初中英语分词课件.ppt

初中英语初中英语现在分词现在分词&过去分词过去分词2014.11.18动词的六种形式动词的六种形式：ldoldoesldidldoingltodoldone谓语非谓语现在分词在句中可以作表语、定语、现在分词在句中可以作表语、定语、补足语和状语。补足语和状语。一一 作表语作表语表表主主动动或或主主语语的的性性质质和和特特征征，主主语语多多数数情情况况下下是是物物，一一般般跟跟在在联联系系动动词词be,be,get,get,become,become,look,sound,feel,keep,remainlook,sound,feel,keep,remain等词后等词后lHisspeechisexciting.lHegetssoexcitedthathedoesntsleepallnight.lThemovielooksterrifying.lTheboykeepssmilingallmorning.lThisstoryisveryinteresting.lThenewssoundsencouraging.常见的现在分词如下：moving,interesting,encouraging,exciting,inspiring,boring,surprising,astonishing,missing等二、作定语：二、作定语：lWeseetherisingsuneverymorning.lChinaisadevelopingcountry.lPleasewakeupthatsleepingboy.lThegirlsittingnexttohimishissister.ImwaitingforthetrainleavingforBeijing.lThemanstandingthereisTom.lDidyouseethegirldancingwithyourbrother?lWelivedinaroomfacingthesouth.A、在感官动词、在感官动词feel,hear,notice,observe,find,see,smell,watch等之后等之后作宾补或主补。如：作宾补或主补。如：lIheardmysistersingingthatsong.（宾补）（宾补）lMysisterwasheardsingingthatsongoutside.（主补）（主补）lIfoundJohnreadingthatbook.（宾补）（宾补）lJohnwasfoundreadingthatbook.（主补）（主补）lWefoundhimwaitingtoreceiveus.（宾语补足语）（宾语补足语）lHesawpeoplecomingandgoing.(宾补宾补)lPeoplewereseencomingandgoing.(主补主补)三、作宾语补足语或主语补足语。三、作宾语补足语或主语补足语。B、在使役动词、在使役动词get,have,bring(致使致使),keep(使使),leave(使使),set(使开始使开始)等之后作宾补或主补。等之后作宾补或主补。如：如：Theykeptmewaitingforalongtime.Iwonthaveyoushoutingatmetheway.Thechildrenkeptthefireburningallthetime.C、在其他动词、在其他动词catch，detect，discover，want等等之后作宾补或主补。如：之后作宾补或主补。如：Themanagercaughtmesmokingintheofficeagain.Wedontwantyoubecomingtooconfident.四、作状语：现在分词作状语成分，四、作状语：现在分词作状语成分，可以置于句子主体之前或之后。可以置于句子主体之前或之后。1 1、表示时间，可以转化成时间状语从句：、表示时间，可以转化成时间状语从句：、表示时间，可以转化成时间状语从句：、表示时间，可以转化成时间状语从句：Walkinginthestreet,Isawhim.Walkinginthestreet,Isawhim.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Isawhim.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Isawhim.Hearingthisgoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.Hearingthisgoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.=Whenheheardthisgoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.=Whenheheardthisgoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.2、表条件，可以转化成条件状语从句：、表条件，可以转化成条件状语从句：Workinghard,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhard,youcansucceed.Buyingthisclothes,youcangetthatT-shirtforfree.=Ifyoubuythisclothes,youcangetthatT-shirtforfree.3、表原因，可以转化成原因状语从句、表原因，可以转化成原因状语从句Beingill,shedidnotgotoschoolyesterday.=Becauseshewasill,shedidnotgotoschoolyesterday.HavingLeftthekeyathome,hecouldnotenterhisoffice.=Becausehehadleftthekeyathome,hecouldnotenterhisoffice.4、表让步，可以转化成让步状语从句、表让步，可以转化成让步状语从句Havingfailedmanytimes,hedidnotlostheart.=Thoughhehadfailedmanytimes,hedidnotloseheart.Consideringforsolongatime,hehadnoideaaboutit.=Thoughheconsideredforsolongatime,hehadnoideaaboutit.B：表示结果、方式、伴随等意义的状语成分多置于：表示结果、方式、伴随等意义的状语成分多置于句子主体之后，可用也可不用逗号与主体部分隔开。句子主体之后，可用也可不用逗号与主体部分隔开。