高考英语语法之定语从句讲解和练习.doc

高考英语语法知识点梳理定语从句详解定语从句连接词在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。当关系代词作定语从句主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that，as和关系副词when，where，why等引导。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任一个成分。第一、关系代词引导的定语从句1、who指人，在从句中作主语That is the man who teaches us English.那位就是教我们英语的那个人2、whom指人，在句中作宾语，常可省略The professor (whom) you wish to see has come.你想见的那位教授已经来了3、whose通常指人，也可指事物，在从句中作定语This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.这就是那位闻名全国的科学家4、which指事物，在从句中作定语或宾语，作宾语时，常可省略。A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.词典是解释词语的书5、that指事物，也可指人，在句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时，常可省略She is the only one among us that knows French.她是我们当中唯一懂法语的人5、as引导的定语从句as也可以用作关系代词，既可以单独引出定语从句，又可与主句中的the same或such相呼应，从句中谓语动词常省略We jumped for joy at the news，as was natural.我们听到消息时高兴地跳了起来，这是很自然的事情第二、关系副词引导的定语从句1、when表示时间，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词（如time，day，hour，year等）From the time when he was little，he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.从小时候起，他就已经知道长大后做什么2、where表示地点，其下先行词往往是表示地点的名词（如place，room，house，street，area等）Is this the room where we were living last winter.这就是我们去年冬天住过的房间吗？3、why表示原因，常用在先行词reason后面I don't know the reason why she looks unhappy today.我不知道为什么她今天看上去不愉快第三、关系代词前带介词的定语从句1、关系代词which，whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句常由“介词+which（或whom）”引出Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live.他们所居住的城市正在发生着巨大的变化This is the teacher from whom weve learnt a lot.这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师2、定语从句也可以由“名词（或代词或数词）+介词+which（whom）”引出The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired.窗子遭破坏的那幢房子现在已经修理好了只能使用that的情况关系代词that和which都可以引导定语从句，他们所代替的先行词都是事物的名词或代词。我们知道which引导的定语从句在句子中作主语、宾语和表语，that引导的定语从句在句子中也可以作主语、宾语或表语。但是关系代词that和which引导的定语从句还是有所区别的，小编总结出一下四种类型的定语从句只能用that引导。第一、当先行词是不定代词时，如all，much，something，anything，everything，little，none等词时，定语从句引导词多为that例1：Tell me everything that you know about it.把你知道的都告诉我。第二、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级或由下面词汇修饰时，应该用that这些词分别是：first，the only，last，any，few，same，no，some例2：To face fear is the only method that really works.去面对恐惧是唯一真正行之有效的方法。先行词method由the only修饰，所以应该用that；例3：The present moment is the best gift that you can give yourself。当前的时光是你能给自己的最好礼物。先行词gift由最高级best修饰，此时应该用that；第三、当关系代词在限定性从句中用作表语的时候，需要用that例4：He is not the simple-minded man that he was five years ago.他不再是五年前那个头脑简单的人了。第四、当并列的两个先行词分别指人或物的时候，需要用that例5：He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.他看着车上的孩子和包裹。以上四种是我们经常遇到的只能用that引导的定语从句种类，当然，关系代词that有的时候可以省略，有的时候必须保留。首先，如果that的先行词是all，nobody，no one，someone，somebody等不定代词时，that往往可以省略；其次，当先行词是最高级形式时，that也可以省略；最后，关系代词that在定语从句中作宾语时，that也可以省略。但是，that在定语从句中作主语的时候，则不可以省略。实例练习1、Once they had fame，fortune，secure futures；_ is utter poverty.A. now that all is left B. now all that is leftC. now all which is left D.now all what is left2、I have never taken anything _ didn't belong to me.A. what B. whoC.that D. it答案1、先行词为all，所有只能用that，排除C,D，that引导一个从句修饰限定all,要放在all的后面,所以A错，选B2、先行词为不定代词anything，所以应该用关系代词that引导，选C做题技巧解析请看下面这道定语从句考题：In fact the man didnt understand the three questions _ were asked in French.A. where B. who C. in which D. which此题应选 D。从句子成分看，修饰 questions 的定语从句缺主语，所以不能选 A(where)，C(in which)。又因为这里的先行词(questions)是指事不是指人，所以只能选D(which)不能选B(who)。考生在做定语从句试题时，大体上要分清以下几点：1. 是定语从句还是其他从句( 从句意和句法功能等方面去考虑)。2. 是用关系代词还是关系副词。关系代词和关系副词的选择主要看关系词在句中的句法功能。一般说来，关系代词(that，which，who，whom 等)主要用作主语和宾语；关系副词(when，where，why)主要用作状语；作定语时用whose。3. 受定语从句修饰的先行词是指人(who，whom，that) 还是指物(that，which)；是作主语(who，that，which)还是作宾语(which，whom，who)等。4. 关系代词可否省略(在通常情况下，只有限制性定语从句中用作宾语的关系代词才能省略)。5. 是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句 (关系代词that以及关系副词why等均不能引导非限制性定语从句)。6. 在“介词which”结构中，介词的正确选择(主要看相关名词和动词的习惯搭配)。习题检测1.The building_we built last year is very tall.A.where B.when C.which D.why2.There are no children_love their parents.A.that do not B.who does not C.that D.who3.Who is the man_talked with you just now?A.who B.that C.whom D.whose4.That was the year_I went to America.A.when B.where C.that D.which5.Look at the boy and his dog_are coming this way.A.who B.which C.that D.whom6.This is all_she said about it.A.who B.whom C.what D.that7.Tom is the first boy_left the room.A.who B.that C.whom D.whose8.Look at that lady_name is Pochi.A.who B.whose C.whom D.that9. That was all the money_I had.A.which B.that C.whose D.whom10. The thing_she wasnt sure was that she failed in this exam.A.that B.which C.about which D.in which11.This is just the coat_she wants to buy.A.that B.what C.which D.the one.Key: CAAAC DBBBC A学科网（北京）股份有限公司