初中英语语法总复习.pdf

.初中语法复习初中语法复习 词类。词类。词类词类名词名词冠词冠词代词代词形容词形容词数词数词动词动词副词副词介词介词连词连词英语名称英语名称The Noun(The Noun(缩写为缩写为 n)n)The Article(art)The Article(art)The Pronoun(pron)The Pronoun(pron)The Adjective(adj)The Adjective(adj)The Numeral(num)The Numeral(num)The Verb(v)The Verb(v)The Adverb(adv)The Adverb(adv)The Preposition(prep)The Preposition(prep)The Conjunction(conj)The Conjunction(conj)意意义义表示人或事物的名称表示人或事物的名称用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物用来代替名词、形容词或数词用来代替名词、形容词或数词用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征表示数量或顺序表示数量或顺序表示动作或状态表示动作或状态修饰动词、形容词或其他副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句例例词词basket,mouth,hospital,year,trainbasket,mouth,hospital,year,traina,an,thea,an,thethey,his,him,mine,which,allthey,his,him,mine,which,alllong,empty,heavy,different,cheap,hungrylong,empty,heavy,different,cheap,hungrythree,thirteen,twenty,secondthree,thirteen,twenty,secondhear,write,swim,eat,borrow,singhear,write,swim,eat,borrow,singquickly,early,out,soon,then,sometimesquickly,early,out,soon,then,sometimesfrom,with,at,into,behind,between,forfrom,with,at,into,behind,between,forand,or,but,so,becauseand,or,but,so,because.文章-.感慨词感慨词The Interjection(interj)The Interjection(interj)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感oh,hey,ouch,well,there,dearoh,hey,ouch,well,there,dear（一）（一）名词：名词：专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China,John,London,the USA,Harbin.China,John,London,the USA,Harbin.个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如 boat,chair,desk,apple.boat,chair,desk,apple.集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family,people,class,police.family,people,class,police.可数名词可数名词普通名词普通名词物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如 water,air,tea,sea,money,cotton.water,air,tea,sea,money,cotton.抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如 health,help,work,friendship.health,help,work,friendship.不可数名词不可数名词2 2名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。3 3名词的格：名词有三个格：主格作主语名词的格：名词有三个格：主格作主语、宾格作宾语、宾格作宾语、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。二冠词二冠词1 1定冠词定冠词the.the.1 1特指某些人或某些事物。特指某些人或某些事物。TheThe students are very good.students are very good.2 2说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where isWhere isthethe toilet toilet-优选-.3 3重复提到上文的人或事物。重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat,I have a cat,the the cat is white and black.cat is white and black.4 4表示世界上独一无二的事物。表示世界上独一无二的事物。TheThe moon moves around moon moves aroundthethe earth.earth.5 5形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I amI amthetheoldest.He isoldest.He isthethe first to school.I live in first to school.I live inthethe south.south.6 6乐器的名称前常用定冠词乐器的名称前常用定冠词thethe。I like playingI like playingthethe piano/violin.piano/violin.7 7和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。We should help the poor.We should help the poor.8 8放在某些专有名词前。放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week.We will go to visit the Great Wall next week.the peoplethe peoples Republic of China.s Republic of China.9 9放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV.The Whites are watching TV.1010 固定词组中。固定词组中。In the morning/afternoon/evening.In the morning/afternoon/evening.2 2不定冠词不定冠词a/an.a/an.1 1指人或事物的某一种类。指人或事物的某一种类。A A horse is horse isa auseful animal.useful animal.A A table has four legs.table has four legs.2 2指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass mePass mea pencila pencil,please.,please.We write withWe write with a pen.a pen.3 3指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant.The book was written by a peasant.Last month we were workingLast month we were workingin a factoryin a factory.4 4不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位，如“每日、不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位，如“每日、“每斤等。“每斤等。Here isHere isa lettera letter for you.The meat is 18 yuan for you.The meat is 18 yuana kiloa kilo.3 3零冠词。零冠词。-优选-.1 1泛指人类或男女。泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature.Man will conquer nature.2 2抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice.Knowledge begins with practice.3 3有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。We had better send him to hospital at once.We had better send him to hospital at once.4 4在专有名词前一般不用冠词。在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country.Mr Smith is an artist.China is a great country.Mr Smith is an artist.5 5在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper.He often goes out for a walk after supper.Sometimes I play basketball.Sometimes I play basketball.6 6在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。October 10th is TeachersOctober 10th is Teachers Day.Day.7 7称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Granny is sleeping now.Granny is sleeping now.We call him monitor.We call him monitor.8 8在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。This is his book.This is his book.I can speak English.I can speak English.9 9不用冠词的惯用语。不用冠词的惯用语。At night/on food/go to town/at home/in class/at workAt night/on food/go to town/at home/in class/at work 等。等。三形容词三形容词1 1形容词的构成。形容词的构成。1 1简单形容词由一个单词构成。简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good,long,green,large,bright,interesting,surprised,learned,developing,sleeping.Good,long,green,large,bright,interesting,surprised,learned,developing,sleeping.2 2复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute,second-hand,500-word,8-year-old,three-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking.20-minute,second-hand,500-word,8-year-old,three-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking.2 2形容词的用法。形容词的用法。-优选-.1 1修饰名词作定语。修饰名词作定语。She is a beautiful girl.She is a beautiful girl.2 2作表语。作表语。He is very strong.He is very strong.3 3作宾语补足语。作宾语补足语。Let the door open.Let the door open.You must keep your classroom clean.You must keep your classroom clean.4 4“定冠词形容词表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。“定冠词形容词表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。We should speak to the old politely.We should speak to the old politely.5 5大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：asleep,ill,awakeasleep,ill,awake 等。等。6 6有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：many,little,wooden,goldenmany,little,wooden,golden 等。等。3 3形容词的位置。形容词的位置。1 1形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。A heavy box.A heavy box.2 2与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metre long.3 metre long.12 kilometer away.12 kilometer away.3 3与不定代词与不定代词 something,anything,everything,nothingsomething,anything,everything,nothing 等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。Something important.Something important.nothing serious.nothing serious.4 4当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列：当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列：冠词包括物主代词、序数词、基数词描述形容词冠词包括物主代词、序数词、基数词描述形容词brave,brave,beautifulbeautiful表示形状大小、长短、高矮的形容词表示年龄或新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、出处或来源的形表示形状大小、长短、高矮的形容词表示年龄或新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词表示材料、物质的形容词表示用途或类别的形容词被修饰的词。容词表示材料、物质的形容词表示用途或类别的形容词被修饰的词。MyMy nicenice smallsmall brownbrown leatherleather bag.bag.thosethose largelargeround black wooden tables.round black wooden tables.-优选-.4 4形容词的比拟级和最高级。形容词的比拟级和最高级。一般加一般加 er/ester/est，不规那么见表，不规那么见表1 1原级的用法：原级的用法：“和一样“和一样A A 肯定句：肯定句：A A 动词动词 as as 形容词原级形容词原级 as as B.B.He is as tall as me.He is as tall as me.B B否认句：否认句：A A not asnot as 形容词原级形容词原级 as as B B 即即 A A 不如不如 B B 那么那么A A not sonot so 形容词原级形容词原级 as as B B=A=A+less+less+形容词原级形容词原级than+B.than+B.2 2比拟级的用法：比拟级的用法：A A A A 动词动词 形容词的比拟级形容词的比拟级 thanthan B.B.A A 比比 B B 更更，在这种句型中，在这种句型中，比拟级前面可用比拟级前面可用 much,even,still,a little,much,even,still,a little,a bit,a lot,any,fara bit,a lot,any,far 等修饰，表示“得多，等修饰，表示“得多，“甚至，“甚至，“更，“更，“一点儿。“一点儿。B B“比拟级“比拟级 andand 比拟级、比拟级、“more and moremore and more 局部双音节或多音节的原级局部双音节或多音节的原级 译为“越来越。译为“越来越。3 3最高级的用法：最高级的用法：个体用个体用ofof，围用，围用in in，最高级前面要用定冠词，最高级前面要用定冠词thetheA A 三种最高级表示法。三种最高级表示法。最高级：最高级：Shanghai is the largest city in China.Shanghai is the largest city in China.比拟级：比拟级：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China./Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China.Shanghai is larger than any other city in China./Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China.原级：原级：No other city is as large as Shanghai in China./No other city is larger than Shanghai in China.No other city is as large as Shanghai in China./No other city is larger than Shanghai in China.-优选-.四四 副词副词1 1副词的种类：副词的种类：1 1时间副词：时间副词：often,always,usually,early,ago,already,before,ever,late,now,soon,since,tomorrow,just nowoften,always,usually,early,ago,already,before,ever,late,now,soon,since,tomorrow,just now 2 2地点副词：地点副词：here,there,above,below,outside,anywhere,back,down,home,out,everywherehere,there,above,below,outside,anywhere,back,down,home,out,everywhere 3 3方式副词：方式副词：hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,angrily,simply,carefullyhard,well,badly,fast,slowly,angrily,simply,carefully 4 4程度副词：程度副词：very,quite,much,still,almost,little,too,enoughvery,quite,much,still,almost,little,too,enough 5 5疑问副词：疑问副词：how,when,where,whyhow,when,where,why 6 6关系副词：关系副词：when,where,whywhen,where,why 引导定语从句引导定语从句7 7连接副词：连接副词：how,when,where,why,whetherhow,when,where,why,whether 8 8频率副词：频率副词：often,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,every day,always,hardlyoften,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,every day,always,hardly 9 9其他副词：其他副词：really,certainly,surely,maybereally,certainly,surely,maybe 2 2副词的用法：副词的用法：1 1作状语作状语：He can finish the work easily.He can finish the work easily.2 2作定语要后置作定语要后置：The students here are from Harbin.The students here are from Harbin.-优选-.3 3作表语作表语：I must be off now.I must be off now.4 4作宾补，构成复合宾语作宾补，构成复合宾语：Show him up.Show him up.I saw him out with my sister last night.I saw him out with my sister last night.3 3副词的比拟级和最高级。副词的比拟级和最高级。一般加一般加 er/est,er/est,不规那么见表不规那么见表1 1副词的原级：副词的原级：A A as+as+副词的原级副词的原级+as+as“与一样“与一样B B not as(so)+not as(so)+副词的原级副词的原级+as+as“与不一样“与不一样C C too+too+副词的原级副词的原级+to do sth.+to do sth.“太而不能“太而不能D D so+so+副词的原级副词的原级+that+that 从句从句“如此以致于“如此以致于E E 副词的原级副词的原级+enough to do sth.+enough to do sth.“足够能做“足够能做2 2副词的比拟级：副词的比拟级：A AA+A+动词动词+副词比拟级副词比拟级+than+B+than+BB B副词比拟级前也可以用副词比拟级前也可以用 much,even,still,far,any,a little,a bit,a lotmuch,even,still,far,any,a little,a bit,a lot 等修饰。等修饰。C C比拟级比拟级 and+and+比拟级，表示“越来越，比拟级，表示“越来越，the morethe more the morethe more 表示“越就越表示“越就越D D副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词 the.the.-优选-.五数词五数词1 1基数词：基数词：1 112121 one1 one2 two2 two3 three3 three4 four4 four5 five5 five6 six6 six7 seven7 seven8 eight8 eight9 nine9 nine10 ten10 ten11 eleven11 eleven1313191913 thirteen13 thirteen14 fourteen14 fourteen15 fifteen15 fifteen16 sixteen16 sixteen17 seventeen17 seventeen18 eighteen18 eighteen19 nineteen19 nineteen2020909020 twenty20 twenty21 twenty-one21 twenty-one22 twenty-two22 twenty-two30 thirty30 thirty40 forty40 forty50 fifty50 fifty60 sixty60 sixty70 seventy70 seventy80 eighty80 eighty90 ninety90 ninety100100100 a hundred100 a hundred300 three hundred300 three hundred1,000 a thousand1,000 a thousand5,000 five thousand5,000 five thousand1,000,000 a million1,000,000 a million1,000,000,000 a billion1,000,000,000 a billion-优选-.12 twelve12 twelve2 2序数词：序数词：1-101-1011-1911-1911 eleventh 1111 eleventh 11thth20-9020-90100-100-100 one hundredth 100100 one hundredth 100thth103 one hundred and third 103103 one hundred and third 103rdrd134 one hundred and134 one hundred and1 first 11 first 1st st2 second 22 second 2ndnd20 twentieth 2020 twentieth 20thth21 twenty-first 2121 twenty-first 21st st12 twelfth 1212 twelfth 12thth3 third 33 third 3rdrd13 thirteenth 1313 thirteenth 13thth30 thirtieth 3030 thirtieth 30thththirty-fourth 134thirty-fourth 134thth4 fourth 44 fourth 4thth14 fourteenth 1414 fourteenth 14thth15 fifteenth 1515 fifteenth 15thth37 thirty-seventh 3737 thirty-seventh 37thth40 fortieth 4040 fortieth 40thth200 