1 1、表结果、表结果、表结果、表结果Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Hefelloffhisbike,breakinghislegs.Hefelloffhisbike,breakinghislegs.l l2 2、表方式、表方式、表方式、表方式l lPleaseanswerthequestionusinganotherway.Pleaseanswerthequestionusinganotherway.l lTheycameintotheclassroom,singingandTheycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughinglaughingl l=Theysangandlaughed;theycameintothe=Theysangandlaughed;theycameintotheclassroom.classroom.3、表伴随Hesatinthearmchair,readinganewspaper.Hewasawake，thinkingoftheproblem.五、作独立成分：五、作独立成分：有些含有分词的固定插入语，其逻辑主语不要求与主语一致。有些含有分词的固定插入语，其逻辑主语不要求与主语一致。如：如：accordingto根据；根据；judgingfrom（从（从.来判断）来判断）;generally(frankly/exactly)speaking一般地（坦率地一般地（坦率地/确切确切地）说地）说;considering（考虑到）（考虑到）;talkingof（说到）（说到）.;supposingthat（假使）（假使）.；seeingthat（鉴于）（鉴于）.等。等。根据定义或解释猜测词义根据定义或解释猜测词义技巧技巧1Acalendarisalistofthedays,weeks,monthsofaparticularyear.calendar日历日历Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.herdsman牧人Consideringhishealth，hewasmadetostayathome。Generallyspeaking,boyslikesportsmorethangirlsdo.Judgingfromtheexpressiononhisface,heisunhappy.Accordingtothelaw,everypersonhasthefreedomtospeech.根据对比确定词义根据对比确定词义技巧技巧2Ourmathsprofessorclaimsthatalltheproblemshegivesusaresimpleones，however，wefeelthattheyareintricateandhardtosolveIntricate复杂的技巧技巧3根据同义词的替代关系猜词义根据同义词的替代关系猜词义IntheancientcityofRome,wevisitedeverymansion,church,battlesite,theatreandotherpublichalls.mansion建筑物或场所建筑物或场所根据反义猜词根据反义猜词技巧技巧4Twelve-year-oldSallywasanactivegirl.Buthersisterwasquitesedate.sedate安静的安静的根据上下文情景确定词义根据上下文情景确定词义技巧技巧5Allhisattemptstounlockthedoorwasfutile,becausehewasusingthewrongkey.futile徒劳的徒劳的根据常识、经验猜生词根据常识、经验猜生词技巧技巧6The old man put on his spectacles and began to read spectacles老花镜老花镜1.China is our motherland.2.Kangaroo mothers have pouches to carry their babies.3.Itsreallycoldoutside,andmyhandsarebothnumb.(祖国祖国)(育儿袋育儿袋)(冻僵了的冻僵了的,麻木的麻木的,失去知觉的失去知觉的)根据构词法猜测词义根据构词法猜测词义技巧技巧7Hehasrenamedtherestaurant“Paradise”.rename重新起名，改名重新起名，改名1).前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。2).后缀-ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。3).后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词，如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter，science、scientist，art、artist等。1.根据单词的前缀与后缀进行猜词。如，根据单词的前缀与后缀进行猜词。如，care(小心小心)careful(小心的小心的)carefully(小心地小心地);write(写写)rewrite(改写改写)。un-;dis-;-less:;mis-:;re-:;-ern:-er,-or,-ist:;2.根据根据“合成词合成词”猜测。猜测。如如school+bagschoolbagdown+stairsdownstairs不无错误再,重复,重新表方向表示人Exercises:Match the meaning with the new words.1.rebuild2.modernize3.man-made4.unsafe 5.misunderstan-dingA.不安全的B.误解C.重建D.现代化E.人造的根据因果关系猜测词义根据因果关系猜测词义技巧技巧8lYoushouldnthaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasnthisfault.blame责备表示因果关系的表示因果关系的：because,as,since,for,so,as a result表示同义关系的表示同义关系的：and,like,just as表示反义关系的表示反义关系的：but,however,though,although,yet,instead(of)等等。出场率高的关联词出场率高的关联词1.I could see nothing because the light was so faint 2.Tom is very rude,but his brother is quite polite.3.She is beautiful,and her daughter is as pretty as her.(昏暗的）昏暗的）(有礼貌的有礼貌的)(漂亮的漂亮的)Nowtherearemanyhousesaroundthelake.peopleoftenusechemicalsintheirgardens.Theyuseotherchemicalsinsidetheirhousesforcleaningorkillinginsects(昆虫昆虫).Therearealsomanybusinessmen.Businessmenusechemicalsintheirmachinesorshops.“Chemical”inthestorymeans_.A.化学家化学家B污染品污染品C药品药品D.