新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案.pdf

Unit 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1.How many states are there in the United States And which two states are geographicallyseparated from the others(50,Alaska,Hawaii)2.What are the general characters of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.1)To the west of Atlantic coastal plain lie the Appalachian Mountains that begin in Canadaand reach all the way to Georgia and Alabama.These are oldmountains with roundedtops andwooded hills,usually not exceeding 800m in height.The highest point is only 2000m abovethe sea.Most of the mountain ridges are low enough to be easily crossed by modern highways.The Appalachians have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts.The Ohio and theTennessee Rivers flow down the western slopes of the Appalachians to the great MississippiRiver,deep in the heart of America.2)To the west of the Great Plains lie the Rocky Mountains,“the backbone of the continent”.These high mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is knownas Continental Divide,or Great Divide,the most important watershed on the continent.TheRockies are more than twice as high as the Appalachians and high enough to receive more rainthan the surrounding plains and plateaus.Consequently,they are mostly forested.Thestriking and varied scenery of the Rockies has given rise to the establishment of manynational parks here.The other natural wonders include roaming herds of buffalo,elk,deer,antelope and sheep,as well as the famous grizzly bear.Chapter 2 American Population1.Why is the United States known as a“melting pot”$It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.The people of the US are predominantly white.The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefatherscame from Africa.American Indians were the original inhabitants on the continent.There were about million Hispanics in 2010 in the US.They are the Spanish-speakingimmigrants from Latin American countries.The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.2.What factorscause the Americans to move frequently within the United StatesThe desire for economic betterment is generally the most important force inducingmigration.Geographic difference in economic opportunity,as reflected by such factors asdifferences in employment opportunities employment opportunities and earning power for workersearning power for workers and differencesdifferencesin the availability and the pricein the availability and the price of land for farmers.Noneconomic factors.Such as climate,racial attitudes,and family tires,influencingmigration.3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbsThe widespread uses of automobiles and the construction of express highways made itpossible for people to live farther away from their jobs.The telephone reduced the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.Suburban areas offered more living space than cities,lower crime rates,less pollution,and superior schools.It is generally believed that they are better place for raisingchildren.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1.Discuss the pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas.1)The Aztecs of Mexico2)The Incas of Peru3)The Indians of North America4)Indian contributions to European culture:Foods,Drugs and Utilitarian objects2.Why did the discoveries of NewWorld before Columbus not exert great influence in theworldat that timeBecause Europe was then poor and politically fragmented,It was beset by local wars and civildisorder and largely illiterate.In short,Europe was then incapable of responding to theNorse discoveries.3.Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17th century1)The New World was a great and rich land.In the New World there were all those resourcesnecessary for agricultural and industrial development.2)During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I(1588-1603),the English in growing numbersrealized that the New Worldwas their best place to maketheir fortunes,and toworship andlive according to their beliefs.3)Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions,to escapeburdensome church duties,to acquire large landholdings or merely to change their generalpattern of living.Of course,material gain was a common factor.4.What wasthe social structure of the 13 coloniesSociety in the l3 colonies was like a pyramid.Society in the l3 colonies was like a pyramid.The top was made up of merchants and landlords.The base was made up of refugees from Europe,black slaves from Africa.And native Indians.5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the colonial days&As for Indians,they could not put up with slavery.If an Indian was enslaved,his fellowtribe members would fight to free him.So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to usethem as slave labor.Instead they seized the land of the Indians and drove them away or killedthem.Chapter 4 American Revolution2.What happened on the evening of March 5,1770A clash between American colonies and British soldiers took place in Boston.A group of unemployed laborer attacked a British sentry stationed at the Bostoncustomhouse.When the British soldiers dispatched to help the sentry arrived,they met a rapidly growing,angry crowd.Someone gave the command for the soldiers to fire.