植物化学保护ppt课件教学教程.ppt

Department of Plant ProtectionHenan Institute of Science and Technology Preface Plant provide either directly or indirectly the main source of nutrition for mankind,animals and uncountable masses of lower organisms.An ample supply of food,fibers and other vegetable matter is a prerequisite to health as well as to social and economic development of any human society.Thus,the increase competition from all kinds of organisms,which cause injury,disease,is unwanted.Man is waging a continuous struggle against these injurious and troublesome organisms,called pest,pathogen and weed etal.in order to protect his food,shelter and living.Owing to the spectacular development of agriculture in general during the 20th century,word food production has grown considerable to the extent that per capital food production has increased in spit of the explosive growth of the world population.However,growth figures differ greatly for continents and individual countries.Developing country provide only about 30%of the world requirement of food although they are home to more than half of the global population,and agriculture accounts for more than 70%of their national income;in 1985,the ratios for malnourished and healthy people were 1:3 in Africa,1:5 in east Asia and 1:7 in Latin American.In this book,the role of pesticide in agricultural productivity has been strongly emphasized to sustain the crop yield and quality over the world.However,the crop protection is very complicated because of the numerous interactions between the cultivated crops,the many damaging or beneficial organisms and the variable factors of the environment.The use of chemicals,having an enormously disruptive power on the fragile balance of nature,requires general insight into their properties and effects.Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Plant Chemical Protection1 Definition and Class of Pesticide2 Toxic Power of Pesticide3 Effects of Pesticide on Crop4 Toxicity of Pesticide5 Principles for Safety Application of Pesticide Ddefinition of pesticides Classification of PesticidevClassified According to source of Material and ComponentvClassified According to Use vClassified According to Functional Manner InsecticidesFungicidesHerbicidesSection 1 Definition and Classification of Pesticide According to Source of Material and Component:Inorganic Pesticide:Sulphur,Aluminium phosphide,Bordeaux mixture.Organic Pesticide:vBotanical Pesticide;vOil Insecticide;vMicrobial Pesticide;vSynthetic-organic Pesticide.Classification Insecticide;Fungicide;Herbicide;Acaricide;Raticide;Nematocide;Plant Growth Regulator (Hormone mimics).Classified According to Use:1.Stomach poisons;2.Direct contact poison;3.Fumigant;4.Inner absorbent;5.Antifeedant;6.Repellentant;7.Attractant.Classification of Insecticides 1.Protective fungicides;2.Therapeutic fungicides;3.Eradicant fungicides.Classification of Fungicides1.Conducting herbicides;2.Contacting herbicides;3.Selecting herbicides;4.Extinguishing herbicides.Classification of HerbicidesConcept of toxic power of pesticide Measurement of toxic power Calculation of pesticide effects Insecticide Fungicide HerbicideSection 2 Toxic Power of PesticideToxic power:A measurement used as evaluated and compared index,which was generally determined under strict condition with insect,bacteria or weed by precision method.Control effects:Resulted from pesticides and multi factors,which was determined under field condition.Toxicity:Generally refer to mammal and human being.Concept of Toxicity and Control Effects of Pesticide1.Unit shows toxic power:（1）Lethal Dose:LD50（2）Lethal Concentration:LC50（3）Effective Dose:ED50（4）Effective Concentration EC50（5）Knock-down Time:KT50（6）Inhibition Concentration,IC502.Relative Toxicity IndexMeasurement of toxic power of pesticidesnCalculation of adjusted mortality:nWhere:X express percent survival in the untreated controls;Y express percent survival in the treated insect.nThe approximation is permissible when the control mortality is less than 20%or is based on a large number or observation.Calculation of Effects of InsecticidesCalculation of Control Effects of Insecticides Where Ta express the survival individual before treated in the treated controls;Tb express the survival individual after treated in the treated controls;Ca express the survival individual after treated in the untreated controls;Cb express the survival individual before treated in the untreated controls.Where Qa express the weed quantity in the treated controls;Qb express the weed quantity in the untreated controls.Calculation of Control Effects of Herbicides Damage of pesticide on the crops 1 Property of pesticides 2 Crop species,growth stage and physiological status 3 Environmental conditions 4 Symptom of damaged crop A.Acute symptom B.Chronic symptom Stimulate effects of pesticide on the growth of plantSection 3 Effects of Pesticide on Crop Pesticide properties:The difference of properties of pesticides play important affect on the damage