《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)课件.ppt

研究生英语精读教程研究生英语精读教程(第三版第三版上上)Unit OneYou Are What You Think 1.Text 2.Exercises 3.Supplementary ReadingYou Are What You ThinkAndifyouchangeyourmindfrompessimismtooptimismyoucanchangeyourlifeClaipe Safran1.doughnutn.炸面圈2.clichn.ideaorexpressionthathasbeentoomuchusedandisnowoutdated;stereotypedphrase;triteexpression陈腔滥调3.scrutinizev.makeadetailedexaminationof细查，详审；审视1Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichsarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.2Afast-growingbodyofresearch104studiessofar,involvingsome15000peopleisprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.1.optimismn.beliefthatintheendgoodwilltriumphoverevil;tendencytolookuponthebrightsideofthings;confidenceinsuccess乐观；乐观主义2.pessimismn.tendencytobelievethattheworstthingismostlikelytohappen,thateverythingisessentiallyevil悲观；悲观主义3.depressionn.beingsad;lowspirit沮丧，抑郁Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston，itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.1.psychologistn.心理学家，研究心理学者3Yourabilitiescount,explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.Inpart,thatsbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.1.inpart:tosomeextent在某种程度上4Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.1.metropolitanadj.oforinacapitalcity大城市的，大都会的，首府的5Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.6Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimistssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhisexplanatorystyle.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.Imnogoodatthis,hesays,Ialwaysfail.Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.1.loopholen.wayofescapefromcontrol,esp.oneprovidedbycarelessandinexactwordingofarule（因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的）漏洞2.connectionn.joiningorbeingjoined;pointwheretwothings连接；连接点；连接物Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.1.creditn.honour,approval,goodnameorreputation荣誉；赞许；好名声2.fluken.somethingresultingfromafortunateaccident;luckystroke侥幸的结果；侥幸7CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo,pessimistssaid,Icantdothis.Optimiststoldthemselves,Ineedtotryadifferentapproach.8Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,saysAnderson,theydontbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed.1.donatev.give(egmoney)toacharity,etc.;contribute捐赠；赠送2.prophecyn.poweroftellingwhatwillhappeninthefuture;statementthattellswhatwillhappen预言能力；预言9Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,isthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefatesplaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesntseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.1.litmusn.bluecolouring-matterthatisturnedredbyacidandthenrestoredbyalkali;materialstainedwithlitmususedasatestforacidsandalkalis石蕊；试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸2.playthingn.toy;(fig.)somebodytreatedasameretoy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取乐的人；玩物10Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustifyandsometimesthatswhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Levyfoundthediseaserecurredsooneramongthepessimists.1.breastn.eitherofthemilk-producingpartsofawoman;chest;upperfrontpartofthehumanbody乳房；胸膛；胸部eorhappenagain;berepeated再来；再发生；重复11Optimismwontcuretheincurable,butitmaypreventillness.Inalongtermstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegative.Twentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddle-agediseaseshypertension,diabetes,heartailmentsamongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.1.hypertensionn.highbloodpressure高血压2.diabetesn.diseaseofthepancreasinwhichsugarandstarchyfoodscannotbeproperlyabsorbed糖尿病3.ailmentn.illness疾病12Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimistsfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebodysnaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Dr.ChristopherPetersonoftheUniversityofMichiganhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesnttakegoodcareofhimself.1.underminev.weakenatthebase;weakengradually使从基础损坏；逐渐削弱或损坏2.immuneadj.exemptfromorprotectedagainstsomethingdisagreeableorharmful;notsusceptibletosomespecifieddiseasebecauseofthepresenceofthespecificantibodies免除的；安全的；免疫的Feelingpassiveandunabletododgelifesblows,heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes,nomatterwhathedoes.Hemunchesonjunkfood，avoidsexercise,ignoresthedoctor,hasanotherdrink.1.dodgev.movequicklytooneside,changepositionordirection,inordertoescapeoravoidsomething;avoid(duties,etc.)bycunningortrickery躲闪，躲避，逃避2.misfortunen.badluck;unfortunateaccidentorhappening不幸；灾祸；不幸事故3.munchv.chewwithmuchmovementofthejaw用力咀嚼；大声咀嚼4.junkn.old,discardedthingsoflittleornovalue破烂物13Mostpeopleareamixofoptimismandpessimism,butareinclinedinonedirectionortheother.Itisapatternofthinkinglearned“atyourmothersknee”，saysSeligman.Itgrowsoutofthousandsofcautionsorencouragements,negativestatementsorpositiveones.Toomany“donts”andwarningsofdangercanmakeachildfeelincompetent,fearfulandpessimistic.1.cautionn.warningwords;takingcare;payingattention(toavoiddangerormakingmistakes)警告；小心；谨慎14Astheygrow,childrenexperiencesmalltriumphs,suchaslearningtotieshoelaces.Parentscanhelpturnthesesuccessesintoasenseofcontrol,andthatbreedsoptimism.1.triumphn.(joyorsatisfactionata)successorvictory成功；胜利；成功或胜利的喜悦2.shoelacen.cordforfasteningtheedgesofashoesuppers鞋带15Pessimismisahardhabittobreakbutitcanbedone.Inaseriesoflandmarkstudies,Dr.CarolDweckoftheUniversityofIllinoishasbeenworkingwithchildrenintheearlygradesofschool.1.landmarkn.objectthatmarkstheboundaryofapieceofland;(fig.)event,discovery,change,etc.thatmarksastageorturning-point界标；(喻)划时代的大事、发现等；里程碑2.workwith(someone):spendtimeandefforttryingtohelp(someone)insomeway对(某人)做工作以帮助AsshehelpsflounderingstudentstochangetheexplanationsfortheirfailuresfromImustbedumbtoIdidntstudyhardenough“theiracademicperformanceimproves.1.flounderv.makeviolentandusuallyvainefforts(aswhenoneisindeepwaterandunabletoswim);(fig.)hesitate,makemistakes,whentryingtodosomething挣扎；(喻)踌躇或胡乱地做事2.dumbadj.unabletospeak;(UScolloquial)stupid;dull哑的；(美口)笨的；愚蠢的16PittsburghsDr.Levywonderedifturningpatientsintooptimistswouldlengthentheirlives.Inapilotstudy,twogroupsofcolon-cancerpatientsweregiventhesamemedicaltreatment,butsomewerealsogivenpsychologicalhelptoencourageoptimism.Resultsshowedthatthisworked.Nowamajorstudyisplannedtodeterminewhetherthispsychologicalchangecanalterthecourseofthedisease.1.colonn.lowerandgreaterpartofthelargeintestine结肠2.psychologicaladj.ofthemind;mental心理的17So,ifyoureapessimist,theresreasonforoptimism.Youcanchange.Hereshow,saysSteveHollon,apsychologistatVanderbiltUniversity:181.Paycarefulattentiontoyourthoughtswhenbadthingshappen.Writedownthefirstthingthatcomestomind,uneditedanduncensored.1.censorv.examinebooks,periodicals,films,etc.tocutoutanythingregardedasimmoralorinotherwaysundesirable检查并删剪(书刊、电影等)被认为不当的部分192.Nowtryanexperiment.Dosomethingthatscontrarytoanynegativereactions.Letssaysomethinghasgonewrongatwork.Doyouthink,I hate my job,but I could never get a better one?Actasifthatwerentso.Sendoutresums.Gotointerviews.Lookintotrainingandcheckjobleads.203.Keeptrackofwhathappens.Wereyourfirstthoughtsrightorwrong?Ifyourthoughtsareholdingyouback,changethem,saysHollon.Itstrialanderror,noguarantees,butgiveyourselfachance.21Positivethinkingleadstopositiveaction,andreaction.Whatyouexpectfromtheworld,theevidencesuggests,iswhatyourelikelytoget.Exercises.Comprehension.Vocabulary.Cloze.Translation(EnglishtoChinese).Translation(ChinesetoEnglish).Writing.ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A,B,C or D under each.You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.1.Thosepeoplewhokeeptheireyeuponthedoughnutratherthanonthehole_.A.areconsideredpositive-thinkersbytheauthorB.arelikelytoseetheirglassashalfemptyC.viewtheirsuccessesandfailuresmoreobjectivelyD.havesuddenlybecometheobjectofscientificresearchonclichs.Comprehension2.Anoptimist_.A.isalwaysincontrolofhisownlifeB.oftenoverestimateshisabilitiesC.mightlivelongerthanapessimistwhensufferingfromcertainillnesssuchascancerD.encountersdifferentchallengesanddisappointmentsfromapessimist3.Thepessimist_.A.seldomsucceedsinwhathedoesB.attributeshissuccesstoluckC.triesdifferentapproacheswhenhisfirstattemptfailsD.knowshowtotakegoodcareofhimself4.TheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCompanyhired100newemployeesbecause_.A.theyfailedthestandardindustrytestB.theirhighscoresonoptimismimpressedthecompanyC.theywerenotlikelytobehiredbyothercompaniesD.thecompanywasimpressedbytheresultofastudydonebysomepsychologists.Comprehension5.The100newemployees_.A.sold37%moreinsurancethantheaveragerepresentativesB.sold20%moreinsurancethanthenegativethinkersC.sold10%moreinsurancethanlongtimerepresentativesD.provedthattheycoulddobetteratsellinginsurancethanthecompanysaveragesalesrepresentative.Comprehension6.AccordingtoSeligman,thesecrettoanoptimistssuccesscanbefoundin“hisexplanatorystyle”,bywhichhemeansthattheoptimist_.A.isabletoexplainmoreclearlytothecustomersB.soundsmorepleasantinhisexplanationC.triestofindfaultswithotherfactorsotherthaninhimselfforhisfailureD.hasmoreconfidenceinhimselfthaninothers.Comprehension7.Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethattheauthorthinksthat_.A.peoplewillbeabletopreventdepressionandpainfulshynessiftheylearntothinkmorepositivelyB.businesscompaniesmightmakebetterjudgmentiftheytesttheattitudesoftheapplicantsinsteadofgivingthemthestandardindustrytestbeforehiringthemC.oneismorelikelytosucceedthenexttimeifoneisabletolayblamesonotherswhenonehasfailedD.onesbeliefthatonecansucceedwillguaranteehissuccess.Comprehension8.Whetherpositiveornegative,apersonsattitudetowardslifeisathinkinghabit_.A.inheritedfromeitherofhisparentsB.formedwhenheisveryyoungC.acquiredafterhehasgainedconsiderableexperienceD.nevertobegotridof.Comprehension9.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Mostpeoplecannotbeconvenientlyputunderthecategoryofoptimistorpessimist.B.Therearemorepositivethinkersamongoptimiststhanamongpessimists.C.Itisnotsureyetwhetherpsychologicaltreatmentwillhelpcancerpatients.D.Bylookingintotrainingopportunitiesandcheckingjobleads,apessimistwillbecomeanoptimist.Comprehension10.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthestepsmentionedbytheauthorinformingamorepositiveattitudetowardslife?A.Documentyourgloomythoughts.B.Dosomethingagainstyournegativeinclination.C.Recordwhathappens.D.Findthecausesforyourfailuremoreobjectively.Comprehension.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1.Thosewhobelievedtheirreligiousleadersprophecythattheendoftheworldwouldcomesoonwentintoapanic.A.announcementB.forecastC.predictionD.declaration2.Itbecameobviouswhentheboyflounderedthroughtherecitationinclasstodaythathehadnottakenthetroubletodohishomework.A.meditatedB.falteredC.contemplatedD.staggered.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.3.Theteachertoldthestudentsthattheyshouldavoidusingclichsintheircomposition.A.popularproverbsB.well-knownstoriesC.famousquotations D.triteexpressions4.Afterlisteningtothesameoldmorallessonalltheseyears,thevillagersbecamealmostimmunetoit.A.insensitivetoB.fedupwithC.familiarwithD.accustomedto.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.5.IcantclaimcreditforherEnglishproficiency;afterall,sheonlycametomyclassthissemester.A.askformoneyB.expectpaymentC.saythatIdeservepraiseD.declarethatIamgrateful.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.6.Believeitornot,thispopularnovelnowyouseeoneveryshelfwascensoredonlyafewyearsago.A.officiallyexaminedandbannedB.despisedbythegeneralpublicC.soldoutsoonafteritspublicationD.condemnedbythecritics.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.7.Thepartyleaderregardstheresultoftheelectionasapersonaltriumph.A.victoryB.celebrationC.satisfactionD.propaganda8.Theimmigrationofficerscrutinizedhispassportbeforehewasallowedtoleave.A.Stamped B.examinedC.returnedD.issued.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.9.Hesufferedalongperiodofdepressionbeforehisfirstsuicideattempt.A.InoculationB.hypertensionC.ailmentsD.dejection10.Hewasneverabletoenjoythemetropolitandelightsofcinemasandtheatres.A.artisticB.modernC.urbanD.various.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.11.Hequickly_behindthebuildingtoavoidbeinghurtbythestonesthrowninhisdirection.A.eludedB.evadedC.escapedD.dodged12.Hisdislikeofthecoursemayprovetobea_barrierhecannotovercome.A.Biological B.ideologicalC.spiritualD.psychological.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.13.AstheCupFinalwasdrawingcloser,theinjuryofthebestplayerwasa_forthewholeteam.A.misdemeanour B.mistrustC.misfortuneD.mischief14.Thebestsolutiontotheproblemcanonlybefoundbyaprocessoftrialand_.A.errorB.mistakeC.successD.experiment.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.15.Hethoughtthathemightbeabletoavoidpayingsomeofhistaxesbytakingadvantageofthe_inthelaw.A.circlesB.loopholesC.exceptionsD.misunderstanding16.Whenhelivedinthatremoteplace,radiowastheonlymeanshehadtokeep_ofcurrenteventsinthecountry.A.account B.traceC.recordD.track.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.17._whatisgenerallybelieved,theadjustmenttothiskindofworkisquiteeasy.A.ContrarytoB.ContrastwithC.ControversialofD.Contradictoryto18.Theflashingredlightservedasa_ofdangerahead.A.predictorB.cautionC.precautionD.prevention.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.19.Theirconfidenceinhimwasgreatly_byhisprolongedhesitationbeforetakinganyaction.A.appreciatedB.confirmedC.underminedD.cherished20.Yourheadacheislikelyto_ifitsrealcauseisnotidentifiedandpropertreatmentadministeredaccordingly.A.cureB.recoverC.recu