实用英语语法教程介词.pptx

实用英语语法教程介词实用英语语法教程介词1 介词的分类介词的分类英语介词就其形式而言，一般可以分为四类：英语介词就其形式而言，一般可以分为四类：（1 1）简单介词：指由一个单词构成的介词。例如：）简单介词：指由一个单词构成的介词。例如：aboutabout，aboveabove，afterafter，alongalong，amongamong，asas，atat，beforebefore，behindbehind，belowbelow，besidebeside（2 2）复合介词：指由两个介词组成的介词。例如：）复合介词：指由两个介词组成的介词。例如：insideinside，intointo，ontoonto，out ofout of，outsideoutside，throughoutthroughout，uponupon，withinwithin，withoutwithout第1页/共40页（3 3）短短 语语 介介 词词：指指 由由 短短 语语 构构 成成 的的 介介 词词。例例 如如：according according toto，ahead ahead ofof，apart apart fromfrom，as as forfor，as as toto，because because ofof，by by means means ofof，but but forfor，due due toto，except except forfor，for the sake offor the sake of（4 4）双双重重介介词词：指指由由两两个个介介词词搭搭配配而而成成的的介介词词，但但没没有有复复合合介介词词那那样样固固定定。例例如如：from from underunder，from from aboveabove，from behindfrom behind，until afteruntil after，except inexcept in，from amongfrom among【注注】有有 些些 语语 法法 书书 把把 concerningconcerning（关关 于于），consideringconsidering（考考 虑虑 到到），includingincluding（包包 括括），excluding(excluding(不不包包括括)，regardingregarding（关关于于），savingsaving（除除外外），touchingtouching（关关于于），givengiven（考考虑虑到到），grantedgranted（假设）等归为分词介词。（假设）等归为分词介词。第2页/共40页2 介词短语的构成及其句法功能介词短语的构成及其句法功能2.1 2.1 介词短语的构成介词短语的构成介词短语的构成介词短语的构成介介词词短短语语由由介介词词加加宾宾语语构构成成。介介词词宾宾语语可可以以是是名名词词、名名词词短短语语、代代词词、动动名名词词、名名词词性性从从句句、某某些些短短语语中中的的形形容容词词或或副副词词、介介词词短短语语、疑疑问问词词不不等等式式结构等。例如：结构等。例如：My nephew works in a company.My nephew works in a company.【名词短语名词短语】我侄子在一家公司工作。我侄子在一家公司工作。I find a true friend in him.I find a true friend in him.【代词代词】我发现他是个真正的朋友。我发现他是个真正的朋友。I I m looking forward to knowing more about American culture.m looking forward to knowing more about American culture.【动名词短语动名词短语】我期待着对美国文化有更多了解。我期待着对美国文化有更多了解。第3页/共40页They had failed in what they set out to do.They had failed in what they set out to do.【名词性从句名词性从句】他们没能做到原来要做的事。他们没能做到原来要做的事。The matter is going from bad to worse.The matter is going from bad to worse.【形容词形容词】这件事情变得越来越糟。这件事情变得越来越糟。She lives far from here.She lives far from here.【副词副词】她住的地方离这儿很远。她住的地方离这儿很远。I rarely talk with him except on business occasions.I rarely talk with him except on business occasions.【介词短语介词短语】除了办公事以外，我很少和他交谈。除了办公事以外，我很少和他交谈。He is particularly interested in what to do next.He is particularly interested in what to do next.【疑问词不定式疑问词不定式】他对下一步该做什么特别感兴趣。他对下一步该做什么特别感兴趣。第4页/共40页2.2 2.2 介词短语的句法功能介词短语的句法功能介词短语的句法功能介词短语的句法功能介词短语在句子中可作状语、定语、表语、宾语（或主语）补足语等成介词短语在句子中可作状语、定语、表语、宾语（或主语）补足语等成分。分。（1 1）充当状语。介词短语作状语最为多见。例如：）充当状语。介词短语作状语最为多见。例如：In accordance with the ruleIn accordance with the rule，they have to pay an additional tax.they have to pay an additional tax.按规定，他们得交纳一笔附加税。按规定，他们得交纳一笔附加税。In terms of moneyIn terms of money，he is quite richhe is quite rich，but not in terms of happiness.but not in terms of happiness.就钱而言，他很富有，但是说到幸福就不是这样了。就钱而言，他很富有，但是说到幸福就不是这样了。Unlike most actorsUnlike most actors，Harris is a rather shy man.Harris is a rather shy man.与大部分演员不同，哈里斯是个相当害羞的人。与大部分演员不同，哈里斯是个相当害羞的人。第5页/共40页(2)(2)充当定语。介词短语作定语通常为后置定语。例如：充当定语。介词短语作定语通常为后置定语。例如：He is a man of wealth.He is a man of wealth.