Transitional-Words-and-Phrases---英语作文常用替换词汇-.pdf
Transitional Words and Phrases in English WritingTransitional Words and PhrasesTransitional Words and PhrasesUsing transitional words and phrases helps papers read more smoothly.They provide logicalorganization and understandability and improve the connections and transitions between thoughtsA coherent paper allows the reader to flow from the first supporting point to the last.Transitionsindicate relations,whether within a sentence,paragraph，or paper.This list illustratesrelationships between ideas,followed by words and phrases that can connect them。Listingfirst,second,third；the first step，the second step,the next stepfirstly，secondly，thirdlyin the first place，in the second place，finallyfirst，furthermore,finallylast but not leastfirst and most importantfor one thing,for another thing；to begin with,next,then,finally（首先其次）the formerthe latterParalleling 并列ornot onlybut(alsobothandeitherorthat is,andas well asthats to sayin other wordsneithernorAddition:also，too，again，besides,similarly,then，coupled with 外加,furthermore，further，whatis more，moreover，in addition,likewise 同样地，as well as,Consequence：Accordingly 因此，Hence 因此，subsequently,consequently，therefore,thus，thereupon于是/因此，wherefore 因此/为什么,as a result，for this reason,for this purpose,otherwise,sothen 那么/所以,Generalizing：generally，generally speaking,ordinarily,usually，as a rule 通常,as usual，for the most part在极大程度上Exemplifying：chiefly，especially，for instance,in particular，markedly，namely,particularly,including，specifically,such asIllustration:for example,for instance，as an illustration，illustrated with,as an example，in this caseEmphasismost important of all,most importantly，above all，chiefly,with attention to，especially，particularly，singularly，obviously,certainly，undoubtedly，surely,very likely，indeed，in factException：aside from，barring 不包括/除非，besides,except,excepting,excluding，exclusive of,otherthan 除了，outside of，save 除了 Nobody else knows barring you and me.除你我之外无人知道。Restatement:in essence，in other words，namely，that is，that is to say，in short,in brief,to put itdifferently,put it another way1Transitional Words and Phrases in English WritingSimilarity:by the same token 出于同样的原因,identically,likewise，the sameas,be similar to；similarly，bothand；resemble；havein common；in the same way；equally important，comparatively，correspondingly 相对地，coupled with 加上/外加，moreover，together with，There aresimilarities betweenandContrast and Comparison：still，likewise，yet,nevertheless 然而,but，however,Whereas/While；contrast with/differ from；conversely,instead，on the contrary,in contrast，rather，Unlike;be different from；Contraryto；As opposed to；Although；morethan；lessthan；not soas;on one hand，on the other hand；Sequence：at first,first of all，to begin with,in the first place,at the same time，simultaneously,in the meantime，meanwhile，while，the next step，next，then,soon，earlier,afterward,in time，in turn,later on,for now 目前/暂时，for the time being暂时,later，with this in mind,in conclusion，Summarizing：in brief，briefly,finally，after all,all in all,all things considered，by and large总的来说，inany case 无论如何，in any event，in conclusion，to conclude,on the whole，in short，insummary，in the final analysis,in the long run，on balance 总而言之，to sum up，tosummarize,Diversion:by the way,incidentallyDirection:here，there,over there，beyond,nearly,opposite,under,above,to the left，to the right,in thedistanceTimenowin the pastuntilsoonrecentlyafter a whilelaternowadaysnot long afterthenwhilein the mean timebeforesincemeanwhileSpace Orderunder the tablein the distanceon the hilltop across the riverin front of the roomnext to the doorin the back of the roomon the front wallon the tenth flooralong the streetnearbyfar awayinside the houseoutside the schoolbehind the cupboardby the windowround the corner on the opposite side of the streetat the foot of the mountainat the bottom of the seaCause and Effectsincesothat2Transitional Words and Phrases in English Writingbecausethusbecause of this/thathencebecause of the fact thatthereforeas a resultaccordinglyas a result ofotherwisebe due tobe responsible forconsequently causebe a consequence of lead toas a consequence of contribute tobe the reason forresult infollow frombring aboutresult fromgive rise toBe careful in choosing appropriate transitional words and phrasesBe careful in choosing appropriate transitional words and phrases因果关系因果关系1）.The late 20th century witnessed the prosperity in science and technology；therefore it givesrise to the wide application of computers.therefore as a result consequently这组词的用法是介于两个句子之间,且后面加逗号。2）。The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology thus giving rise to thewide application of computers。Thus 用于句中,后加 Ving 格式。3）.The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology hence the wideproliferation of computers。Hence 用于句中，后加 n。格式。以上三句话的意思是相同的,可是应用了差异的连词出来的句子的效果完全不一样。比较关系比较关系1)。From 1950 onwards industrial use grew steadily to just over 1000 cube kms while domesticuse rose more slowly to only 300 cube kms.2）.By contrast those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places havea broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on。可见 while 表示从句和主句的比较,而 by contrast 是两个句子间的比较。再看下面这句话：3）.Instead they reflect the public population of sport in general and the level of public supportthat successful stars can generate.利用 instead 来表示“然而这样一种比较关系，突出了连词利用的多样性和地道性。让步和转折关系让步和转折关系1）。In spite of some fluctuation in the expected percentages the proportion of older people willprobably continue to increase in the next two decades in the three countries.2）.However sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a personmakes or the level of responsibility he or she holds.