第十八章+名词性从句+讲义+2023届高考英语语法专题一轮复习.docx

第十八章名词性从句一、名词性从句的分类名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。它是中学尤其是高中教材中的一项重 要语法内容，走高中英语教学的重点和难点，也是每年高考的必考项目。（一）主语从句在更合句中起主语作用的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的词有从属连词、连接代词、关系代词、连 接副词等。1）由从屈连词that, whether引导的主语从句1. you don' t like him is none of my business.A. That B. Who C. What D. Whether2. the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not Known yet.A. Whenever B. If Whether D. That3. we wi11 go camping tomorrow depends on the weather（1996）A. Tf B. Whether C. That D. Where4. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There B. ThisC. ThatD. It5. It worried her a bit her hair was turning grey.A. whi le B. if C. that D. for从属连词ihal, whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句,它们在从句中不担任成分，不能省 略。如：Thal the earth is round is irue.地球是圆的，是一个事实。Thal they will go is certain.他们去是肯定的。Whether she's coming or not doesn't matter too much.她来不来没有多大关系。如果主语从句太长，为避免句子结构头重脚轻，我们可用il作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句谓语 部分之后。如上述3句可转换成：It is true that the earth is round.It is certain that they will go.It doesn't matter too much whether she's coming or not.2）由连接代词引导的主语从句连接代词who, which引导主语从句时，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语或定语，不能省略。如： Who made the long distance call is not important.谁打的长途电话并不重要。Who let out the news remained unknown,谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。It is still unknown which team will win the match.还不知道哪个队会赢得这场比赛。3）由关系代词引导的主语从句what有时可用来表示the thing（s）which这种意思,引导从句，表示一样东西域一件事情,译为”的东西/事情”,这种用法的what称为关系代词型what, who, whom, which, what可以和ever构成合成词, 和“hat样引导从句，ever起强调作用。这些关系词在句子中充当成分，所以不能省略。此类主语从句 不能用形式主语it引导。如：What I need （=The thing which I need） is a mobile phone.我所需要的是一部移动电话。What he said at the meeting is important.他在会议上所说的（事情）是重要的。Whoever leaves the office （=Any one who leaves the office）should tell me.无论是谁离开办 公室都应该告诉我。4）由连接副词引导的主语从句连接副词有when, where, how, why,它们在从句中担任状语，不能省略。此类主语从句可以转换为 以it作形式主语的句子。如：Why he didn* t come here is not clear to anyone.他为什么没来谁也不清楚。How a telephone works is a question which not everyone can answer. 电话是怎样工作的，这 个问题并不是每个人都能回答。Where she has gone is not known yet.她去了哪儿，还不知道。（二）宾语从句宾语从句是名词性从句四大组成部分之一，是中学英语重点语法项目，也是高考命题的热点。高中生 应该从以下几个方面来掌握宾语从句：1）连词的选择（l）that 和 whatwhat引导的宾语从句，what相当于the thing（s）which,意为”所的（事）”,在宾语从句中既起连接作用，又在从句中充当成分，即主语，宾语，表语和定语；而连接词（hai ihai本身没有意义，在宾语从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，在口语和非正式文体中常省去。常可省略。如:I don't remember what you said at the meeting.They know (that) you have worked here for a long time. whet her 和 if在使用whether和if引导宾语从句时，应注意以下几种情况：引导介词宾语从句时，只能用whether,不用if。如：I am interested in whether he'11 go abroad.当提出两种选择时，要用whether。如：We don* t know whether he will come or not.discuss, decide等动词后,通常只跟whether引导的宾语从句，而不用if。如:They discussed whether they should put off the meeting.He decided whether he would go with her.如果宾语从句是否定结构，则只用if引导。如：I don, t care if he docsn1t join in the game.连接副词 when, where» how, why连接副词when, where, how, why既有疑问意义，乂起连接作用，而且在宾语从句中充当各种状语, 分别表时间、地点、方式、原因。如：We don't know why he dicin' t come.Can you tell me where the post office is?He wondered how he could solve the problem.(4) 6)由"主语+be+形容词+that”引导的宾语从句在“be+形容词(如 sure, certain, afraid, confident, aware) w 后的 that-从句，也可看作是宾 语从句。如：But still we weren't sure (=d icin' t know for sure) we could beat them.