他是个富有的人。他是个富有的人。The building at the end of the street is a hotel.The building at the end of the street is a hotel.在这条街道尽头的那座大楼是一家旅店。在这条街道尽头的那座大楼是一家旅店。The government of the peopleThe government of the people，by the peopleby the people，and for the people shall and for the people shall not perish from the earth.not perish from the earth.民有、民治、民享政府永远不会从地球上消失。民有、民治、民享政府永远不会从地球上消失。第6页/共40页(3)(3)充当表语。例如：充当表语。例如：This question is under discussion.This question is under discussion.这个问题正在讨论中。这个问题正在讨论中。He was out of breath when he reached the station.He was out of breath when he reached the station.他到达车站时已是上气不接下气了。他到达车站时已是上气不接下气了。(4)(4)充当宾语（或主语）的补足语。例如：充当宾语（或主语）的补足语。例如：We found him in great trouble.We found him in great trouble.【宾补宾补】我们发现他的麻烦很大。我们发现他的麻烦很大。He was often seen at his office at midnight.He was often seen at his office at midnight.【主补主补】人们常常看见深夜他还在办公。人们常常看见深夜他还在办公。第7页/共40页3 介词的意义和用法介词的意义和用法3.1 3.1 表示时间的介词表示时间的介词表示时间的介词表示时间的介词常用的此类介词有：常用的此类介词有：aboutabout，afterafter，atat，beforebefore，betweenbetween，byby，duringduring，overover，forfor，fromfrom，inin，onon，throughthrough，throughoutthroughout，till/untiltill/until，sincesince等。例如：等。例如：at dawnat dawn拂晓拂晓at the age of twenty20at the age of twenty20岁时岁时at the end of the yearat the end of the year在年底在年底during the summer vacationduring the summer vacation暑假期间暑假期间He studies through the night to pass the exam.He studies through the night to pass the exam.他为了考试而通宵学习。他为了考试而通宵学习。Throughout the meetingThroughout the meeting，she remained silent.she remained silent.整个会议上，她一言不发。整个会议上，她一言不发。Over a period of ten years he stole a million pounds from the company.Over a period of ten years he stole a million pounds from the company.他在他在1010年间从公司盗走了年间从公司盗走了100100万英镑。万英镑。第8页/共40页3.2 3.2 表示地点的介词表示地点的介词表示地点的介词表示地点的介词常用的此类介词有：常用的此类介词有：aboveabove，acrossacross，alongalong，amid(st)amid(st)，amongamong，atat，behindbehind，beforebefore，beneathbeneath，besidebeside，betweenbetween，beyondbeyond，byby，downdown，fromfrom，inin，insideinside，onon，oppositeopposite，outsideoutside，overover，pastpast，throughthrough，toto，toward(s)toward(s)，underunder，upup，in front ofin front of，on top ofon top of，up toup to等。例如：等。例如：Our university is at 122 Ninghai Road.Our university is at 122 Ninghai Road.我们大学在宁海路我们大学在宁海路122122号。号。help the blind man across the street help the blind man across the street 帮助盲人过街帮助盲人过街The sun sunk below the horizon.The sun sunk below the horizon.太阳落到地平线以下了。太阳落到地平线以下了。第9页/共40页3.3 3.3 表示原因、理由、动机的介词表示原因、理由、动机的介词表示原因、理由、动机的介词表示原因、理由、动机的介词常常用用的的此此类类介介词词有有：atat，forfor，fromfrom，ofof，because because ofof，by by reason reason ofof，as as a a result result ofof，by/in by/in virtue virtue ofof，due due toto，on on account account ofof，owing owing toto，overover，out out ofof，thanks tothanks to，withwith等。例如：等。例如：We all marveled at the extent of your knowledge.We all marveled at the extent of your knowledge.我们都对您知识的渊博感到惊异。我们都对您知识的渊博感到惊异。