高中英语语法系列分词讲义.doc

分词1 构成与特点英语中的分词有两种：现在分词(-ing分词)和过去分词(-ed分词)。分词具有形容词、副词和动词的特征。现在分词可以带状语或宾语，过去分词可以带状语，构成分词短语。分词或分词短语在句中可以作定语、表语、补语或状语。现在分词表示正在进行或主动意义，过去分词表示已经完成或被动意义。“be+现在分词”构成进行时，“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成被动语态，“have/has+过去分词”构成现在完成时，“had+过去分词”构成过去完成时。1)分词的否定式分词的否定式由“not+分词”构成。Not daring to speak,they sat there silent.他们不敢说话，坐在那里一声不吭。Not having found the wallet, he dare not go home.他没有找到钱包，不敢回家去。He escaped, not being seen by anyone.他逃走了，没有人看见。Not being included,he had to attend another interview.他没被录用，只好再参加另一个面试。2)分词的一般式分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或之后发生。Walking along the road,he found a pen.在路上走着的时候，他发现了一支钢笔。(同时)They sat there, listening to the radio. 他们坐在那里，收听广播。(同时)She went home,finding the door locked.她回到家发现门锁着。(=She went home and found the door locked.finding动作后发生)提示如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，就不可用分词，而要用定语从句。He is the boy hitting his head against the door.(误)He is the boy who hit his head against the door.(正)他就是那个头撞到门上的男孩。The guests having arrived are having a chat in the garden. (误)The guests who have arrived are having a chat in the garden. (正)已经到达的客人正在园子里闲谈。3)分词的完成式分词的完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已经完成。Having finished supper, he went out to have a walk.吃完了晚饭，他就出去散步。(=When he had finished supper··)Not having met her before, I can't tell what she is like.以前没有见过她，我不能告诉您她什么模样。(=As I haven't met her before···)Having lived there for many years, she knew the place well.她在那里住了许多年，很了解那个地方。(=As she had lived there for many years··)4)分词的语态现在分词有主动语态和被动语态之分、被动语态又有一般式和完成式两种：一般式表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行；完成式表示一个被动动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已经完成。The question being discussed is very important.正在讨论的问题非常重要。(=The question which is being discussed··)Having been shown around the museum, we went back to the hotel.我们参观完博物馆，就返回旅馆了。(=After we had been shown···)Not having been given enough money,they could not carry out the experiment.没有得到足够的钱，他们就不能进行那项试验。(=As they had not been given···)比较：I heard the song being sung next door.我听见在隔壁有人在唱这首歌。提示及物动词的过去分词本身就具有被动意义，表示已经完成了的动作，所以没有被动式。The broken window fell down.打破的窗子落了下来。(不可说 the window being broken或the window having been broken)5)现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词和过去分词的区别主要表现在“时间”和“语态”两个方面。(1)时间区别一般说来，现在分词表示正在进行的动作；过去分词表示已经完成的动作。比较：falling flowers正在飘落的花fallen flowers落花(已落下的花)boiling water正在沸腾的水boiled water 已烧开过的水(可能是冷开水)Ours is a developing country and theirs is a developed country.我们的国家是一个发展中国家，而他们的国家是发达国家。He found the city changing every day.他发现这座城市每天都在变。He found the city greatly changed.他发现这座城市大大地改观了。(2)语态区别现在分词表示主动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者；过去分词则表示被动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词动作的承受者。比较：an exciting speech一个激动人心的报告(=a speech that excites people)excited audiences 激动的观众(=audiences who are excited by·)the surprising news 令人吃惊的消息(=the news that surprises people)the surprised boy受了惊吓的男孩(=the boy who is surprised by·)a moving film一部感人的影片(=a film that moves people)the moved students受感动的学生们(=the students who are moved by)aboring teacher使学生感到厌烦的老师a bored teacher对学生感到厌烦的老师She heard someone closing the door.