篇drugs药物课程学习.pptx

会计学1篇篇drugs药物药物(yow)第一页，共28页。1.Definition of drugn n A drug A drug is a substance that alters body function.Traditionally,drugs have been derived from natural is a substance that alters body function.Traditionally,drugs have been derived from natural plant,animal,and mineral sources.Today,most are manufactured synthetically by pharmaceutical plant,animal,and mineral sources.Today,most are manufactured synthetically by pharmaceutical companies.A few,such as certain hormones and enzymes,have been produced by genetic panies.A few,such as certain hormones and enzymes,have been produced by genetic engineering.Many drugs,described as over-the-counter(OTC)drugs,are available without prescription.Others Many drugs,described as over-the-counter(OTC)drugs,are available without prescription.Others require a health care providers prescription for use.require a health care providers prescription for use.第1页/共28页第二页，共28页。2.Word parts pertaining to drugsn n-lytic=dissolving,reducing,loosening-lytic=dissolving,reducing,looseningn n anxiolytic:agent that reduces anxiety anxiolytic:agent that reduces anxiety 抗焦虑药抗焦虑药n n antihemolytic:agents that prevent hemolysis antihemolytic:agents that prevent hemolysis 抗溶血抗溶血(rn(rn xu)xu)药药n n thrombolytic drug:drugs that are used thrombolytic drug:drugs that are used toto dissolve blood clots dissolve blood clots（血栓，血小板）溶栓药（血栓，血小板）溶栓药n n-mimetic=mimicking,simulating -mimetic=mimicking,simulating 模拟，模仿模拟，模仿n n sympathomimetic:mimicking the effects of the sympathetic sympathomimetic:mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system nervous system 拟交感神经药拟交感神经药溶解，降低(jingd)，松散第2页/共28页第三页，共28页。n n-tropic=acting on 作用于 n n endocrinotropic:increase endocrine 促内分泌的n n psychotropics:drugs acting on mind 精神(jngshn)类药物n n anti-=aginstn n antidote:substance that counteracts a poison解药n n antihypertensive:agents that counteracts high blood pressure 抗高血压药-troph 营养(yngyng)Tropin 激素第3页/共28页第四页，共28页。n n contra-=againstn n contraceptive:preventing conception 避孕药n nalg/o,algi/o,algesi/o=pain=-algian n analgesics:compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness 镇痛药（缓解(hun ji)）n nchem/o=chemical n n chemotherapy:treatment with drugs 化疗第4页/共28页第五页，共28页。n nhypn/o=sleep=somnn n hypnosis:an altered state with increased responsiveness to suggestion 催眠(cumin)，催眠(cumin)术n n hypnotic:drugs that induce sleep 安眠药n nnarc/o=stupor 麻痹，麻木n n narcotic:drug that induces stupor 麻醉剂n n pharmac/o=drugn n pharmacy:the science of preparing and dispensing drugs 药剂学第5页/共28页第六页，共28页。n npyr/o,pyret/o=fever,fire pyr/o,pyret/o=fever,fire 发热，起火发热，起火n n pyrogen:a substance that induces fever.These can be either pyrogen:a substance that induces fever.These can be either internal(endogenousinternal(endogenous内源性的内源性的)or external(exogenous)or external(exogenous)toto the body.The bacterial substance lipo/poly/saccharide(LPS)the body.The bacterial substance lipo/poly/saccharide(LPS)脂多糖脂多糖(du tn(du tn)（脂肪）（脂肪）,present in the cell wall of some,present in the cell wall of some bacteria,is an example of an exogenous pyrogen.bacteria,is an example of an exogenous pyrogen.热源热源n n antipyretic:counteracting fever antipyretic:counteracting fever 解热药，退烧药解热药，退烧药n n pyrexia:fever pyrexia:fever 发烧发烧n n tox/o,toxic/o=poison,toxin tox/o,toxic/o=poison,toxinn n antitoxin:an antibody with the ability antitoxin:an antibody with the ability toto neutralize a neutralize a specific toxin specific toxin 抗毒素（一种抗体）抗毒素（一种抗体）第6页/共28页第七页，共28页。2.Routes of drug administrationn n inhalation:administration though the respiratory system呼吸系统(h x x tn),as by breathing in an aerosol气雾剂 n ninstillation:liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body,such as into the ear or onto the eye 滴注n n eg.eye drop 滴眼剂n n oral:given by mouth;per os(po)口服第7页/共28页第八页，共28页。n n rectal:administered by rectal rectal:administered by rectal 直肠的直肠的suppositorysuppository栓剂栓剂 or enema or enema灌肠灌肠(gun(gunchng)chng)剂剂 。直肠给药直肠给药n n sublingual(SL):administered under the tongue sublingual(SL):administered under the tongue。舌下给药。