化学制品化学制品D练习 1.A lot of the worlds natural resources like oil come from poor countries.A.环境环境 B.资源资源 C.汽油汽油2.The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.A.帽子帽子 B.雨鞋雨鞋 C.眼镜眼镜3.My mom was a little heavy.And I was almost as plump as my mom.A.丰满丰满 B.苗条苗条 C.强壮强壮4.Children have schoolbags with two straps to carry them.A.口袋口袋 B.肩带肩带 C.纽扣纽扣Exercises:Choose the right answer.2.Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to your health.4.The boy had a happy family before.However,after the war,he became homeless.Exercises:Guess the meaning of the new words quickly.1.Wealthy means having lots of money.5.You must stop dreaming and face reality.(富裕的，有钱的）(有害的)(现实)3.Mymother-in-law,myhusbandsmother,wasateacher.(婆婆)(无家可归的）When Jack first heard about these children,he wanted to help them.Once Jack went to meet a little girl in Africa.“When I met her,I felt very very happy.”He said“And I saw that the money was used for a good cause.I want to do everything I want to go on helping those children.”65.The underlined words“for a good cause”means “_”in Chinese.A.施舍 B.行善 C.优惠 D.赏赐【剖析剖析】单单从从cause一一词词很很难难判断，判断，cause有有“原因，理由，事原因，理由，事业业”，也有，也有“使引使引起、使招致的意思。因起、使招致的意思。因为为整篇文章整篇文章说说的是的是Jack给给儿童的捐款行儿童的捐款行为为。划。划线线短短语语的的句子的意思是：他看到句子的意思是：他看到这这些些钱钱用于用于”行善行善“，这给这给他他带带来很多快来很多快乐乐。【考考题题再再现现】（重庆中考题）四四推理判断题推理判断题推理判断题着重考查学生的逻辑思维能力，推理判断题着重考查学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，设计面广，如人物的性格、心理、类题目难度大，设计面广，如人物的性格、心理、故事的结局、寓意、文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾故事的结局、寓意、文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。其题目设计的方式一般有：向、态度等。其题目设计的方式一般有：常见的提问方式According tothepassage，what/whichis“”?Whichofthefollowingstatementis(not)true/correct/mentioned/listed/included?Allofthefollowingstatementsaretrue/correct/mentionedexcept_?根据根据下面的下面的陈陈述，表述述，表述正确的正确的正确的正确的提到的提到的列出的列出的 包括的包括的容易选错的干扰项：容易选错的干扰项：l选项中意思虽然与原文相符，但是只是涉及一些细枝末节，不符合题干。l选项内容与原文无关,或者是对文章内容作了张冠李戴的处理。l选项是对原文内容的简单重复，不是推理得出的结论。l选项的内容纯属主观臆断得出的结论，文章根本没有提及。解题策略：解题策略：l做这类题目时，大家必须透过文章的字做这类题目时，大家必须透过文章的字面意思，领悟隐含在字里行间的内涵，面意思，领悟隐含在字里行间的内涵，体会作者的言外之意、弦外之音。找出体会作者的言外之意、弦外之音。找出作者所陈述的细节、事实以及能够表露作者所陈述的细节、事实以及能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，进行作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，进行符合逻辑的推理。符合逻辑的推理。1）根据常识判断根据常识判断Onedayweinvitedsomefriendstodinner.Whenitwasaboutsixoclock,mywifefoundthatwehadlittlebread.Sosheaskedourfive-year-olddaughter,Kathy,tobuysome.Oneday,Kathysparentsinvitedsomefriendsto_.A.havebreakfastB.havelunchC.havesupperD.haveaparty.C2)根据计算判断根据计算判断Ifeveryonesetstheirairconditioning空调at26,Beijingwillsave400millionkilowatt-hours千瓦时ofelectricityinonesummer.Thatsone-thirdofalltheusageofthecityintheseason,”saidaTVadvertisement.Beijingwilluse_millionkilowatt-hourselectricityinonesummer.A.1200B.800C.400AlMrBrownfirstwenttolookattheunderground-firewhenhewasseven.Throughthehole（洞）intheearthyoucouldseetheorangefire,butyouhadtolookfastbecauseitwassohot,saidMrBrown.In1898,hesawthefireoncemore（再一次）.1.MrBrownfirstsawtheunderground-fire_.A.attheageofsevenB.sevenyearsoldC.intheyearof1898D.morethan（超过）80yearsagoAParty in Taiwan.On his nine-day trip from May 5-13,he visited