高考英语二轮复习学案15阅读理解之词义猜测.docx

阅读理解之词义猜测题【考纲解读】 阅读理解题是历年各地高考中的必考项目，阅读理解题能考查出学生对英语语言的综合运用能力。其中，猜测词义题是阅读理解试题中的常见形式。词义猜测题是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解和处理生词的能力，它包括对词、词组和句意的理解。词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。同时，考生应掌握一些猜词技巧，通过定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义、构词、常识及上下文线索等确定词义。【考点剖析】【相关知识点连接】词义猜测是高考阅读能力考查的一个重要方面。考生需要从以下几个方面注意分析：直接对某个陌生的词汇进行理解；对文中的某个代词确认指代的对象分析；对多义词或短语进行文中含义的精确定义；对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行直接的或解释性的描述。一、根据上下文的指代关系或者上下文解释进行猜测在文中找出相关有指代关系的词语或者通过上下文的逻辑关系、语法关系可以找出的其定义、解释。例如：Despite the celebrations, though, in the US the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.It's Jason Moran's job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centre's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.Q: What does the underlined word “that” in the paragraph refer to?AJazz becoming more accessible.BThe production of jazz growing faster.CJazz being less popular with the young.DThe jazz audience becoming larger. 【答案与解析】 C 词义猜测题 根据前文“Despite the celebrations, though, in the US the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”可知，尽管联合国教科文组织为爵士乐设定了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少，并且年龄在老化。爵士乐没能将年轻一代人与老一代人联接起来。再结合“It's Jason Moran's job to help change that”可知，Jason Moran的工作就是帮助改变上述情况，所以可推测that指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。所以，选C。二、根据同义或近义关系进行猜测在同一篇文章中，为避免语言的单调、重复，常会会使用意思相同或相近的不同词。所以，只要要读懂上下文，理解了其中一个词的意思后，就能够猜出另外一个词的意思。例如：Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.Q: What do the words “more is more” in the paragraph probably mean?AThe more, the better.BEnough is enough.CMore money, more worries.DEarn more and spend more.【答案与解析】A 词义猜测题 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定more is more呢？由此推知，这里的 more is more与前面的 flooded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。所以，选A。三、根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成一个新词。因此，有的词看上去是一个生词，但是，当结合构词法仔细观察该词前、后缀，联系学过的派生词的方法，就能比较容易地猜出其词义。例如：1. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.根据构词法知识可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy（舒适）为词根。因此，可以推断出uneasiness为“不安；担忧”的医生。2. Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。四、根据同位关系进行猜测阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语。我们知道，同位语就是对前面的词进行解释。因此，可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips - of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.Q: Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in the Paragraph?Aprovider Bdelivery man Ccollector Dmedical doctor 【答案与解析】B 词义猜测题 根据“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；再根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可判断出：Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人（即：作者是干细胞递送员）。所以，选B。五、根据因果关系进行猜测再阅读一篇文章时，长可以根据原因预测出结果，也可以根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. Q: What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?AA dessert. BA drink. CA container. DA machine. 【答案与解析】D 词义猜测题 该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句，“you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a soft­serve creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。根据此因果关系可推断出：juicer指的是榨汁机。所以，选D。六、根据转折或对比关系进行猜测根据句子、段落中的连接词（如：but、however、otherwise等）可以推断出上下文之间的逻辑关系，依据某一句的意思可以确定另一句的意思。例如：Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.Q: What does the underlined word “displaced” in the paragraph mean?ATested. BSeparated. CForced out. DTracked down.【答案与解析】C 词义猜测题 画线词“displaced”前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”。所以，选C。七、词义猜测技巧1. 根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义这种情况下，生词往往出现在前面，定义或解释往往跟在生词的后面，由or或破折号引出。复述也常常可以起到解释说明的作用，用不同的词语重复表达同一内容，该词语与被复述部分常会成为同位语关系，在句中多用逗号连接，有时也用破折号、冒号或分号来连接。有时他们中间还常常插入一个起解释作用的标志语如or，or rather，that is to say，that is，namely，in other words 等来强调这种同位关系。2. 通过原因或结果关系猜测词义文章中的上下文常常有因果关系，根据结果可以推测出原因。例如：because，since，as是连接原因状语从句的连词；so that与such that中的that是连接结果状语从句的连词。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中时，可以通过因果关系猜测生词含义。3. 根据对比关系猜测词义这类题的上下文提示不是作者对生词、难词所做的解释和说明，而是需要读者运用语言知识和分析能力去细心搜寻和领悟相关信息之间存在的种种逻辑关系。根据这种逻辑关系所提供的思路和范围，来分析判断有关词的词义或相近的意义，从而达到理解全文思想内容的目的。转折词but，让步状语从句及unlike，in spite of，despite，however等一些介词和副词都能帮助构成意义上的对比关系。4. 利用常识、自己的经验、经历及社会、科技等方面知识猜测词义有时碰到生词，也不必惊慌。根据上下文或整句的理解，运用常识或相关的知识，也能猜出该生词的含义。5. 构词法猜测词义（合成法、派生法）合成形容词的构成方法:形容词+现在分词：good-looking好看的副词+现在分词：hard-working辛勤的名词+过去分词；state-owned国有的名词+现在分词：peace-loving爱好和平的合成名词常见的方式：名词+名词：silkworm 蚕 形容词+名词：shorthand速记现在分词+名词：waiting-room候车室动词+名词：pickpocket扒手派生法 即在词根的基础上加上前缀、后缀，便可构成另一单词。只要掌握了词根和前后缀的含义，就可推测出它们组成新词的词义。词根是的基本含义，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。如 depend动词dependence名词independence（独立）名词。【强化训练】1.（2021年高考 全国乙卷 阅读理解 B篇节选 第三段 第25题）Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket - 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.25）What does the underlined word "concede" in paragraph 3 mean?A. Admit.B. Argue.C. Remember.D. Remark.2.（2021年高考 新高考I卷 阅读理解 C篇节选 第一段 第29题）When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America，the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地)29）What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.3.（2021年高考 全国甲卷 阅读理解C篇节选 第二段第9题）Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: "Safe! Safe! Safe!" And that's what matteredlanding tricks, being a good skater.9) What do the underlined words "Safe! Safe! Safe!" probably mean? A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry!4.