effects of pesticide on crop.In general,inorganic pesticides have more hazard than organic pesticides to bring pesticide damage.Where K means safety index;Ca express the minimum concentration needed to prevent pest damage;Cb express the maximum concentration that plant can endure.Effects of Properties of Pesticides on Damage on the Crops The differences of tissue morphology and physiology of crop,such as the thickness of wax surface,quantity of covering hair,density and situation of closure of stomate,etc.,make varied crops have different sensibility to the pesticide damages.Crop species,growth stage and physiological status The occurrence of pesticide damages not only has something to do with pesticide class and crop,but also has close connection with environmental conditions when pesticides were applied,mainly connected with the factor of temperature,humidity,dew,etc.Environmental conditions Acute symptom of pesticide damage emerged in a short period,even in hours after application of pesticides.Acute Pesticide Damage Symptom of Chronic pesticide damages emerged slowly,it need a long time period or multiple application of pesticides.Chronic Pesticide Damage Tobacco formulation can improve the growth of paddy;derris formulation can promote the development of vegetable roots;In general,pesticides when sprayed in low dose would stimulate the growth of plant.But this positive effects should be affirmed with rigorous comparatively research.Stimulating Effects of Pesticide on Growth of Crops Definition of toxicity of pesticides Classification of toxicity of pesticides Acute toxicity Subacute toxicity Chronic toxicitySection 4 Toxicity of Pesticides Toxicity:The injurious effects of pesticide to man and all useful forms of life,which were measured by test on rat.Higher animals can take in pesticides via respiration,oral intake or through dermal contact to induce the occurrence of toxicity.Definition of Pesticide Toxicity If man or animal wrongly intake some pesticides with high grade toxicity,varied toxic symptoms would emerge in a short period,such as head faint,nausea,vomit,convulsion or decompensation,etc.That would take life risk if not cured in time.Acute Toxicity Subacute toxicity need long time and continuate contact with pesticides,the toxic symptom emerged over a definite time,but finally would have alike symptom of acute toxicosis,sometimes would cause local pathology symptom.Subacute Toxicity In despite of low toxicity,some pesticides with steady property will maintain for a long time to pollute environment and food.They will accumulate in the body of men and animals after long period contact,damaging the function of the body and blocking normal physiologic metabolism.Chronic Toxicity Selecting pesticide according to pest characteristic;Make full use of pesticide properties;Take advantage of selectivity of pesticide;Environmental factors that influence control effects;Safe application of pesticide.Section 5 Primary Principle of Scientific Pesticide Application Pesticide properties:The difference of properties of pesticides play important affect on the damage effects of pesticide on crop.In general,inorganic pesticides have more hazard than organic pesticides to bring pesticide damage.Where K means safety index;Ca express the minimum concentration needed to prevent pest damage;Cb express the maximum concentration that plant can endure.Effects of Properties of Pesticides on Damage on the CropsChapter 2 Pesticide Formulation and Application Method1 Relationship Between Pesticide 2 Dispersing and Its Application Efficiency Adjuvants3 Main Pesticide Formulation4 Application Methods of Pesticide Difference between technical product,formulation and preparation of pesticide material(chemical synthesis)(pesticide processing)pesticide preparation technical product of pesticideSection 1 Relationship Between Pesticide Dispersing and Its Application EfficiencyConcept of dispersing system and dispersing of pesticide.Dispersing system of pesticide:solid/solid,liquid/liquid,solid/gas,liquid/gas and gas/gas dispersing system.Concept of dispersing of pesticide:the dispersed grade of pesticide.Effect of enhancing pesticide dispersing on efficiency.Increase covering area.Enhance the quality of adherence of pesticide granule on processed surface.Change move quality of granule.Enhance surface tension.Enhance suspension and stabilization capability.Class of adjuvants Fillers,carriers:kaolin,bentonite;Wetting agents:BX,detergent powder;Emulsifiers;Solvents:benzene,toluene;Dispersing agents:surface-active agents;Stickers:glutin;Stabilizers;Synergists:SV1.Section 2 AdjuvantsStructure and Effect of Surface-active agentsStructure of surface-active agents(amphiphilic compound)Cationic surface-active agents Anionic surface-active agents Hydrophilic partHydrophilic partHydrophobic partHydrophobic part Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance(HLB):A index to express the Hydrophile-Lipophile quality of surface-active agents,the higher of the