问卷法Questionnaire课程学习.pptx
会计学1问卷法问卷法Questionnaire第一页，共39页。Content:1.Definition2.A brief description3.The main parts of a questionnaire4.The design of questionnaire5.Scaling techniques6.Selecting subjects7.Administering the questionnaire第1页/共39页第二页，共39页。1.Definition1.DefinitionQuestionnaires are any written instruments that present respondents with a Questionnaires are any written instruments that present respondents with a series of questions or statements to which they are to react either by series of questions or statements to which they are to react either by writing or their answers or selecting from among existing answers.writing or their answers or selecting from among existing answers.Brown,2001:6 Brown,2001:6 第2页/共39页第三页，共39页。The term“questionnaire”refers to an instrument for the collection of data,usually The term“questionnaire”refers to an instrument for the collection of data,usually in written form,consisting of open/closed questions and other probes requiring in written form,consisting of open/closed questions and other probes requiring a response from subjects.a response from subjects.Nunan,2002:231 Nunan,2002:231 第3页/共39页第四页，共39页。A survey study usually involves a relatively large A survey study usually involves a relatively large sample and is descriptive in nature.It either sample and is descriptive in nature.It either describes the features of a few variables or the describes the features of a few variables or the relation between two or more variables.relation between two or more variables.A survey study may be cross-sectional,when data are A survey study may be cross-sectional,when data are collected from different people at the same point collected from different people at the same point in time;it may be longitudinal,when data are in time;it may be longitudinal,when data are collected from the same group of people at collected from the same group of people at different points over a period of time.different points over a period of time.2.A brief description第4页/共39页第五页，共39页。3.The main parts of a 3.The main parts of a questionnairequestionnaire TitleTitle Instruction:Instruction:Instructions are of two types:Instructions are of two types:-general instruction at the beginning of the questionnaire -general instruction at the beginning of the questionnaire -specific instructions introducing each new task -specific instructions introducing each new task(3)Questionnaire items(3)Questionnaire items(4)Additional information(4)Additional information(5)Final“thank you”(5)Final“thank you”第5页/共39页第六页，共39页。4.4.The design of questionnaireThe design of questionnaire Criteria for a good questionnaire:Criteria for a good questionnaire:(1)Having high internal validity(1)Having high internal validityBy saying a questionnaire should have high internal By saying a questionnaire should have high internal validity means that items in the questionnaire must validity means that items in the questionnaire must measure the variables you really want to investigate.measure the variables you really want to investigate.But some researchers might fail to meet the criteria But some researchers might fail to meet the criteria because of lack of skills or experience.Actually,because of lack of skills or experience.Actually,having low internal validity is a common flaw having low internal validity is a common flaw occurring in a questionnaire constructed by a novice occurring in a questionnaire constructed by a novice researcherresearcher第6页/共39页第七页，共39页。A MA student wanted to investigate students degree of anxiety A MA student wanted to investigate students degree of anxiety in speaking L2,the following three items were part of her in speaking L2,the following three items were part of her questionnaire:questionnaire:I try to avoid answering questions in class.I try to avoid answering questions in class.I try sit in the corner of the classroom so that I will not be I try sit in the corner of the classroom so that I will not be asked questions frequently by the teacher.asked questions frequently by the teacher.(1)(1)I do not like to speak in the public.I do not like to speak in the public.第7页/共39页第八页，共39页。4.2 Taking a professional outlook4.2 Taking a professional outlookHow a questionnaire looks can affect the attitude of the How a questionnaire looks can affect the attitude of the respondents which in turn influence the quality of their respondents which in turn influence the quality of their response.response.You should avoid clipping or stating papers You should avoid clipping or stating papers together if a questionnaire contains more than 5 together if a questionnaire contains more than 5 pages.pages.One question should not be printed across two page.One question should not be printed across two page.You should avoid crowing questions together to make You should avoid crowing questions together to make the questionnaire looks shorter.the questionnaire looks shorter.