￥Three colonies were killed and several were wounded,two of whom later died.3.How did the colonies react to the Townshend ActThe colonies,however,still rejected the idea that the Parliament in Britain had the rightto tax them without consent and reacted to these new duties by refusing to import any ofthe taxed goods.4.What4.Whatwere the main contents of the Declaration of Independencewere the main contents of the Declaration of IndependenceThe Preamble,which explains why the Declaration was issued.The Preamble,which explains why the Declaration was issued.A statement of principles of government to which the American people were committedA statement of principles of government to which the American people were committedA list of injustices suffered by the colonists.A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.The proclamation is that theThe proclamation is that the“Colonies are Free and Independent StatesColonies are Free and Independent States”5.Whatwas the importance of the victory at SaratogaThe victory and Saratoga wa s a turning points a turning point of the war.It further heightened the spirit further heightened the spiritof the Americansof the Americans,but more importantly it caused action abroadit caused action abroad.It was after this battlethat thethe FrenchFrench agreedagreed toto joinjoin thethe warwar againstagainst BritainBritain.Later Spain and Holland joined Francewhile mostmost ofof thethe otherother EuropeanEuropean powerspowers formedformed anan ArmedArmed NeutralityNeutrality toto protectprotect theirtheir commercecommercefrom Britains naval powerfrom Britains naval power.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1.What is confederationA confederation is a government in which the constituent governments,called states in theUS,create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulatethe conduct of individuals.2.Compare the powersof the governments under the Articles of Confederation and theConstitution.&3.What does the“check and balance”meanIt means that each branch of government-executive,legislative,or judicial-must exercisedistinct powers and be selected in a distinct way,and that each branch must be able to“checkand balance”the others if one branch grew too powerful and sought to dominate the others.4.What was the Bill of RightsIt guaranteed freedom of speech,religion,peaceful assembly,and the press;the right tobear arms;freedom from unreasonable search;and the right to the protection of certain legalprocedures known as the due process of law.5.What were the chief causes of the War of 1812The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies.Using Canada asthe base,they always challenged to battle with the young Republic.This anger reaches its peak in 1807 when one British warship attached and boarded inAmerican ship,killing and wounding 21men and impressing four sailors.Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass an Embargo Act,which forbade all ships,exceptforeign ones without charge,to leave American ports.？Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1.What was the importance of the Monroe DoctrineThe essence was”America for Americans”,which later became a a cornerstonecornerstone ofof thethe USUS foreignforeignpolicypolicy.As the New world developed in the years ahead this Doctrine became more meaningfuland was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic andambitious United States.2.What were the basic causes of the Civil WarTwo different social-economic systems existed side by side in the United States.In the SouthIn the South slavery was the foundation of the economic system while in the Northin the North industryand commerce were the main character of its economy.The swiftly growing industries in theNorth required the restriction of slavery as well as an expanding territory in order toprovide capitalist production with raw materials,markets and abundant labor supply.The slave economy in the South was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion.ThisThe slave economy in the South was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion.Thiseconomic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South.economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South.3.What was the doctrine of the“popular sovereignty”This doctrine means that the inhabitants of the new territories can decide the question ofslavery for themselves.In appearance,it seemed fair,but in actual practice,as far asslavery was concerned,the doctrine did not work.4.How do you comment on the American Civil WarThe outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federalgovernment of the US capitalism.In 1865,the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitutionwas adopted,which freed all slaves throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1.What is the 10 percent planThe plan provided that as soon as 10 percent of voters in any state had taken the oath ofloyalty,they could form their own government and would be entitled to the recognition oftheir state by the president of the United States.)2.Why was Andrew Johnson impeached by the HouseIn March 1867,Congress passed two Acts that took away two presidential prerogatives:theright to remove Cabinet members and the right to remove army officers under his command.To test the constitutionality of the Act,President Andrew Johnson removes Edwin M.Stanton,the Secretary of War,from office in1869,who was the only remaining Radical in JohnsonsCabinet.He thus walked into troubles with the radicals.Later the House voted to impeach thePresident.3.After the Reconstruction,how were the civil rights of the Blacks in the SouthVoters must be able to read and write;Voting taxes were introduced;The whites also took steps to segregate the blacks and two separate societies emerged inthe South.4.Why did the US have a rapid industrial growth after the Civil WarThe vast industrial development began with the opening the West.Speeding this process of western settlement were the railroadsrailroads.Science and technologyScience and technology were also greatly marching forward.The basic industry of the nation,iron and steelThe basic industry of the nation,iron and steel,also developed rapidly after the CivilWar.The oil industryoil industry also developed rapidly.During the latter part of the 19th industry,industrial expansionindustrial expansion in America went aheadrapidly.There was a clear indication of rapid concentration of capitalrapid concentration of capital.6.What was the“Open Door Policy”The so-called“Open Door Policy”which demanded that all the imperialist powers shouldenjoy equal chance in China as freely as other aggressors.