HLB values,the more hydrophile of the SAA;on the contrary,the lower of the HLB values,the more lipophile of the SAA.Surface-active phenomenaEffect:Reduce surface tensionAir Interface Liquid Make spray drop more fineApplication in the processing of pesticideAs emulsifiers used in emulsifiable concentrates.Oil waterwaterOil Oil As wetting agents used in wet table powders.Enhance the adherence ability of pesticide on sprayed surface.Class of surface-active agentsAnionic SAACationic SAA:Organic amineAmphiphilic SAA:ester and aetherNonionic SAANatural SAA Anionic SAA:Widely used,such as sodium dodecyl-benzene sulphonate,such as calcium dodecyl-benzene sulphonate.Sodium dodecyl-benzene sulphonate Dusts Granules Wet table powders Soluble powders Suspension concentrates and colloidal formulations Emulsifiable concentrates Seed coatings Oil solutions Controlled release formulations Smokes Section 3 Main Pesticide Formulation DustsConstitute：Technical products and carriers.Standard：95%of pesticide can sieve through 0.074 m mesh screen.Characteristic:easy to use;need no water;high efficiency.Shortcoming:pollute environment;bad control effects.GranulesConstitute：Technical products,adjuvants and carriers.Classification:macrogranules;granules;microgranules.Standard：90%can match the standard of particle size;moisture content3%.Characteristic：lower toxicity of high grade toxic pesticides in use;controlled release;easy to use;reduce pollution.Wettable powdersConstitute：Technical products,wetting agents,dispersing agents and carriers.Classification:macrogranules;granules;micro granules.Standard:moisture content70%.Characteristic：high develop quality.Soluble powdersConstitute：Technical products,wetting agentsand carriers.Standard:moisture content90%.Colloidal formulations:Constitute:Technical products and multiadjuvants.Standard:particle diameter:0.010.1 m;should be in colloidal condition in liquid.Emulsifiable concentratesConstitute:Technical products,solvent,emulfiers and cosolvent.Classification:stock emulsions,aqueous solutions,emulsifiable concentrates.Characteristic:high control effects.Shortcoming:consume a great deal of organic solvent,pollute environment,have trouble in transportation.Emulsifiable concentrates processingvacuumvacuumChart of emulsifiable concentrates processing1.technical produsts;2.mearsure of quantity of technical produsts;3.solvents;4.mearsure of quantity of solvents;5.modulating kettle;6.condensation device;7.filtration device;8.container of emulsifiable concentrates;9.products packagingsamplingFormulations of seed covered with pesticides.Covering pesticides were derived from SC,WP or EC mixed with stickers to form firm pesticide layer.Attention：seed coatings is different with seed treat concentrates.Seed Coatings Oil SolutionsOil solution of technical products,should be added in solvents and stabilizers in the processing.It was also named ultra low volume agents.Characteristic:generally contain 2050%of effective component,can be used with no more dilution.Should pay attention to distinguish the difference of EC,SE,AS and OS.Pesticide formulation in which the effective component of pesticides can be controlled to release slowly.Physical controlled release formulations:microcapsule formulations,plastic formulations,poly-stripe formulations,fibrous sheet formulations and porous material formulations.Chemical controlled release formulations:integrate with chemical reaction.Controlled Release Formulations Function of Controlled Release FormulationsqLower toxicity of high grade toxic pesticides in use.qProlong effective period of pesticides.qDecrease applied quantity of pesticides.SmokesPesticide formulation when ignited,the effective component of pesticides suspending in dispersing state like smoke in air.Constitute:Technical products,fuel(varied carbohydrate),oxidant and extinguish agents.Section 4 Pesticide Application MethodsSprayingDustingOther application methodsApplication on mixed pesticides and Synergist Calculation of co-toxicity coefficient Synergist Spraying Effects of equipment on dispersing of pesticidesvPressurized spraying;vAtomizing spraying;vUltra low volume atomizing spraying.Effects of physical and chemical property of pesticides on deposit quantity.Relationship of deposit quantity and surface structure of creature.Effects of quality of water on capability of pesticides.A method utilizing airflow produced by fan to bring pesticides dust deposited on surface of crop.Effects of equipment and operation on uniform distribution of pesticides.Effects of environmental conditions on dusting quality.Effects of physical property of dusts on dusting quality.Dusting Spread and slosh irrigating;Soil spraying;Seed milling;Seed immersing;Poison lure;Fumigating.Other Application Methods Calculation of co-toxicity coefficientApplication on mixed pesticides and SynergistClass of synergist and synergistic effects Sesamin Pb Application via planeqAdvantages and disadvantages of application by plane;qEquipment of dusting and spra