Xian,Nanjing,Shanghai and Changsha,as well as Beijing.Soong,63,was born in Xiangtan,Hunan Province in 1942.He went to Taiwan with his father at the age of seven.67.Soong went to Taiwan with his father in _.A.1942 B.1945 C.1949 D.1948C例题：例题：TheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentcountryin1783,andNewYorkWasitscapitalforashorttime.TheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentcountryin_.A.the17thcenturyB.the16thcenturyC.the18thcenturyD.the19thcentury注意年与世纪的关系，例如：1867年是19世纪，1990年是20世纪,2008年是21世纪。C3)知识推断题知识推断题根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。Tokyo：Threesnakes,whosepoisoncouldkillapersonintenminutes,areguardingabluestarsapphire（蓝宝石）（蓝宝石）worthnearlysixhundreddollarsataJapaneseexhibitionofjewelssentfromanIndianmuseum.“Normallyitwouldbeforbiddentoletthesepoisonoussnakesguardexhibitionobjects,butitsdifferentthistimebecausethejewelsarebeingexhibitedatahotel,”apolicesaid.Thejewelswasbeingshownin_.A.anIndianhotelB.anIndianmuseumC.aJapanesehotelD.aJapanesemuseumC3.逻辑结论推断题逻辑结论推断题根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文而不是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文章的内涵。章的内涵。Myfatherhaslittletimeforfilms.Butonedayashefinishedhiswork,hefoundafilmticketundertheglassonthedesk.Hewenttothecinemaquickly.Whenhewasseated,awomancametomyfatherandsaidtheseatwashers.TheybothtookouttheirticketsandfoundtheseatshownonthemwasRow8,Seat16.Afterlookingattheticketmorecarefully,myfathersaid,“Sorry,itsnottodaysticket.”lFromthispassagewecanknowthatthewritersfatherwas_.careless4.细节推断题细节推断题为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主题，如题，如what,who,where,when,等，即等，即“supportingdetails”。所依据的所依据的细节细节lWhenthebellwasringing.Theboyscameintotheroom.Eachonehadabatoraball.Allhadredfaces.Theyweregladtogetintotheirseats.Theteachersaiditwastimetogetbacktowork.Whichofthefollowingsentenceisprobablytrue?A.Theclasswasover.B.Theboyshadjustcomebackfromplaying.C.Theteachertoldtheboystowork.B很可能的很可能的ExerciseMr.andMrs.Bellareveryforgetful.Forexample,Mr.BellsometimesgoestohisofficeforworkonSundaymorning,forhethinksitisMonday.AndMrs.Bellsome-timesforgettocooksupperforthefamily.OnesummertheyplannedtoflytoNewYorkfortheirholidays.Theygottotheairportonlytenminutesbeforetheplanetookoff.Sotimewasshort.ButsuddenlyMrs.BellsaidshemusttellAlice,theirdaughter,nottoforgettolockthefrontdoorwhenshewenttoschool.AsAlicewasthenatschool,theycouldnttellheraboutitbytelephone.Sotheyhurriedtothepostoffice.Mrs.BellwroteashortnotetoAlicewhileMr.Bellboughtastampandanenvelo-pe.Soonthenotewasready.Theyputthestampontheenvelopeinahurryanddroppeditintheletterbox.ButsuddenlyMrs.Bellbegantocry.Theshortnotewasstillinherhand.Shehadputtheplaneticketsintheenvelope.()(1).Theword“forgetful”means_.A.忘记B.健忘的C.难忘的()(2).HowdidtheyplantogotoNewYorkonesummer?A.byplaneB.bytrainC.bybus()(3).BecauseAlicewasthenayschool,theyhadto_toAlice.A.phoneB.writeanoteC.sendaE-mail()(4).Whatdidtheydrop_intheletterbox?A.anoteB.theticketsC.themoney()(5).Themainideaofthispassageis_.A.Mr.andMrs.Bellareveryforgetful.B.Mr.andMrs.BellplannedtoflytoNewYork.C.Mr.andMrs.Bellareveryold.1.Readthearticlefor2minutes,andfindthekeysentenceofthearticle.BABBA49.What do you think of the taxi driver?