她听见有人在关门。(主动)She heard the door closed.她听见门被关上了。(被动)提示有少数不及物动词的过去分词作前置定语，表示完成意义，不表示被动意义。the returned students归国留学生a sunken ship沉船(a ship which has sunk)2 用法1)作定语(1) the rising sun分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词前。The young are like the rising sun.青年人就像初升的太阳。It is a fast-moving factory.这是一家发展迅速的工厂。The fallen leaves covered the path.落叶覆盖了小路。A watched pot never boils.心急水难开。其他如：boiling water 开水the coming year 来年faded flowers凋零的花a lost child 迷路的孩子a barking dog狂吠的狗falling leaves落叶the setting sun落日a developing country发展中国家a sleeping baby熟睡的婴儿the hard-working people勤劳的民族a retired worker退休工人a developed country发达国家the lost time失去的时间the changed situation改变了的形势newly laid eggs新下的蛋a returned overseas Chinese 归国华侨untold sufferings说不尽的苦难a three-legged table 3条腿的桌子a blue-eyed girl蓝眼睛的女孩warm-hearted people 热心人提示1有少数过去分词作定语时可前置或后置，含义相同，但也有不同的。比较：All the broken windows are being repaired. All the windows broken are being repaired.所有坏了的窗户都正在修理。She has a large quantity of used clothes.她有大量的旧衣服。She put the pot used for cooking eggs on the table.她把煮鸡蛋用的锅放在桌子上。单个过去分词偶尔也置于被修饰词之后，起逻辑谓语的作用，相当于定语从句。Things seen are mightier than things heard.眼见为实，耳听为虚。(2) the book written by him分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句。The book written by him is very popular.他写的那本书很受欢迎。Most of the students standing there are from our class.站在那边的大部分学生是我们班级的。(3) nothing inspiring分词修饰 something,everything,anything, nothing, nobody等不定代词或指示代词those时，要放在这些词的后面。There is nothing inspiring in his words.他的话中没有什么令人鼓舞的东西。He is one of those invited.他是那些被邀请的人之一。提示如果两个动作在时间上不是同时发生，而是有先后之分，则不可用现在分词作定语，往往要用主从复合句表示。比较：看过了电影的学生正在从电影院出来。The students seeing the film are coming out of the cinema.(误)The students who have seen the film are coming out of the cinema. (正)你认识刚才吸烟的那个人吗？Do you know the man smoking just now? (误)Do you know the man who smoked just now?(正)2)作表语分词作表语表示主语的状态或性质。The news is encouraging. 这条消息令人鼓舞。She felt very tired.她感到很累。The book is well written.这本书写得很好。The water is boiled.水是开的。He looked worried.他看上去忧心忡忡。Winter is gone and spring is come. 冬天过去了，春天来了。These windows remained shut all day.这些窗户整天关着。The moon is already set.月亮落下去了。3)作宾语补足语动词 hear, see, watch, find, have, get, feel, keep, notice, smell, observe, leave, set, send, listen to,look at等经常用分词作宾语补足语。I found him lying on the grass. 我发现他躺在草地上。I watched her watering the trees.我看着她给树浇水。He saw the ground covered with snow.他看到地上覆盖着雪。He left the children standing in the rain.他让孩子们站在雨中。The traveller found himself lost in the valley.那游人发现自己在山谷中迷路了。He had all the letters mailed yesterday.他昨天把所有的信都寄了。提示表示自己做或让人做，可用have/get sth.done，但表示遭受某种损失、不愉快、不幸，只能用have sth. done。I'll have/get this the dead branch cut.我要把这个枯枝砍掉。(自己砍或找人砍)He had his bag stolen on his way to town.他在进城的路上包被偷了。4)作主语补足语The path was seen covered with leaves.看见小径上落满了树叶。