然而我们还是没有把 握能否战胜他们。Scientists are afraid (=fear) that one day an even bigger earthquake will hit the area around San Francisco.科学家们担心有天旧金山带还会发生更大的地赛。1 am not certain whether I have met him before.我不能肯定从前是否见过他。2)语序He askedHe askedfor theviol in.A.C.did I pay how much how much did I payB.D.I paid how much how much I paidCan you tell meA. who is that gentlemanC. who that gentleman isCan you make sureA. where Alice had putC. where Alice has putYou can't imagineB. that gentleman is whoD. whom is that gentleman the gold ring?B. where had Alice putD. where has Alice put when they received these nice Christmas presents.A. how they were excited B. how excited they wereC. how excited were they D. they were excited【分析】以上五题都是考查宾语从句的语序。无论主句是什么句式，宾语从句只能用陈述句语序。以 上考题答案分别为D、A、C、C、B,再如：Could you tel 1 me how I can get to the station?She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.3) it充当形式宾语，真正的宾语-宾语从句后置T hatewhen people talk with their mouihs ful1.A. it B. that C. those D. them【分析】上面考题很显然是考查形式宾语，il充当形式宾语代替宾语从句，真正的宾语从句后置。答 案选A。在下列情况下，需要用it作形式宾语：(l)think. make. find, consider, feel, hear等动词接复合宾语(宾语+宾补)时，要用it作形 式宾语。如：We find it difficult that we should finish the work in time.She thinks it wrong that he didn't answer the phone.like, enjoy, love, hate等表“喜怒哀乐”的动词，后若要跟宾语从句时，需跟形式宾语it。 如：I like it that everyone passed the exam.They hated it when students wear strange clothes.由动词和介词构成的短语动词后接that宾语从句时，要用形式宾语。如:We are thinking of it that we* 11 lend you some money.4）时态的呼应Can you make surethe gold ring?B. where had Alice putD. where has Alice putB. where did he goA. where Alice had putC. where Alice has put They have no idea at al 1A. where he has gonewhen has he goneC. which place has he gone D.【分析】以上两题都是考查主从句中时态的呼应。答案分别为C、A。含有宾语从句的主从复合句在 时态呼应上要遵循以下三条原则:如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语可根据意思的需要使用任何一种时态。如:Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night?Please tel 1 me where you went yesterday.如果主句谓语是一般过去时，宾语从句要用表示过去的某一时态。如：He asked why she had left alone.They said they would hold the meeting the next week.如果宾语从句是表示客观事实、真理等，不管主句是什么时态，宾语从句一律用一股现在时。如: Dick asked Lucy how old she is.The teacher said the sun rises in the east.5）否定转移一I believe we've met somewhere before.No, .A. it isn't the same B. it can* t be trueC. I don* t think so D. 1, d rather notDo you think it, s going to rain over the weekend?A. I don't believe B. I don't believe itC. I believe not so D. I believe not【分析】以上两题是考查否定转移。答案分别是C、D。当主句谓语动词是think, suppose, believe, guess, expect （预料）时，其后that宾语从句若表示否定意义，通常将否定词not转移到主句谓语动 词之前。如：I don't think it is true.我想这是不对的。I donf t bel ieve I have the pleasure of knowing you.很遗憾，我不想认识你。此类动词后，在简略答语中，有两种替代形式：用so替代前文肯定的宾语从句。如：-Do you think our team will win the match?-I believe so.若替代一个否定的宾语从句，用not或not-so替代前文整个从句。如：-Do you guess he will come?-I think not.或 I don't think so.【注意】hope只能说I hope not 一种形式，因为hope不能否定转移。（三）表语从句Go and get your coat. Tt* s you left it.A. there B. where C. there where D. where there表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语。表语从句大体可分为以下几类。1）由从属连词that, whether引导的表语从句that无词义，whether有词义，意为"是否"。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question（问题）， trouble（麻烦）,problem（问题）,result（结果）,chance（可能性），suggestion（建议）,idea（想法）， reason（理由）等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。