否定句 讲义--高考英语语法专题.docx

高考英语语法知识梳理-否定句否定 一、直接否定一、直接否定1.句子的谓语动词中含有be时，后加not构成否定This quality isnt inborn.这种品质不是天生的。The shoes arent comfortable.这双鞋穿起来不舒服。The desk isnt made of wood.这张书桌不是木头做的。2.have表示“有”（1）have后加not构成否定She hasnt many French books.她没有多少法语书。We havent enough food and water.我们没有足够的食物和水。【提示】 havent不能接名词，名词前需加a，any，many，much等词。I have not any money on me.我身上没有钱。He had a book in his bag.他书包里有本书。（2）借助于助动词构成否定She doesnt have many French books.她没有多少法语书。We dont have enough food and water.我们没有足够的食物和水。He didnt have anything in his pocket.他口袋里一无所有。3.情态动词或助动词后加not构成否定I cant wait any more.我不能再等了。I havent received his reply.我还没收到他的答复。I guess they wont accept it.我猜他们不会接受它。4.谓语动词为实义动词时，应借助于助动词do的适当形式加not来构成否定I dont know her telephone number.我不知道她的电话号码。She doesnt look her age.她看上去比实际年龄要年轻。Tom didnt realize he was surrounded by crocodiles.汤姆没有意识到自己被鳄鱼包围了。5.“否定副词never，seldom，hardly，rarely，nowhere+谓语动词”构成否定I could hardly hear him.我几乎听不见他的声音。She never said a word the whole morning.她整整一上午没有说一句话。She seldom showed her feeling.她不常表露自己的情感。He rarely，if ever，goes out.他很少外出。You can nowhere else find such a beautiful sunset.你在别的地方见不到如此美丽的日落。6.nobody，nothing，none，no one作主语或宾语时构成否定Nothing has been done on this matter.在这件事上没有作为。No one cares about this.没人在乎这件事。None of us can speak French.我们都不会讲法语。He said nothing at the meeting.会上他一言未发。7.“no+名词”构成否定（1）否定语气很强，意为“决不是”。The girl was no beauty.这姑娘才不漂亮哩。He is no friend of mine.他才不是我的朋友哩。He is no statesman.他绝非政治家。Between you and me，its no bad thing.就你我知道，这并不是件坏事。（2）no接名词时，相当于not a或not any。He has no book in his schoolbag.他书包里没有书。He has not a book in his schoolbag.I have no money on me.我身上没有钱。I have not any money.否定 二、部分否定二、部分否定1.表示“全部，完全”意义的总括词与not连用，构成部分否定，意为“并非都”（1）“all，both，every，everything，everyone，everywhere+not” 构成部分否定All bamboo doesnt grow tall.并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。Not both the brothers are doctors.弟兄俩并非都是医生。Not everyone likes this book.并非人人都喜欢这本书。Everything is not settled.并非一切都解决了。（2）“always，wholly，entirely，altogether，completely，all the time+not” 构成部分否定He isnt always so happy.他并不总是这么快乐。Your idea isnt wholly practical.你的想法并非完全现实。I dont altogether agree with you.我并不完全同意你的看法。【提示】部分否定句式中的not 可置于句首或句中。Not every book is educative.不是每本书都有教育意义的。Every book is not educative.“not .and .”否定and前面的内容；“not .or .”是完全否定。She cant speak English and Chinese.她不会说英语但会说汉语。She cant speak English or Chinese.她既不会说英语也不会说汉语。2.全部否定：用表示全部否定的否定词构成全部否定None of the ants go out for food.没有蚂蚁出去找食物。Neither of the brothers is a doctor.兄弟俩谁都不是医生。No apples are red.=None of the apples is/are red.没有一个苹果是红的。He is never so happy.他从未这么高兴过。否定 三、双重否定三、双重否定1.否定词+否定形容词No way is impossible to courage.勇士面前无险路。Nothing is unnecessary.没有什么是不必要的。2.否定词+withoutNo smoke without fire.