She was never heard singing that song again.再也没有听见她唱那首歌。5)作状语分词或分词短语可以作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、结果、行为方式、伴随情况、程度等；表示时间、原因、条件的分词或分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。另外注意，表示结果时，只可用现在分词，不可用过去分词。Asked to show his school record, the boy began to cry. (时间)=The boy, asked to show his school record, began to cry.=The boy began to cry, asked to show his school record.要他把学校成绩报告单拿出来时，这男孩开始哭起来。The old lady is taking a walk on the river bank, followed by her pet dog. (正)The old lady, followed by her pet dog, is taking a walk on the river bank. (正)Followed by her pet dog,the old lady is taking a walk on the river bank. (正)老太太正在河岸上散步，身后跟着宠物狗。(伴随情况)Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano.路过那所房子时，他看见一个女孩在弹钢琴。(时间：=When he was passing by···)The boy, asked about his family, made no answer.当问到他的家庭情况时，那男孩没有回答。(时间)The child learns fast, well brought up by his parents.父母教育得好，这孩子学得很快。(原因)Being ill,he can't attend the meeting.他因病不能参加会议。(原因：=As he is ill···)Having been praised too much, he became proud.由于得到了过多的夸奖，他变得骄傲了。(原因：=As he had been praised too much···)Surrounded by hills from all sides,the village is little known to the outside world.这个村庄四周环山，鲜为人知。(原因)Turning to the right,you will see the post office.向右转，你就会看到邮局。(条件：=If you turn to the right)Given another chance, he will succeed. 再给一次机会，他会成功的。(条件：=If he is given another chance)Not having found the wallet,he still had some money with him.他虽然没有找到钱包，但身上还有一些钱。(让步：=Though he didn't find the wallet)Locked in the jail,he didn't lose heart. 他虽然被关在监狱里，但并不灰心。(让步：Though he was locked in the jail··)They walked along the lake, talking and laughing.他们沿着湖畔走着，谈着，笑着。(方式)She sat on the beach facing the sea.她坐在海滩上，面向大海。(伴随情况)There was a big bright moon hanging in the sky, giving off a magic glow.一轮明月挂在天空，向大地撒着令人不可思议的清辉。(伴随情况)He came running and shouting.他边跑边喊地来了。(伴随情况)His father died, leaving him nothing.他父亲去世了，什么也没给他留下。(结果)She started off in a hurry,leaving a lot of workundone.她匆忙地走了，留下很多工作未做。(结果)The car broke down on the way, making it impossible for me to get there on time.车子在路上出了故障，使我没能按时赶到那里。(结果)Lucy is an amazing beautiful girl.露茜是一个非常漂亮的女孩。(程度，相当于very，但语气更强)It is freezing cold today.今天天气极度寒冷。(程度)It is burning hot in the open.户外热极了。(程度)提示强调时间概念时，可在分词前加连词when或while；在 before， after，without 后，被动概念必须用being done结构。比较：While passing by the garden, he saw a girl watering flowers.路过院子时，他看见一个女孩在浇花。When asked why he was absent,he said he was ill.当被问到为什么缺席时，他说他病了。Before being asked, say nothing.在被问到前，什么也别说。She tiptoed out of the house without being seen.她蹑手蹑脚地走出了房子，没人看见。3 分词独立主格结构分词可以有意义上的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词主格充当，置于分词之前，这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语。分词独立主格结构一般放在句首或句尾，作状语表示时间、原因、方式等。参见第二十四章。The meeting being over,they went home. 会议一结束，他们就回家了。(时间)My homework having been done, I listened to the music.我做完了家庭作业就听音乐。(时间)Winter having come, it's getting colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷。(时间)Mother being ill in bed, he couldn't go to work.母亲卧病在床，他不能上班。(原因)There having been no bus then,he had to walk home.当时没有公共汽车了，他只得步行回家。(原因)Time permitting,I shall stay here for another two days.如果时间允许，我将在这里再待两天。(条件)Other things considered, I prefer the first plan.考虑到其他一些事情，我选择第一个计划。(条件)She lay against the wall，the sun shining upon her face.她背靠着墙，太阳照在她的脸上。(伴随情况)He guiding the blind girl, they walked slowly across the street. 他领着那个失明的女孩，两人慢慢地穿过街道。(方式)提示1表示伴随情况的分词独立主格结构前有时可加上with 或 without，构成“with/without+名词/代词+分词”结构。She sat still in the chair, with her eyes closed.她一动不动地坐在椅子里，双眼紧闭。She went out of the room, without a word spoken.她走出了房间，一句话也没说。独立主格结构也可以由“名词/代词+不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语”构成，而不用分词。He stood at the window, his hands in his pockets.他站在窗前，手插在衣袋里。(名词+介词短语)The boy rushed into the classroom, cap in hand.那个男孩手里拿着帽子，跑进了教室。(名词+介词短语)He stared at her with his mouth open.他盯着她看，嘴张着。(名词+形容词)He is a very diligent man, always the first to come and the last to leave.他是一个勤奋的人，总是最早一个到，最后一个离开。(名词+不定式)4 现在分词和动名词作定语的区别1)主谓关系和非主谓关系现在分词作定语时，与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系；动名词作定语时，则表示被修饰词的性质、用途等，不表示主谓关系，也不表示动作。a sleeping boy正在熟睡的男孩(=a boy who is sleeping，表示动作)A sleeping bag睡袋(=a bag for sleeping，表示用途)a singing bird正在鸣叫的鸟(=a bird that is singing,表示动作)a singing competition 歌咏比赛(=a competition of singing，表示性质)the walking people 散步的人A walking dictionary 活词典A dancing girl正在跳舞的女孩a dancing hall舞厅2)时间概念和非时间概念现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行；动名词作定语时则不表示时间概念。She saw someone walking towards the library.她看见有人向图书馆走去。(分词：正在走)She held a walking stick in her hand.她手里拿着一根手杖。(a stick for walking：动名词)3)修饰词不同现在分词作定语时，前面可以用形容词或副词来修饰；动名词作定语时，前面不可用副词，但可用形容词，该形容词不是修饰动名词，而是共同修饰“动名词+名词”。A hard-working student一个很用功的学生(副词hard 修饰现在分词working，作状语)a long running track一条长跑道(形容词long修饰动名词running和名词 track，作定语)5 分词和不定式的用法比1)正在进行和已经结束在 see，watch，hear,notice 等动词后，可用分词或不定式作宾语补足语，但有区别。分词表示动作正在进行，强调动作的持续性；不定式表示动作从开始到结束的全过程，即某个已结束的行为动作。比较：I saw her going downstairs.我看见她正在下楼。(动作在进行中)I saw her go downstairs. 我看见她下楼了。(动作已完成)We saw a car running into the street.我们看见一辆汽车在向大街驶去。We saw a cat run into the street and disappear.我们看见一辆汽车驶入大街后消失了。She sat in the yard and watched her daughter water flowers for half an hour.她坐在院子里，看着女儿给花浇了半小时的水。(表示全过程，半个小时内一直在看)She passed by the window and saw her daughter watering flowers.她从窗前经过，看见女儿在浇花。(当时正在进行的动作)2)“have+宾语+分词”结构和“have+宾语+不定式”结构(1)主语的意志主动意义“have+宾语+现在分词”结构表示“让，使，允许”等，指主语让宾语做某事或处于某种状态中，表达的是主语的意志。He had her working ten hours a day.他让她每天工作10小时。She had them all crying.她把他们都弄哭了。I can't have you doing that.我不允许你做那种事。(2)主语的遭受被动意义“have+宾语+过去分词”结构中的have 表示“经受，遭受”，过去分词所表示的动作与主语的意志无关，主语遭受到这种动作的影响。He had his bike stolen.他的自行车被人偷了。She had her arm broken.她的胳膊折了。提示1这种结构也可以表示“让被别人做”。He had his shoes mended. 他让人把鞋子补好了。She had the tree cut down.她让人把那棵树砍倒了。He will have his hair cut.他将要理发。这种结构也可表示“使某事做好”这一结果，主语可以是该动作的行使者。I will have my homework done first before going out with you.在跟你出去以前我得先把家庭作业做完。比较：He had her criticized by the teacher.