(1)(1)The paper for printing should be of high quality and The paper for printing should be of high quality and the printing itself must be clear and easy to read.the printing itself must be clear and easy to read.第8页/共39页第九页，共39页。4.3 The process of designing a questionnaire4.3 The process of designing a questionnaire Selecting the mode of administration.Selecting the mode of administration.Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect.Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect.Determining the way you process the questionnaire Determining the way you process the questionnaire data.data.Deciding on the content of individual item.Deciding on the content of individual item.Choosing questions structure.Choosing questions structure.Determining the order of questions.Determining the order of questions.Deciding the format of the questionnaire.Deciding the format of the questionnaire.Conducting a pilot study to test the questionnaire.Conducting a pilot study to test the questionnaire.(1)(1)第9页/共39页第十页，共39页。(1)Selecting the mode of administration.(1)Selecting the mode of administration.Two common models:Two common models:By person:By person:A group of subjects usually answer the same A group of subjects usually answer the same questionnaire together.The organizer gives the questionnaire together.The organizer gives the respondents instructions on how to respond to the respondents instructions on how to respond to the questionnaire and clarifications if there are any questionnaire and clarifications if there are any ambiguous items.The organizer can also check ambiguous items.The organizer can also check whether the respondents has responded to all the whether the respondents has responded to all the items and thus the rate of data can be greatly items and thus the rate of data can be greatly reduced.reduced.第10页/共39页第十一页，共39页。By mail:By mail:If the respondents are spread out in different cities or If the respondents are spread out in different cities or even in different countries what you can do is to even in different countries what you can do is to mail the questionnaire to the target people.mail the questionnaire to the target people.Researchers cannot control the overall response rate of Researchers cannot control the overall response rate of missing items.Even if a questionnaire is returned,s/he missing items.Even if a questionnaire is returned,s/he cannot be sure that questionnaire is filled out by the cannot be sure that questionnaire is filled out by the people s/he expected and under which circumstances the people s/he expected and under which circumstances the questionnaire is completed.questionnaire is completed.第11页/共39页第十二页，共39页。(2)Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect.(2)Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect.At this stage,you have to understand what kind of data you At this stage,you have to understand what kind of data you really want to collect.There are five type of really want to collect.There are five type of information.information.Experience/behaviour(what a respondent does)Experience/behaviour(what a respondent does)Opinion(what a respondent thinks)Opinion(what a respondent thinks)Feeling(what a respondent feels)Feeling(what a respondent feels)Knowledge/abilities(what a respondent knows and what Knowledge/abilities(what a respondent knows and what is he able to do)is he able to do)Background(such as date of birth,age,gender,martial Background(such as date of birth,age,gender,martial status)status)第12页/共39页第十三页，共39页。Novice researchers cannot clearly differentiate belief Novice researchers cannot clearly differentiate belief items from behavior items.items from behavior items.The structure of belief item is“I think/believe that”The structure of belief item is“I think/believe that”I think learning an L2 well requires painstaking effort I think learning an L2 well requires painstaking effort is to is to find out the respondents opinion or view rather than find out the respondents opinion or view rather than behavior.behavior.I put a lot of effort into learning an L2I put a lot of effort into learning an L2 is to investigate is to investigate students behavior rather than the view.students behavior rather than the view.第13页/共39页第十四页，共39页。(3)Determining the way you process the questionnaire(3)Determining the way you process the questionnaire data.data.Individual-item-based(Individual-item-based(单个题目单个题目(tm)(tm)问卷问卷)If the basic unit in the data analysis is an individual item,If the basic unit in the data analysis is an individual item,such as describing frequency and the mean of one such as describing frequency and the mean of one isolate item,then such a questionnaire is called isolate item,then such a questionnaire is called individual-item-based.individual-item-based.The construction of such a questionnaire is comparatively The construction of such a questionnaire is comparatively simple and easy because it does not involve setting simple and easy because it does not involve setting up conceptual categories.However,this kind of up conceptual categories.However,this kind of questionnaire has very limited value because its questionnaire has very limited value because its results are less generalizable.results are less generalizable.