for lack of sleep for lack of sleep 由于睡眠不足由于睡眠不足 out of curiosity out of curiosity 出于好奇出于好奇die of hunger die of hunger 饿死饿死 die from overwork die from overwork 劳累而死劳累而死be wild with joy be wild with joy 欣喜若狂欣喜若狂 quarrel over sth.quarrel over sth.由于某事争吵由于某事争吵第10页/共40页3.4 3.4 表示目的的介词表示目的的介词表示目的的介词表示目的的介词常常用用的的此此类类介介词词有有：forfor，toto，for for the the purpose purpose ofof，for for the the sake sake ofof，on/in behalf ofon/in behalf of，in honour ofin honour of，in memory ofin memory of，with a view towith a view to等。例如：等。例如：He made a beautiful doll for his daughter.He made a beautiful doll for his daughter.他为女儿做了个漂亮的布娃娃。他为女儿做了个漂亮的布娃娃。for the sake of safety for the sake of safety 为了安全起见为了安全起见with a view to fostering team spirit with a view to fostering team spirit 为了培养团队精神为了培养团队精神work to a common end work to a common end 为了共同的目标而工作为了共同的目标而工作第11页/共40页3.5 3.5 表示方式、方法的介词表示方式、方法的介词表示方式、方法的介词表示方式、方法的介词常用的此类介词有：常用的此类介词有：asas，according toaccording to，byby，inin，likelike，by means ofby means of，onon，throughthrough，overover，withwith，withoutwithout，viavia等。例如：等。例如：talk with sb.in French talk with sb.in French 用法语和某人交谈用法语和某人交谈hear the news on/over the radio hear the news on/over the radio 通过收音机收听新闻。通过收音机收听新闻。Never judge by appearance.Never judge by appearance.谚谚不要以外貌取人。不要以外貌取人。A life without books is like a life without sunlight.A life without books is like a life without sunlight.生活中若没有书籍就如同没有阳光。生活中若没有书籍就如同没有阳光。第12页/共40页3.6 3.6 表示表示表示表示“除外除外除外除外”、“附加附加附加附加”的介词的介词的介词的介词常用的此类介词有：常用的此类介词有：exceptexcept，except forexcept for，with the exception ofwith the exception of，exceptingexcepting，other thanother than，savesave，savingsaving，besidesbesides，beyondbeyond，butbut，apart fromapart from，aside aside fromfrom，in addition toin addition to等。例如：等。例如：All of the students went to the party except Julia.All of the students went to the party except Julia.除了朱莉娅外，所有学生都参加了聚会。除了朱莉娅外，所有学生都参加了聚会。None but children have believed the story.None but children have believed the story.只有小孩子才相信这个故事。只有小孩子才相信这个故事。Apart from her prettinessApart from her prettiness，she was honest and kind.she was honest and kind.她除了人长得很美，还很诚实，心地善良。她除了人长得很美，还很诚实，心地善良。第13页/共40页3.7 3.7 表示让步的介词表示让步的介词表示让步的介词表示让步的介词常用的此类介词有：常用的此类介词有：despitedespite，in spite ofin spite of，notwithstandingnotwithstanding，regardless ofregardless of，for(all)for(all)，with(all)with(all)，after(all)after(all)等。例如：等。例如：In spite of some difficultiesIn spite of some difficulties，this project proceeded smoothly.this project proceeded smoothly.虽然有一些困难，但这项计划进展顺利。虽然有一些困难，但这项计划进展顺利。With all his achievementsWith all his achievements，he remains modest and prudent.he remains modest and prudent.他虽然有很多成就，但仍然谦虚谨慎。他虽然有很多成就，但仍然谦虚谨慎。After all the effortsAfter all the efforts，he lost the competition.he lost the competition.他虽然努力了，但仍然在竞争中失败了。他虽然努力了，但仍然在竞争中失败了。第14页/共40页3.8 3.8 表示表示表示表示“依据依据依据依据”、“关于关于关于关于”、“至于至于至于至于”的介词的介词的介词的介词常常用用的的此此类类介介词词有有：according according toto，byby，fromfrom，inin，aboutabout，onon，ofof，overover，as as forfor，as as toto，as as regards,regards,with with reference reference toto，with with regard regard toto，with with relation relation toto，with with respect respect toto，concerningconcerning，regardingregarding，respectingrespecting，touchingtouching等。