他让老师批评了她。Mother had me scolded by Father.母亲让父亲训了我一顿。(3)主语的意志主动意义“have+宾语+不定式”结构表示“想，要，使”。What would you have me say?你要我说什么呢？She had Tom sweep the floor.她让汤姆打扫地板。3)不定式可以表示目的，而分词则不可表示目(1)不定式(短语)可以放在句首或句尾表示目的，作目的状语，相当于“in order to+动词原形”，“so as to+动词原形”或“so that+句子”。To finish the work before the end of the month, they worked day and night.为了在月底前完成工作，他们夜以继日地工作着。They got up early in the morning to watch the sunrise.为了看到日出，他们早早地起了床。(2)分词(短语)可以用作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语等，但不可用作目的状语。Watching TV, he heard someone knock at the door.他看电视时听见有人敲门。(分词短语用作时间状语)Feeling tired,she went to bed early.因为感到疲劳，她就早早上床了。(分词短语作原因状语)他进城买书去了。He had gone downtown for buying books.(误)He has gone downtown to buy books.(正)考 ,he will be successful.A. To give another chanceB. Giving another chanceC. Having been given another chanceD. Given another chance答案D。本句意为：再给一次机会，他就会成功的。过去分词短语作条件状语，相当于一个由 f引导的从句。4)分词被动式不同于不定式被动式现在分词被动式表示正在进行的动作，过去分词被动式表示已经完成的动作，不定式被动式表示将要发生的动作。The well being dug will be 100 meters deep.正在挖的那口井将深达100米。(that is being dug)The tower built stands on a hill.已经建成的那座塔位于一个小山上。(which has been built)The book to be published is on English study.将要出版的那本书是有关英语学习的。(that is to be published)6 generally speaking等独立作状语的分词短语有些分词短语已成为习惯用语，用来修饰整个句子，作状语，如generally speaking(一般说来)，strictly speaking (严格说来)，roughly speaking(粗略地说)，frankly speaking(坦率地说)，narrowly speaking (狭义上说)，broadly speaking(广义上说)，judging from/by(从··判断)，taking all into consideration (从各方面来说),considering everything(把一切考虑在内)等。Judging from her face, she must be ill.从脸色看，她一定是病了。Considering everything,it is worth trying.通盘考虑，值得一试。Frankly speaking, I don't like the picture.坦率地说，我不喜欢这幅画。7 very excited 还是much excitedvery可以修饰形容词化的过去分词，如very pleased，very satisfied 等。但是，如果过去分词的动作意味强，则不可用very，而要用much或greatly。They got very excited when hearing the news.听到那个消息，他们都很激动。They were much/greatly excited by the news.那个消息使他们都大为激动。(不可用very)8 垂悬分词问题(1)一般说来，分词应有其逻辑上的主语，通常就是所在句中的主语或宾语。The man sat by the fire,reading a book.那人坐在火炉旁，读着一本书。She saw some children playing on the grass.她看见几个儿童在草地上玩。(2)如果分词的逻辑主语不是句中主语或宾语，就要在分词前加一个逻辑主语，通常为名词或代词主格，这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。参见上文。The work done, they went home.做完了工作，他们就回家了。(表示时间)It being very cold outside, she put on her overcoat.外面很冷，她穿上了大衣。(表示原因)(3)如果分词的逻辑主语既不是所在句中的主语或宾语，又不是独立主格结构，那就成了“垂悬分词”，是一种病句，应予避免。比较：我们站在海岸上，看到船在远处航行。Standing on the seashore,the ship was sailing in the distance.(误)(Standing的逻辑主语不可能是the ship)Standing on the seashore,we saw the ship sailing in the distance. (正)河很宽，我们游不过去。Being very wide, we can't swim across the river.(误)(Being的逻辑主语不可能是we)The river being very wide, we can't swim across it.(正)9 现在分词还是动名词判断be动词后的-ing形式是现在分词还是动名词，可将其放在句首，如果句子能成立，就是动名词；如果不能成立，就是现在分词。比较：Her work is making shoes.她的工作是制鞋。(动名词，可改为：Making shoes is her work.) She is making shoes.她正在做鞋子。(现在分词，不可改为：Making shoes is she.)What she did yesterday was drawing a picture on the wall.她昨天所做的是在墙上画一幅画。(动名词)She was drawing a picture on the wall when I came in. 我进来时她正在墙上画一幅画。(现在分词)24