_A.He was not an honest person.B.He liked to work very hard.C.He was good at driving D.He was a kind and clever man选选A.出租出租车车司机在火司机在火车车站在站在载载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕绕路多路多赚车费赚车费。客。客人非常气人非常气愤愤地地说说：“What?Fifteendollars?DoyouthinkImafool?Onlylastweek,ItookataxifromtherailstationtothesamehotelandIonlygivethedriverthirteendollars.”从从Whenthetaxidriverheardthat,hedidntfeelhappyanymore及及Butsuddenly,hehadanidea.Hetookthepassengerthroughmanystreetsofthecity可知司机不可知司机不诚实诚实。诚实诚实的的人人还还用用绕绕道道吗吗？Summary阅读技巧：阅读技巧：1.浏览问题，通读全文浏览问题，通读全文2.抓住中心句抓住中心句（标题，首段，每段的首尾句，总（标题，首段，每段的首尾句，总-分分-总总,总总-分）分）3.克服以下不良习惯：克服以下不良习惯：心读，一个词一个心读，一个词一个词的看，只读不记词的看，只读不记4.遇到生词要沉着冷静遇到生词要沉着冷静一、根据文章内容判断正误Fredtelephonedhiswife.“Ivegottwofreeticketsforthetheatretonight,”hetoldher.“Meetmeoutsidetheoffice.Wellhavesomethingtoeatandthengoontothetheatre.”Fredswifewasverypleased.Theyhadntbeentothetheatreforalongtime.Shemetherhusbandashetoldher.Theyhaddinnerandgottothetheatrejustintime.AttheentranceFredtookouthiswallettogetthetickets.“Itsverystrange,”hesaid.“Theyarenthere!”“Tryyourpockets,”saidhiswife.Buttheticketswerentthere,either.ThenFredlookedveryembarrassed(尴尬).“Whatsthematter?”askedhiswife.“Well,”Fredsaid,“IrememberwhatIdidwithmytickets.Iputtheminmybag.ButbecauseIwasntgoinghome,Ileftitintheoffice!”()1.Oneday,Fredwasgiventheticketsforthetheatre.()2.Fredandhiswifewenttothetheatrequiteoften.()3.Fredwantedtomeethiswifeinarestaurant.()4.Theyreachedthetheatreneitherlatenorearly.()5.ThenFredcouldntfindhisticketsandrememberedwhathehaddonewiththetickets.1 1、T T 因因为为第一段中提到第一段中提到Fred told his wife Fred told his wife “I Ive got two free ticketsve got two free tickets”“freefree”此此处处是免是免费费的意思。的意思。2 2、F F 第二段中提到第二段中提到“They hadnThey hadnt been to the theatert been to the theater for a long time.for a long time.”3 3、F F 第一段中第一段中FredFred说说“Meet me outside the office.Meet me outside the office.”4 4、T T 第二段中第二段中“in timein time”是及是及时时的意思。的意思。5T 5T 结结尾尾处处提到的。提到的。DavidMcConnellsoldbooksfromdoortodoor.Housewives(家庭主妇)werenotinterestedinthebooks.Usuallybeforehehadenoughtimetosayanythingabouthisbooks,thewomenclosedtheirdoors.Buthedidntgiveup.McConnelldecidedtobringeachofthemapresent,asmallbottleofperfume(香水)madebyhimself.Hesoonfoundthatthewomenlikedtheperfumebetterthanthebooks.Hestoppedsellingbookstosellperfumeinsteadandstartedhisowncompany“Avon”,whichisagreatsuccess.Whenyoudonothing,youlearnnothing.Butwhenyoutry,eventhoughyouarenotsuccessful,youwilllearnwhatdoesntworkandthatputsyouclosertowhatwillwork.Itdoesntmatterhowmanytimesyouarenotsuccessful.Itdoesmatterthatyouwillbesuccessfuloneday.Edisonwasnotonthewaytosuccessuntilpeopleboughthisfirstinvention.SuccessonceisenoughforEdison.Andthesameforyousuccessonceisenough.()1.McConnellwassuccessfulasabook-seller.()2.McConnellhopedthosewomenwouldbuyhisbooksifhebroughtthemeachapresent.()3.Ifyoudonothingatall,youwillneverbesuccessful.()4.Edisonwassuccessfulattheverybeginning.()5.Thewriterencouragedustotryasmuchaswecan.F T T F TF T T F T1 1、F F 从第一段从