（2021年高考 浙江卷 阅读理解 B篇节选 第二段26题）In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.26) Which of the following can replace the underlined word “charts” in paragraph 2?A. records           B. predicts             C. delays               D. confirms5.（2020年新高考 全国卷 阅读理解C篇节选 9题）In the mid-1990s，Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months，physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later，still attracted to the country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book，Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia，which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land，and of the people he meets on his way：Rustam，his translator，a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California，Oleg and Natasha，his hosts in Tashkent，and a string of foreign aid workers.9）What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Developing a serious mental disease.B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.6. Popular television shows such as “Come Dine With Me,” where amateur chefs attempt to wow the audience with their culinary (烹调的) skills, “Master Chef” where ordinary people compete to cook to Michelin standards (米其林餐厅评分标准) and a number of celebrity cookery shows have inspired Britons to entertain at home.Q: The underlined word “wow” in the paragraph probably means “_”.A. fill B. compareC. impress D. associate7. In contract, when theres more homogeneity, perhaps its easier for some kinds of silence to appear. For example, among your closest friends and family its easier to sit in silence than with people youre less well acquainted with.Q: What does the underlined word “homogeneity” in the last paragraph mean?A. Similarity B. Contradiction C. Diversity D. Misunderstanding8.（2021年 河北保定高三期末试卷 阅读理解）For many white-collar workers around the world，the recent pandemic has meant having to work from home. Their usual office location has been out of bounds. This means different working practices, which have advantages and disadvantages for employees. But the big question is, “Will they ever see their offices again？”Home working has made people realize what tasks they can perform at home，rather than enduring a commute to the office to do the same thing. It has given them more time with the family; theyve been sleeping better and have saved money by not travelling or buying lunches on the go. And a recent research suggests the majority of people working from home are just as productive.For some people，this could be a permanent arrangement. In the UK, fifty of the biggest employers questioned by BBC, have said they have no plans to return all staff to the office full-time in the near future. Of course, one main reason is that firms couldnt see a way of accommodating large numbers of staff while social distancing regulations were still in place. But BBC also heard from some smaller businesses who are deciding to abandon their offices altogether. Other bigger companies are also looking at shutting offices to save money as many jobs can be performed remotely. Peter Cheese, head of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, told BBC: “Were at a moment of real change in the world of work, driven by big existential crises.”But this isnt great news for everyone. Some employees can feel isolated at home，and theres less opportunity to network or learn from other people, especially if theyre a new recruit. Also, city centers may suffer most from a change in working habits. Shops and cafes rely on the footfall of office workers, and without them, they face closure. The future is still uncertain，which is why it may be too early to say where our desks will be permanently located. But the office of the future may be your home.9）What does the underlined phrase “a commute to the office” in Paragraph 2 mean?A. The journey to and back from the office.B. The distance between the office partners.C. A communication from the office.D. A call at the office.10）According to the text，which is NOT the benefit of working from home?A. More time to accompany the family.B. Less money on lunches on the go.C. A better sleep.D. Higher efficiency.11）What can we infer from Paragraph 3?A. Half employers will fire their staff.B. Large numbers of staff will leave office.C. Some employees wont see their offices again.D. Firms couldnt deal with social distancing regulations.12）What could be the best title for this text?A. Does Working from Home Benefit a Lot?B. Will Offices Disappear in the Future?C. The Usual Office Location Has Been Out of BoundsD. Different Working Practices Have Advantages and Disadvantages9. Oxygen is vital to life; it is needed by the body cells of all animals. It is also very useful in industry. The method Priestley used produces only small quantities. The large amounts needed for industry are produced in a different way. Air is put into containers under great pressure. This turns it into liquid and makes it very cold. It is then gradually warmed up and each substance evaporates at a different temperature. The boiling point of oxygen is -183°C. It is caught and stored in strong steel cylinders at a pressure of 136 atmospheres. The process is known as fractional distillation.Q: Which word has the rough meaning of “vital”? A. important B. useful C. helpful D. interesting10. “She is ashamed and embarrassed but doesnt really have any explanation why she did this,” Miss Duff said. “She didnt intend to steal when she went into the store. She is at a loss to explain it. She is otherwise a very respectable and intelligent young lady. She went to her doctor and asked for advice be