如：The question is whether wc need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。The trouble is that she has lost his address.麻烦的是她把他的地址搞丢了。The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.问题是它作为日常之用太贵重了。2）由连接代词引导的表语从句The question is which of us should go.问题是我们哪一个应该去。The problem was who could do the work.问题是谁能做这项工作。3）由连接副词引导的表语从句That is why lots of people in China have healthy white teeth.这就是许多中国人都有着健康 洁白的牙齿的原因。That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.那就是老鼠是怎样每年损害大量粮食的。That is where he was born.那就是他出生的地方。4）由关系代词引导的表语从句That's what he is worrying about.那就是他在担心的事。That's what we should do.那是我们应该做的。5）由连词because, as if/as though等引导的表语从句It looked as if it was going to snow.看起来好像要卜雪了。That's because we never thought of it.这是因为我们从未想过此事。（四）同位语从句用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在抽象名词fact, idea, news, hope, belief, thought, truth, doubt, suggestion, warning, instruction, reason, information, question 等之后，对这些名 词进行说明或解释。引导同位语从句的词除连词ihal, whelher外，还有连接副词how, when, where, why 等。1）由从属连词that, whether引导的同位语从句The fact that wc lack enough phones needs to be considered.我们缺少足够的电话这一事实需要 加以考虑。The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人 的声音的想法便许多人感到惊奇。I didn't receive the news that the meeting had been put off.我没有听到会议被推迟的消息。2）由连接代词引导的同位语从句The question who should be the first has not been settled.谁应该是第一名的问题还没有定下 来。You can have no idea what he said.你根本想不到他说了些什么。3）由连接副词引导的同位语从句1 have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.他们通常为如何演奏乐 曲写出精确的说明。注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别1）同位语从句相当于名词，它对其前的名词起补充说明或进步解释其内容的作用；而定语从句的功 能相当于形容词，它对其先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。试比较：The suggestion （that） she has put forward is very good.她提出的建议很好。（定语从句）The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good.我们轮流打扫教室，这个建议很好。（同位语从句）2）引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在从句中充当某种成分，作宾语时可省略:而引导同位语从句的 that是连接词，在从句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。试比较：p'he fact （that） we talked about is important.我们所谈论的情况很重要。卜定语从句，that作从句中介词about的宾语）The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.他的实验成功了，这使大家很高兴。（同位语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分）3）引导定语从句的when, where是关系副词，不但在句中充当句子成分，还有与其含义相当的先行词； 而引导同位语从句的when, where是连接副词，虽可以在从句中充当句子成分，但没有与之含义相当的先 行词。试比较：fuone forever are the days when the Chinese people were bul1ied.中国人民受欺侮的时候一去不复返了。（定语从句，ihe days与when构成含义相当的搭配关系）I have no idea when he wi 11 be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。（同位语从句，idea与when在含义上没有任何搭配关系）4）定语从句所修饰、限定的名词（即先行词）没有限制；而同位语从句说明的名词大都是以下抽象名 词：news, fact, idea, thought, hope, order, suggestion, belief 等。二、连词的选择类另4词义在从句中的作用that无任何词义仅起连接作用，在从句中不充 当任何句子成分if 和 whether意为''是否”,表明 从句意义的不确定 性起连接作用，在从句中不充当 任何句子成分连接代词 who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever,有各自自身的意义起连接作用，并在从句中充当 主、表、宾、定语等whomever, whichever连 接副词 when, where, why, how, how many, how far有各自自身的意义起连接作用，并在从句中充当 状语（一）that-从句与wh-从句的区别连词that在从句中不作成分，不含疑问意义；而wh-连词在从句中作成分，M.含有疑问意义；或what/where从句相当于一个名词后加一个定语从句。如:"误Could you tell me that built that tall iron tower in Paris? 正Could you tell me who built that tall iron tower in Paris?'误This book is just that 1 have been looking for.正This book is just what 1 have been looking for.（X）whether和if的区别whether和if在引起宾语从何时般可以通用，但if 般不与or not连用，whether常与or not 连用；在引起主语从句时，特别是主语从句在句首时，不能用if。