例如：等。例如：In In my my opinionopinion，the the price price is is too too high.high.依依我我的的看看法法，价价格格太太高了。高了。When When reading reading a a passagepassage，we we should should judge judge its its meaning meaning with reference to the context.with reference to the context.在阅读文章的时候，我们应该根据上下文来判断其意思。在阅读文章的时候，我们应该根据上下文来判断其意思。第15页/共40页3.9 3.9 表示结果的介词表示结果的介词表示结果的介词表示结果的介词表示结果的介词较少，主要是：表示结果的介词较少，主要是：inin，intointo，out ofout of等。例如：等。例如：The battle ended in a victory.The battle ended in a victory.战斗最终胜利了。战斗最终胜利了。All her efforts culminated in failure.All her efforts culminated in failure.她所有的努力都以失败告终。她所有的努力都以失败告终。The saplings have grown into big trees.The saplings have grown into big trees.幼苗已经长成了大树。幼苗已经长成了大树。She soon flattered the old man out of anger.She soon flattered the old man out of anger.她很快就把老人奉承得消了她很快就把老人奉承得消了气。气。第16页/共40页3.10 3.10 表示表示表示表示“价格价格价格价格”、“比率比率比率比率”、“标准标准标准标准”、“速度速度速度速度”的介词的介词的介词的介词常用的此类介词有：常用的此类介词有：atat，byby和和forfor三个。例如：三个。例如：Technological innovations are being made at faster and faster rate.Technological innovations are being made at faster and faster rate.技术革新的速度越来越快。技术革新的速度越来越快。You bought the bag at a high price.You bought the bag at a high price.你买的这个包太贵了。你买的这个包太贵了。They rent the car by the hour.They rent the car by the hour.他们按小时出租车子。他们按小时出租车子。Eggs are sold by the dozen.Eggs are sold by the dozen.鸡蛋按打出售。鸡蛋按打出售。a cheque for USa cheque for US500500一张一张500500美元的支票美元的支票第17页/共40页3.11 3.11 表示表示表示表示“在进行中在进行中在进行中在进行中”的介词的介词的介词的介词常用的此类介词有：常用的此类介词有：atat，inin，onon，underunder等。例如：等。例如：at workat work在工作在工作 at tableat table在用餐在用餐 in bloomin bloom在开花在开花 in tearsin tears在哭泣在哭泣 on displayon display在展示在展示 on saleon sale在销售在销售on the phoneon the phone在接电话在接电话 on the airon the air在播送在播送on the increaseon the increase在增长在增长 on the declineon the decline在下降在下降under under discussiondiscussion在在讨讨论论中中 under under constructionconstruction在在建建设设中中 under repairunder repair在修建中在修建中第18页/共40页3.12 3.12 带有比喻性用法的介词带有比喻性用法的介词带有比喻性用法的介词带有比喻性用法的介词常常用用的的此此类类介介词词有有：afterafter，aboveabove，atat，beyondbeyond，beneathbeneath，inin，out out ofof，pastpast，underunder等。例如：等。例如：be after a criminal be after a criminal 在追捕罪犯在追捕罪犯 be after a girl be after a girl 追求一位女孩子追求一位女孩子beneath contempt beneath contempt 不屑一顾不屑一顾 beneath consideration beneath consideration 不值得考虑不值得考虑in fashion in fashion 在流行在流行 in rehearsal in rehearsal 在彩排中在彩排中out of fashion out of fashion 不流行不流行 out of reach out of reach 达不到达不到You must try to live within your income.You must try to live within your income.你应该量入为出地过日子。你应该量入为出地过日子。This computer is beyond repair.This computer is beyond repair.这台电脑已无法修理。这台电脑已无法修理。第19页/共40页4 介词与其他词类的搭配介词与其他词类的搭配4.1 4.1 介词与动词的搭配介词与动词的搭配介词与动词的搭配介词与动词的搭配（1 1）同一动词与不同介词（或副词）搭配可表示不同意思。例如：）同一动词与不同介词（或副词）搭配可表示不同意思。