two hundredth 200200 two hundredth 200thth1000 one thousandth 1,0001000 one thousandth 1,000thth1,000,000 one millionth1,000,000 one millionth5 fifth 55 fifth 5thth6 sixth 66 sixth 6thth16 sixteenth 1616 sixteenth 16thth50 fiftieth 5050 fiftieth 50thth1,000,0001,000,000thth1,000,000,000 one billionth1,000,000,000 one billionth7 seventh 77 seventh 7thth17 seventeenth 1717 seventeenth 17thth60 sixtieth 6060 sixtieth 60thth1,000,000,0001,000,000,000thth8 eighth 88 eighth 8thth18 eighteenth 1818 eighteenth 18thth70 seventieth 7070 seventieth 70thth-优选-.9 ninth 99 ninth 9thth10 tenth 1010 tenth 10thth19 nineteenth 1919 nineteenth 19thth80 eightieth 8080 eightieth 80thth90 ninetieth 9090 ninetieth 90thth1 1 作主语：作主语：The first is better than the second.The first is better than the second.2 2作宾语：作宾语：He was among the first to arrive.He was among the first to arrive.3 3作表语：作表语：He is the first to e to school.He is the first to e to school.4 4作定语：作定语：The ninth letter of the wordThe ninth letter of the word“restaurantrestaurant is is“n n./There are three thousand workers in the factory./There are three thousand workers in the factory.六代词六代词类类别别作作用用数数格格人人代替人或事物，主格作代替人或事物，主格作人称代词人称代词主语，宾客作宾语主语，宾客作宾语主主 格格宾宾 格格I Imemeyouyouyouyouhehehimhimshesheit itwewehehet tususyouyouyouyoutheytheyHe gave the book to me.He gave the book to me.themthem称称We all like him.We all like him.一一二二三三一一二二三三They are students.They are students.例例词词单单数数复复数数I am a teacher.I am a teacher.例例句句-优选-.我我词义词义类型类型形容词性只作定语，名形容词性只作定语，名物主代词物主代词词性可以作主、宾、表词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系语等，表示所属关系形容词形容词mymy性性名词词名词词性性数数第一人称第一人称人称人称起强调作用，只作同位起强调作用，只作同位反身代词反身代词语和宾语语和宾语单单数数myselfmyselfyourselfyourselfselfself复复数数ourselvesourselvesyourselvesyourselvesthemselvesthemselves所所有有格格each othereach others s相互的相互的We should help each other.We should help each other.Please correct each otherPlease correct each others shimhimherselfherselfitselfitselfHe did the work by himself.He did the work by himself.We ourselves did the work.We ourselves did the work.第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称minmine eyouryourhishiss shershersitsitsrs rss syouryourhishisherheritsitsr rououyouryourtheirstheirs我我的的你你的的他他的的她她的的它它们们的的的的ououyouryourtheirtheirThis bike is yours,ours is broken.This bike is yours,ours is broken.的的的的My book is there.My book is there.Her father is a worker.Her father is a worker.你们你们他们他们宾宾格格相互代词相互代词表示相互关系，作宾语表示相互关系，作宾语each othereach other两者相互两者相互-优选-.one anotherone another三者或三者以三者或三者以one anotherone anothers s相互的相互的上上起指示作用，作定语、起指示作用，作定语、指示代词指示代词主语、宾语、表语等主语、宾语、表语等some,any,no,none,many,few,little,all,both,every,one,either,some,any,no,none,many,few,little,all,both,every,one,either,代替或修饰任何不定数代替或修饰任何不定数不定代词不定代词量及不定围的人或事物量及不定围的人或事物eacheach表示疑问，构成特殊问表示疑问，构成特殊问疑问代词疑问代词句句关系代词关系代词引导定语从句引导定语从句引导名词性从句主语引导名词性从句主语which,that,who,whom,whosewhich,that,who,whom,whosewho,what,whose,which,whomwho,what,whose,which,whomneither,other,a few,a little,another,somebody,nobody,nothing,neither,other,a few,a little,another,somebody,nobody,nothing,This,that,these,those,it,such,sameThis,that,these,those,it,such,samemistakes.mistakes.Take this book to his room.Take this book to his room.My point is this.My point is this.I have something to tell you.I have something to tell you.Neither answer is right.Neither answer is right.Whom did you see Whom did you see The book that I lost was new.The book that I lost was new.I know what you are doing.I know what you are doing.连接代词连接代词从句、宾语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句从句、同位语从句七动词七动词-优选what,who,thatwhat,who,thatThatThats what I hope.s what I hope.-.类类别别含有实在的意义，表示含有实在的意义，表示行为动词行为动词动作或状态，在句中能动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。独立作谓语。意意义义及物动词及物动词不及物动不及物动词词后面一定接宾语后面一定接宾语后面可以不接宾后面可以不接宾例例子子Open,visit,hearOpen,visit,hear 例例句句HeHevisitedvisited Gaozhou yesterday.Gaozhou yesterday.Laugh,cry,liveLaugh,cry,live 语语Be,bee,grow,get,turn,Be,bee,grow,get,turn,本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作连系动词连系动词l