotion,I soon became bored with my work.A.To realize B.RealizingC.Being realized D.Realized4._ up at the clock on the wall,the secretary found it was already midnight.A.Looking B.LookC.To look D.Looked BA高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法5._ to find the proper job,he decided to give up job-hunting in this city.A.Failed B.Being failedC.To fail D.Having failed 6.When(ask)_ about the advertising campaign of the new product,the manager said it was a great success.Daskedv六六分词作定语分词作定语高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法六、分词作定语六、分词作定语-ing（现在）分词和-ed（过去）分词作定语的主要差别在于：1.现在分词表示“主动（现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词，即与名词有主谓关系)和进行”。e.g.There are a lot of fans hoping for a glimpse of the movie stars.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法2.过去分词表示“被动(过去分词修饰的是承受该动作的名词,即与名词是动宾关系）和完成（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）“。e.g.Computers imported from abroad are usually more expensive.e.g.A lost opportunity never returns.注：单个分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.Writing B.written C.to write D.to be written 2.The conference _ in Beijing next week is bound to be a great success.A.holding B.being heldC.to hold D.to be held练习题：练习题：BD高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法3.With the help of the police,the woman finally found her(lose)_ child after a sleepless.4.It was in his childhood that he read most of the books(write)_ by Mark Twain.5.The tall building(complete)_ last month is our new classroom building.lostwrittencompletedv七七形容词、副词形容词、副词高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法七、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化七、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化kindkinderkindestclearclearerclearestcomplicatedmorecomplicatedmostcomplicatedclevercleverermoreclevercleverestmostcleverhappyhappierhappiestnarrownarrowernarrowestfastfasterfastestclearlymoreclearlymostclearlywiselymorewiselymostwisely高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法bad/badlyworseworstgood/wellbetterbestoldolder/elderoldest/eldestfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestmuch/many moremostlittlelessleast形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.Successful companies concentrate(much)_ on selling their products to their existing customers than to their new ones.2.The guest paid(little)_ money than he should for the room.3.The price of petrol is much(high)_ now than it was this time last year.填空题：填空题：morelesshigherv八