例如：look after look after 照顾，照看照顾，照看look at look at 看着，看待，研究看着，看待，研究look away look away 移开视线移开视线look back look back 回首（往事），回忆回首（往事），回忆look down on/upon look down on/upon 看不起，轻视看不起，轻视look for look for 寻找，寻求寻找，寻求look forward to look forward to 盼望，期待盼望，期待look in look in 看望，拜访看望，拜访look into look into 调查，研究调查，研究look on look on 旁观旁观,观望观望look to look to 依赖，指望依赖，指望look up look up 向上看，（情况）改善向上看，（情况）改善第20页/共40页agree with agree with 同意（观点或意见）（后接人或事同意（观点或意见）（后接人或事物的名词）物的名词）agree to agree to 赞同，答应（后接事物名词）赞同，答应（后接事物名词）agree on agree on 商定，在商定，在意见一致（后接事物名意见一致（后接事物名词）词）comparecompare with with 将将与与比较比较comparecompareto to 将将比作比作consist of consist of 由由组成组成consist in consist in 在于在于deal in deal in 经营，买卖经营，买卖deal with deal with 处理，对付，论及处理，对付，论及see about see about 办理，料理，安排办理，料理，安排see through see through 看穿，识破看穿，识破stand by stand by 支持支持stand for stand for 代表代表think about think about 考虑考虑think of think of 想起想起result in result in 导致导致result from result from 由由引起引起wait for wait for 等候等候wait on wait on 服侍服侍第21页/共40页4.2 4.2 介词与形容词的搭配介词与形容词的搭配介词与形容词的搭配介词与形容词的搭配（1 1）特定的形容词之后要求用特定的介词。例如：）特定的形容词之后要求用特定的介词。例如：absent from absent from 缺席缺席astonished at astonished at 对对感到惊讶感到惊讶adjacent to adjacent to 与与相连相连 keen on keen on 热衷于热衷于aware of aware of 意识到意识到 deliberate in deliberate in 在在方面谨慎方面谨慎agreeable to agreeable to 同意同意 content with content with 满足于满足于guilty of guilty of 有有罪罪 consistent with consistent with 与与一致一致ashamed of ashamed of 感到惭愧感到惭愧 stupid about stupid about 对对一窍不通一窍不通superior to superior to 优越于优越于 inferior to inferior to 比比差差第22页/共40页（2 2）有些形容词后可跟不同介词，但意义不同。例如：）有些形容词后可跟不同介词，但意义不同。例如：angry with angry with 对（某人）生气对（某人）生气 angry at/about angry at/about 因（某事）生气因（某事）生气familiar with familiar with 对对熟悉熟悉 familiar to familiar to 为为所熟悉所熟悉good at good at 善于善于 good for good for 对对有益有益known for known for 由于由于而闻名而闻名 known to known to 为为所知所知concerned about concerned about 关心关心 concerned with concerned with 和和有关有关第23页/共40页4.3 4.3 介词与名词的搭配介词与名词的搭配介词与名词的搭配介词与名词的搭配（1）介词与后面的名词搭配，即名词之前该用什么介词。例如：on ones guard 警惕in all probability 很有可能with care 小心地in excitement 激动地across the country 全国at sb.s request 应某人的要求第24页/共40页（2）介词与前面的名词搭配，即名词之后该用什么介词。例如：His loyalty to his company is unquestionable.他对公司的忠诚毋庸置疑。The essay is a proof of his capability of using the right word at the right place.这篇文章说明他能够把词语用得恰到好处。第25页/共40页常用的此类搭配有：常用的此类搭配有：between:differencebetween:difference，distinctiondistinction，gapgapfrom:absencefrom:absence，sheltershelterfor:for:admirationadmiration，ambitionambition，awardaward，carecare，demanddemand，excuseexcuse，hopehope，preparationpreparation，reputationreputation，searchsearch，sympathysympathy，talenttalentin:beliefin:belief，confidenceconfidence，delightdelight，experienceexperience，faithfaith，involvementinvolvement，interestinterest，participationparticipationof:of:applicationapplication，capabilitycapability，capacitycapacity，descriptiondescription，expectationexpectation，ignoranceignorance，proofproof，purposepurpose，sensesenseon:commenton:comment，concentrationconcentration，dependencedependence，emphasisemphasis，impactimpact，insistenceinsistence，influenceinfluenceover:advantageover:advantage，controlcontrol，superioritysuperiorityto:to:accessaccess，appealappeal，approachapproach，attentionattention，clueclue，contributionc