第14页/共39页第十五页，共39页。If the data-analysis is to be on categories,each of which If the data-analysis is to be on categories,each of which contains a few questionnaire items,you must contains a few questionnaire items,you must established either by a top-down approach or by a established either by a top-down approach or by a bottom-up approach.bottom-up approach.By top-down approach you construct conceptual By top-down approach you construct conceptual categories based on logical arguments or exsisting categories based on logical arguments or exsisting theories theories before you design specific items.theories theories before you design specific items.By bottom-up approach,you simply write down whatever items By bottom-up approach,you simply write down whatever items occur in your mind.You then classify these items into occur in your mind.You then classify these items into categories.categories.第15页/共39页第十六页，共39页。(4)Deciding on the content of individual item.(4)Deciding on the content of individual item.If a questionnaire is intended to contain several If a questionnaire is intended to contain several categories,you have to consider whether the categories,you have to consider whether the items designed cover all the categories and items designed cover all the categories and whether each categories contains an adequate whether each categories contains an adequate number of items.For example:number of items.For example:Categories nameItem No.Form-focused belief2,4,5,7,9Meaning-focused belief1,3,6,8,10Form-focused strategies11,13,16,18,20Meaning-focused strategies12,14,15,17,19第16页/共39页第十七页，共39页。To avoid poorly-worded questions,the following are To avoid poorly-worded questions,the following are some of the suggestions made by Malhotra(1993)and some of the suggestions made by Malhotra(1993)and Bernard(1994).Bernard(1994).Use ordinary wordsUse ordinary wordsAvoid leading questionsAvoid leading questionsUsing dual statements:positive and negativeUsing dual statements:positive and negativeBeing caution in translationBeing caution in translation第17页/共39页第十八页，共39页。第18页/共39页第十九页，共39页。(5)Choosing questions structure.(5)Choosing questions structure.There are two types of questions:open-ended questions There are two types of questions:open-ended questions or unstructured questions.or unstructured questions.Open-ended questions refers to those whose answers are Open-ended questions refers to those whose answers are in the respondents own words and are difficult to in the respondents own words and are difficult to predict.And these questions are always begin with predict.And these questions are always begin with“wh-”.In fact,this type of question is typically used“wh-”.In fact,this type of question is typically used to collect qualitative data.to collect qualitative data.第19页/共39页第二十页，共39页。In closed-questions or structured questions,the researcher In closed-questions or structured questions,the researcher provides respondents with a set of response alternatives.In provides respondents with a set of response alternatives.In other words,the respondents have to select one response out other words,the respondents have to select one response out of the alternatives provided.They do not have the freedom to of the alternatives provided.They do not have the freedom to use their own words to express their response.The closed-use their own words to express their response.The closed-questions may be multiple-choice,dichotomous or a scale.questions may be multiple-choice,dichotomous or a scale.第20页/共39页第二十一页，共39页。a.Multiple-choice:the researchers offers a set of answers a.Multiple-choice:the researchers offers a set of answers and respondents is expected to choose one or more and respondents is expected to choose one or more alternatives given.alternatives given.b.Dichotomous questions:it has only two alternatives to choose.b.Dichotomous questions:it has only two alternatives to choose.c.Scales:a scale is continuum upon which a set of c.Scales:a scale is continuum upon which a set of alternative choices are placed.For example:alternative choices are placed.For example:Do you guess the meaning of the new words when reading Do you guess the meaning of the new words when reading English novels for pleasure?English novels for pleasure?Never Occasionally sometimes often very often 1 2 3 4 5第21页/共39页第二十二页，共39页。(6)Determining the order of questions.(6)Determining the order of questions.Background information firstBackground information firstGeneral questions before specific questionsGeneral questions before specific questions(7)Deciding the format of the questionnaire.(7)Deciding the format of the questionnaire.Before you print out questionnaire,you need to decide the Before you print out questionnaire,you need to decide the format,space and the po