舌下给药n n topical:applied topical:applied toto the surface of the skin the surface of the skin。局部给药局部给药n n transdermal:absorbed through the skin,as from a patch placed on the surface of the transdermal:absorbed through the skin,as from a patch placed on the surface of the skinskin。经皮给药经皮给药n n dermo-dermato dermo-dermato皮肤皮肤 e.g.epiderm e.g.epiderm 表皮表皮第8页/共28页第九页，共28页。Injection:administered by a needle and Injection:administered by a needle and syringe described as parenteralsyringe described as parenteral肠胃肠胃肠胃肠胃(chn(chn wi)wi)外外外外 routes of administration routes of administration。注射注射注射注射n n intradermal(ID):injected into the skin 皮内注射n n intramuscular(IM):injected into a muscle肌肉注射n n intravenous:injected into a vein静脉内注射n nsubcutaneous(SC):injected beneath the skin;hypodermic（皮肤(p f)）皮下注射=hypodermic第9页/共28页第十页，共28页。皮皮下组织(pxizzh)肌肉(jru)第10页/共28页第十一页，共28页。3.Common drugs and their actionsAnalgesics:alleviate painn nnarcotic analgesics:麻醉性镇痛剂 decrease pain sensation in central nervous system;chronic use may lead to physical dependence,e.g.morphine n n non-narcotic analgesics:非麻醉性镇痛剂 act peripherally to inhibit prostaglandins(local hormones);they may also be anti-inflammatory and antipyretic(reduce fever),e.g.aspirin第11页/共28页第十二页，共28页。Formation of pain tissue damage or inflammation tissue damage or inflammation pain producing substance pain producing substance prostaglandin,PG(prostaglandin,PG(前列腺素前列腺素)leukotriene,LT leukotriene,LT（白三烯）（白三烯）bradykinin bradykinin（缓激肽（缓激肽 ）缓慢缓慢(hu(hu nmn)nmn)的的 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-hydroxytryptamine（5 5羟色胺）羟色胺）interleukin(interleukin(白介素白介素)stimulate sensory nerves stimulate sensory nerves nerve impulse transmitted nerve impulse transmitted toto nerve center nerve center feeling of pain feeling of painMakes receptor more sensitive to paintachy-快的致敏物质(wzh)第12页/共28页第十三页，共28页。Mechanism of action:Mechanism of action:n n Phospholipids Phospholipids磷脂磷脂(ln zh)(ln zh)n n phospholipase phospholipase 磷脂磷脂(ln zh)(ln zh)酶酶n n arachidonic acid(arachidonic acid(花生四烯酸）花生四烯酸）n n cyclooxygenase(cyclooxygenase(环氧化酶环氧化酶)n n prostaglandin(prostaglandin(前列腺素前列腺素)第13页/共28页第十四页，共28页。Anesthetics:Anesthetics:reduce or eliminate sensationreduce or eliminate sensation麻醉剂麻醉剂n n local anesthetics:drugs that can reversibly block generation and transmission of nerve impulses to relieve pain at local site without loss of consciousness,e.g.lidocainen n general anesthetics:drugs that can inhibit central nervous system and cause temporary loss of consciousness,e.g.nitrous oxide 第14页/共28页第十五页，共28页。Anticoagulants 抗凝血剂抗凝血剂n nprevent coagulation and formation of blood clots,e.g.heparin.A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders.Some chemical compounds are used in medical equipment,such as test tubes,blood transfusion bags,and hemodialysis equipment.血液(xuy)透析仪第15页/共28页第十六页，共28页。Antidiabetics 抗糖尿病药抗糖尿病药n n prevent or alleviate diabetes by lowering glucose levels in the blood.Some of them,such as insulin,have to be injected,while others can be administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents，口服(kuf)降糖药 or oral antihyperglycemic agents.口服(kuf)抗高血糖药第16页/共28页第十七页，共28页。Antiemetics 止吐药止吐药n n An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea.Anti-emetics are typically used to treat motion sickness(kinetosis（运动(yndng)）)晕动病 and the side effects of opioid analgesics,general anaesthetics and chemotherapy directed against cancer 第17页/共28页第十八页，共28页。Antihistamines 抗组胺抗组胺(z n)剂剂n nHistamine:As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens,histamine is produced by basophils（碱性(jin xn)的）（嗜）嗜碱性(jin xn)性细胞 and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and other proteins,in order to allow them to engage foreign invaders in the affected tissues.n n histology 组织学 histone 组蛋白（存在染色体中）第18页/共28页第十九页，共28页。Histamine exerts its actions by combining with specific cellular histamine receptors.The three histamine receptors that have been discovered are designated H1,H2 and H3.H2 antagonist:H2 histamine receptor is located on parietal cells胃壁细胞(xbo).When it is agitated by histamine,it call stimulate the secretion of gastric acid.H2 antagonist can decrease gastric acid secretion and treat peptic ulcer消化性溃疡.