表达让步关系的时候,用的连词都是 in spite of,in spite of 表示尽管,后面直接跟的是名词或者代词.转折连词 however 的用法很简朴，但利用却很频繁.How to improve sentence coherence by adding transitional wordsHow to improve sentence coherence by adding transitional words。ExampleExample：Overall,Management Systems International has logged increased sales in every3Transitional Words and Phrases in English Writingsector，leading to a significant rise in third-quarter profits.Another important thing to note is that the corporation had expanded its international influence.RevisionRevision：Overall，Management Systems International has logged increased sales in everysector，leading to a significant rise in thirdquarter profits。These impressive profits are largely due to the corporations expanded international influence。ExampleExample：Fearing for the loss of Danish lands,Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lubeck,effectively ending the Danish phase of the 30 Years War.But then something else significant happened。The Swedish intervention began.RevisionRevision：Fearing for the loss of more Danish lands，Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lubeck,effectively ending the Danish phase of the 30 Years War。Shortly after Danish forces withdrew,the Swedish intervention began。ExampleExample：Amy Tan became a famous author after her novel,The Joy Luck Club，skyrocketedup the bestseller list.There are other things to note about Tan as well。Amy Tan also participates in the satirical garageband the Rock Bottom Remainders with Stephen King and Dave Barry。Revision:Revision:Amy Tan became a famous author after her novel,The Joy Luck Club,skyrocketed upthe bestseller list。Though her fiction is well known,her work with the satirical garage band the Rock BottomRemainders receives far less publicity。ExerciseExerciseDirections：There are twenty blanks in the following passage.For each blank there is a transitionalword or phrase missing。You should choose the appropriate word or phrase of each blank fromthe given words or phrases below。Be sure to use each of the given words or phrases,some ofwhich may appear twice。SimilarlySimilarly，therefore,therefore,but,but,howeverhowever，firstfirst ofof all,all,and,and,eveneven，finallyfinally，forfor exampleexample，secondlysecondly，on the other handon the other hand，furthermorefurthermore，third,whenthird,when，neverthelessnevertheless，as a result of,oras a result of,orSince we Americans are a blend of people from many countries，we have a very shorthistory which can properly be called“American”._，it is hard to find characteristics whichapply to all Americans。We combine many extremes from many different cultures._,we canmake some generalizations。Our main characteristics include individuality,a combination ofidealism and practicality，materialism，_a lack of parental influence，all of which permeateour lives._,we Americans value individuality。Our country was founded by strong individuals，and we do not like to be forced into conformity。Therefore,we insist on having a great deal offreedom。Interestingly enough,_，most Americans use this freedom to behave very muchlike most other Americans，and we are suspicious of those who do not conform.Hippies areindividualists,_,but most Americans do not like them。By the same token，we considerourselves very faithful to the laws of our country,_there are few among us who would breakone if it was felt that no harm would be done by doing sosuch as by exceeding the speed limit orfailing to report informally received cash income on tax forms._，we Americans are both practical and idealistic.We place great value on doing things4Transitional Words and Phrases in English Writingfor ourselves，for this is what our pioneer forefathers were forced to do。Many foreign visitorsare surprised to find that many couples of comfortable means do their own yard work，their ownhousework,their own repairs._,we are very idealistic：We think we have the best political,social，and economic system yet devised,and we _expect everything to go smoothly._our idealism，we are easily disillusioned.This is why so many marriages end indivorce-young couples expectations from marriage are unrealistically high._，it helpsexplain the dissatisfactions and protests of many young people，and _older people,who enjoyone of the highest standards of living in the world.A _characteristics of us Americans is that money is more important than prestige to us.People work extremely hard，so many,unfortunately,either have little leisure time，or do notknow how to enjoy it.Why do we work so hard?It is not to achieve greater status or prestige,butsimply to have more of the material objects and comfort that money can buy。_,our parents have less influence on us than parents do in other countries。Manychildren are left in daycare centers by their working mothers，_with baby sitters when theirparents go out at night._,peer pressure is very great because childrens feelings a nd desiresare taken very seriously，and they are given a lot of freedom to form strong personalities。Weleave home at a relatively early age,usually after high school，to take jobs and have our ownapartments，_to go to college,where we are allowed a great deal of freedom.We choose ourown spouses，even if our parents object.And,later in life，_our parents are old and helpless,we often live far away from them；many prefer to put them in nursing homes rather than to havethe responsibility of caring for them daily.Many foreigners find this practice heartless。I supposeit is,_like many other qualities we Americans share，it is subject to change over a relativelyshort period of time。5