如：误If she comes or not does not concern me.UIE Whether she comes or not does not concern me.教你巧学巧记：巧记whether与if异同"whether"与“if”都可表“是否”，是常考内容。下面的顺口溜可帮你记住其异同。主从表从同位从，if不用whether用；discuss和介词后，whether引宾从；不定式、or not后面跟，whether独能显神通；宾从如是否定句，if发挥其功用；避免歧义要慎重，其它情况可换用。1. Whether we' 11 go camping depends on the weather.（这里指句首主语从句）2. The question is whether it is worth doing.3. The question wheiher we need it has not been decided.4. We should discuss whether we shall hold the meeting.5. I* m worried about whelher he can arrive in time.6. I don' I know whelher to stay or not.7. Please tell me whelher or not you agree.8. I don* t care n you won* t come.9. I* 11 tell you whelher he is busy.（若将句中“whether"改成"if",则有歧义，因"if” 还有“如果”之意。）10. I don't know whether （if） he will succeed.11. It is uncertain 谭het her he is coming.12. Can you tell me whether the train has left or not?（三）wh-ever与wh-弓|起的名词性从句的区别wh-ever引起的名词性从句不含疑问意义，相当于名词后加一个定语从句;而what, which, who, when, whe，how等词都含有疑问意义。如：J 误Eat which one you like and leave the others for who conies in late.I正Eat whichever one you like and leave the others for whoever comes in late. （=Eat the one which you like and leave the others for the person who comes in late.）而介词后的who/whom, whoever/whomever的选择问题，则要看连接词在从句中是作主语还是作宾语而 定，产I在从句中作主语则只能选用who/whoever。如：J 误Give them to whomever is likely to be interested.I正Give them to whoever is likely to be interested.（四）注意各个连接词的功能及含义who/ whoever , what/whatever , how/however , where/wherever ， when/whenever ， which/whichever, who, what, where, when, how, which 之间的词义区别及 whoever, whatever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever的词义区别也是考查点之一。 这主要从两个方面来区分:一是分析句子 结构，看其在从句中作何成分;二是理清其在句中的含义。如：误When he said is right.正What he said is right.误It doesn't matter wherever you go to the station.正It doesn't matter whenever/however you go to the station.三、从句的语序当名词性从句由一个含疑问意义的连词引起时，必须将该连词放在名词性从句的开头，且该从句语序 不能倒装，而要采用陈述句语序，而学生最容易把它当作疑问句语序。如：误We don'I know when will she come.正We don't know when she will come.误How will the book sell depends on its writer.正How the book will sell depends on its writer.四、用it来代替主语从句或宾语从句为了使句子平衡，英语中常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后 面去。这时取代原来主语从句或宾语从句位置的只能用ii而不能用其他词，一般不能省略。如：误That/There is likely that he wi 11 see Mary.正It is likely that he will see Mary.误She has made clear that she will have nothing to do with him.正She has made it clear that she will have nothing to do with him.I五、主、从句的时态呼应某些从句里的动词时态与主句里的动词时态相呼应的规律，叫做时态的呼应。如果主句中的谓语动词 是现在时态，从句（主要是宾语从句）的谓语动词可以用具体情况所要求的时态，即从何谓语动词的时态不 受主句谓语动词时态的制约。如：I know that his brother studies here.She knows that you will refuse with thanks.如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的谓语动词要用某一过去时态：1）如果从句的动作发牛.在主句的 动作之前，则从何的动词用过去完成时、过去完成进行时或一般过去时。如：She said she had been waiting for me for a long time.He said he hadn't seen any enemy troops when he left the village.The boy said he was born in 1975.2）如果从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，则从句的动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。如：I thought you were free today.1 was told that they were designing a new machine.3）如果从句的动作发生在主句的动作之后，则从句的动词用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来 完成时。如：The middle schoolboy said he would settle down in the countryside when he finished school.They said they would be listening to a report on current affairs.