第19页/共28页第二十页，共28页。Antihypertensivesn n lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac output心脏输出,dilating vessels扩张血管(xugun),or promoting excretion排泄 of water by the kidneys,e.g.clonidine and captopril卡托普利(ACE inhibitor)血管(xugun)紧张素转化酶抑制剂n n angiotensin converting enzyme第20页/共28页第二十一页，共28页。anti-infective agents:kill or prevent the growth of infectious organisms抗感染药n n antibacterials抗菌药:effective against bacteria,examples are erythromycin,tetracycline and penicillin.n n antifungals抗真菌剂:effective against fungi,e.g.amphotericin B n n antiparasitics抗寄生虫药:effective against parasites,protozoa,wormsn n antivirals抗病毒药:effective against viruses,e.g.zidovudine叠氮胸苷(HIV)第21页/共28页第二十二页，共28页。Mechanism of action of zidovudine Zidovudine Zidovudine is a nucleoside analog is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptasereverse transcriptase逆转录酶逆转录酶 inhibitor(NRTI),a type of antiretroviral drug.It was the first approved inhibitor(NRTI),a type of antiretroviral drug.It was the first approved treatment for HIV.AZT works by inhibiting the action of reverse treatment for HIV.AZT works by inhibiting the action of reverse transcriptase,the enzyme that HIV uses to make a DNA copy of its transcriptase,the enzyme that HIV uses to make a DNA copy of its RNA.Reverse transcription is necessary for production of the viral RNA.Reverse transcription is necessary for production of the viral double-stranded DNA,which is subsequently integrated into the double-stranded DNA,which is subsequently integrated into the genetic material of the infected cell.AZT also has some ability to genetic material of the infected cell.AZT also has some ability to inhibit cellular DNA polymeraseinhibit cellular DNA polymerase聚合酶聚合酶,which is used by normal,which is used by normal cells as part of cell division.However,AZT has a 100-fold greater cells as part of cell division.However,AZT has a 100-fold greater affinity for the HIV reverse transcriptase than for the human DNA affinity for the HIV reverse transcriptase than for the human DNA polymerase,accounting for its selective antiviral activity.polymerase,accounting for its selective antiviral activity.第22页/共28页第二十三页，共28页。Antineoplastics 抗肿瘤药抗肿瘤药n n destroy cancer cells;they are toxic for all cells but have greater effect on cells that are actively growing and dividing;hormones and hormone inhibitors also are used to slow tumor growth.estrogen 雌激素(雌的)乳腺癌需要(xyo)雌激素的供应第23页/共28页第二十四页，共28页。gastrointestinal drugs n nAntidiarrheals止泻药(xiyo):treat or prevent diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal liningn nLaxatives泻药(xiyo)，缓泻药(xiyo):promote elimination from the large intestine by retaining water(hyperosmotics),promoting intestine peristalsis and softening stools第24页/共28页第二十五页，共28页。n n hypnotics:induce sleep or dull the senses;n n muscle relaxants:肌肉松弛药 depress nervous system stimulation of skeletal muscles骨骼肌;used to control muscle spasms痉挛(jn lun)and painn n diuretics:利尿剂promote excretion of water,sodium,and other electrolytes by the kidneys;used to reduce edema水肿 and blood pressure第25页/共28页第二十六页，共28页。psychotropicspsychotropics:affect the mind,altering:affect the mind,alteringmental activity,mental state,or behaviormental activity,mental state,or behaviorn nantianxiety agents:抗焦虑药 reduce or dispel anxiety;tranquilizers;anxiolytic agentsn nAntidepressants 抗抑郁药:relieve depression by raising brain levels of neurotransmitters(chemicals active in the nervous system)n n antipsychotics:抗精神病药 act on nervous system to relieve symptoms of psychoses第26页/共28页第二十七页，共28页。respiratory drugs 呼吸道相关呼吸道相关(xinggun)药物药物n nAntitussives:止咳药suppress coughing n nBronchodilators:（支气管）支气管扩张药prevent or eliminate spasm of the bronchi(bronchus 单)(breathing tubes)by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle;used to treat asthma哮喘(xiochun)and bronchitis 支气管炎n n mucolytics:(溶解)化痰药loosen mucus to promote its elimination 第27页/共28页第二十八页，共28页。