无火不起烟；无风不起浪。They never meet without quarreling.他们每次见面必吵架。3.否定词+否定动词或短语Nobody disagrees.没人不同意。In spite of the increased debts，few fail to repay.尽管借债越来越多，但很少有人不能偿还欠款。否定 四、否定转移四、否定转移1.从句的否定转移到主句，即形式是否定主句，意义是否定从句I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。2.“否定转移”句式中主语只限于第一人称I don t believe he will come.我相信他不会来。We dont expect that you would stay on here.我们希望你不要在这儿呆下去。【辨析】我认为他不称职。【正】I dont think that he is fit for the job.（“否定转移”用于第一人称）【误】He doesnt think that he is fit for the job.（第三人称不用“否定转移”）【正】He thinks that he isnt fit for the job.（第三人称否定从句）3.“否定转移”句式中主句的谓语是一般现在时I dont expect they have finished the work.我料想他们还没有完成工作。I dont suppose he will return to his hometown after a few years of studying abroad.我看他在国外学习几年后不会回家乡了。I dont imagine the meeting will take more than an hour.我想会议不会超过一小时。【辨析】我认为你并没抓住要点。【正】I thought you hadnt caught the point.（过去时态否定从句）【误】I didnt think you had caught the point.（过去时态不用“否定转移”）【正】I dont think you have caught the point.（“否定转移”用于一般现在时）4.“否定转移”句式中常用动词是believe，expect，guess，imagine，suppose，think等I dont expect that it is true.我希望那不是真的。I dont guess that they have got married.我猜他们还没有结婚。I dont suppose its the rush hour yet.我想现在还不是交通拥挤的时刻。【提示】 主句谓语动词是hope，不用“否定转移”句式。I hope you werent ill.我想你没有生病吧。I hope that Im not disturbing you too much.但愿我没太打扰你。5.“否定转移”句式中的反义疑问句形式I dont think youve met Xiao Xin，have you？ 我想你没遇见小新，对吗？I dont think it is unnecessary discussing this，isnt it？我认为有必要讨论这件事，不是吗？否定 五、其他否定形式五、其他否定形式1.介词短语表示否定（1）beyondbeyond belief 难以置信beyond cure 不可救药beyond control 无法控制 beyond comparison 不能相比beyond controversy 无疑的 beyond debate 无可争议beyond description 无法描述 beyond expectation 出乎意料（2）out ofout of bounds不准进入 out of breath 喘不过气来out of cash 没有钱out of danger 脱离危险out of date 过时out of fashion不时髦out of humor 缺乏幽默 out of mind 心不在焉out of sight 看不见 out of work 失业（3）其他介词above criticism 不容批评above suspicion 无可怀疑behind time 不准时behind the times 跟不上时代beneath criticism 不值得批评beside the point 不关正题off color 精神不好off ones mind 不放在心上past repair 无法修补past all belief 不可思议2.常用否定句型（1）too .（for sb.）to do sth.意为“太不能”。My brother is too young to go to school.我弟弟太小了还不能上学。He ran too fast for me to keep up with him.他跑得太快我赶不上他。（2）too much for sb.意为“使某人承受不了”。The job is too much for you.这工作你胜任不了。Thats too much for me.这我可受不了啦。（3）no doing sth.意为“禁止，不准”。No smoking！ 禁止吸烟。No parking！ 禁止停车！（4）before意为“来不及，不等”在从句中表示否定意义。The bell rang before I could look over my answers.我还没来得及检查一下答案铃就响了。He had rushed out before I could stop him.我还没来得及阻拦，他就冲出去了。（5）rather than表示否定意义，意为“而不是，与其（不如）”。He ran rather than walked.他不是在走而是在跑。He is a writer rather than a teacher.与其说他是教师还不如说他是作家。You are doing this for yourself rather than for others.你做这件事不是为别人而是为你自己。It was what he meant rather than what he said.这是他的意思，而不是他说的话。学科网（北京）股份有限公司