英语专业四级考试语法复习资料大全解析(共34页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一、考纲要求及语法知识常考点（一） 动词的基本时态、语态的构成及其用法2. 动词的语态 1) 不能用于被动语态的动词和短语 （1）在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词（包括短语）容易引起误用。如：appear, belong to, die, escape, fall, happen, last, succeed, occur, take place, consist of。 Our success belongs to all the people present. 我们的成功属于在座的每一个人。（2）某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。 2) 少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思 （专业四级英语重要考点）例1：The book is selling remarkably well.这本书卖得很好 例2：The song sounds very beautiful. 这首歌听起来很优美。 能这样用的动词还有read（读起来），clean（擦起来），wash（洗起来），write（写起来）。 例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned). 能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve等。 例4：The meat is cooking. 例5：The shop doesnt open（营业）on Sunday. 试比较：The door was opened by Tom. 3) 注意几个基本句型（专业四级英语重要考点）It is said （据说）.，It is reported （据报道）, It is widely believed（人们广泛认为）; It is expected （据期望，应该） It is estimated. ( 据估计), It was said, It was believed It was thought ( 以前人们认为)。It is said that Sydney is beautiful。据说悉尼很漂亮。It is estimated that nearly 20 persons were killed in this accident. 据估计有20人在此次事故中丧生。 （三）非谓语动词1. 关于动词不定式的考点如下： 考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等。如： attempt企图，afford负担得起（重点词），demand要求，long渴望，destine注定，mean意欲，打算，expect期望，appear似乎，显得，determine决定，manage设法，pretend假装，agree同意，desire愿望，swear宣誓，volunteer志愿，wish希望，endeavor努力，offer提供，beg请求，fail不能，plan计划，prefer喜欢，宁愿，happen碰巧，prepare准备，decide决定，learn学习，regret抱歉，遗憾，hesitate犹豫，claim要求，promise承诺，允许，undertake承担，consent同意，赞同，intend想要，refuse拒绝，incline有倾向，propose提议I hope to visit this place again. 我希望能再度访问此地。I hesitate to spend so much money on the clothes. 我对要花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。My parents have consented to buy me a new electronic dictionary. 我父母同意给我买个新的电子词典了。* 注意不定式的完成与进行时态及被动用法：He pretended to be waiting for someone. 他假装着正等人。She was said to have been rich. 据说她曾经富有过。The building was reported to have been constructed. 据报道这座大楼已经建造好了。考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式： 1) 感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear , see, watch, observeI saw a man enter the shop. 试比较：I saw him singing when I passed by.2) 个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, makeThe teacher has/makes/lets us write a composition every week.上述感觉动词或使役动词转换为被动结构时其后的不定式一般需带to，如： The boy was made to go to bed early.3) 一些情态动词：had better, would rather do A than do B（宁可而不愿）, may as well（最好），can not（help）but（不得不）等句型，后接省to不定式。He cannot (help) but agree with his daughter. 他不得不同意他女儿。 We might as well put up here for tonight. 我们最好还是在这里过夜。4) 主语从句及介词but, except, besides+to do(do)，如从句里或介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to，带to不带do。如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to surrender. 敌军没有选择只好投降。On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. What I have to do is take a rest.考点四：不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone我发现他个人干这活是不可能的。 (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如： It was wise of him to do that他那样做是明智的。2. 关于动名词的考点如下：考点二：在下列it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。It is no use(no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词) + doing sth. It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.;There is no point ( use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth.Its no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔没有用。It is good playing chess after supper晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is a waste of time trying to explain设法解释是浪费时间。There is no point in my going out to date someone. 现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。 There is no use crying over spilt milk牛奶洒了，哭也无用。考点三：在need, require, want, worth (形容词)等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。This problem requires studying with great care这个问题需要仔细研究。The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。考点四：下列短语中to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。（注意：专业四级英语考试对to的考点主要是介词，而非不定式原形） look forward to（渴望），take to（渐渐喜欢）, get down to（着手干）, be opposed to（反对），live up to, be devoted to（致力于）Nurses are devoted to caring the sick. 护士致力于病人的护理事业。We are looking forward to seeing you again 我盼着再见到你。get down to one's work 静下心来工作考点五：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有： 1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做） forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生） 2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做） remember doing记得做过某事(已做) 4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6) mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着 7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情） 8）propose to do 打算（要做某事） propose doing建议（做某事） Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow你可要记着是明天动身。 I dont regret telling her what I thought我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过) I regret to tell you that you failed the test. 我很遗憾要告诉你，你这次测试没有通过。You must try to be more careful你可要多加小心。 Lets try doing the work some other way让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。 I didnt mean to hurt your feeling我没想要伤害你的感情。 Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit. 跳槽意味着要损失利益 (四) 虚拟语气的构成及其用法考点一：if 从句句型 (共有三种句型)1. 与现在的事实相反：从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might, should) 动词原形If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这里，会帮助你的。2. 与过去的事实相反：从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might, should) have + 过去分词If she had left home yesterday she should have arrived here. 如果她昨天就离开家，她早就该到这儿了。3. 与将来的事实相反：从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) 动词原形If I were to (should) teach you, I would teach in English. 如果让我教你们，我就用英文授课。 4. 在书面语中, 以上含有were, had, should, could的从句可以把这些词放在主语前面进行倒装，并把if省略。 Had he worked harder, （if he had worked harder,）he would have got through the exam. 他如果工作努力的话，早就应该通过这个考试了。5. 条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致时，也叫错综时间虚拟条件句。例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在)谓语动词要根据各自表示的时间进行调整。If you had studied hard last term, you would not be preparing for the make-up exam. 如果上学期你刻苦学习的话，就用不着现在准备补考。 考点二：It is (high /about / good) time that，表示“该是。的时候了”，含有 “为时已晚” 的意思， 表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。It is near midnight. Its time we left. 快半夜了，我们早该离开了。Its high time that we got up. 我们早该起床了。 考点三：在 would rather， would sooner （just as soon）， had rather，意为“宁可，但愿”。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语一般用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。 I would rather that you did not do it. 我宁愿你不去做此事。（表示事情还没有发生。）. Id just as soon you had not done it. 我宁愿你没有做此事。（表示事情已经发生。）考点四： wish 句型 表达“但愿，要是多好”的语气wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况虚拟时，动词用一般过去时(如did)；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时(如had done)或情态动词的过去时 + 动词的现在完成时(如could have done)”形式；表示将来情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式 + 动词原形(如might do)。”I wish I were a bird.I wish she had not left last night. 要是她昨晚没有离开该多好呀。I wish he would forgive me. 我希望他能原谅我（实际上他不会原谅我）同例： 在as if /as though引导的状语从句中和以 if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.He talks as if he were the boss. 他说起话来就像他是老板。If only I were free now！ (注意： if only后面主句被省略，意为：要是那该多好呀！ )If only he had not married! 要是他没有结婚，那就好了！考点五：在强制性语气的宾语从句中， 即表示建议、劝告、命令等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形， 其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：insist, suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire（希望）, require, advise, prefer, maintain(坚持)，decide，askI suggest that you (should) not be late again next time. 我建议你下次别再迟到了。He proposed that we (should) talk heart to heart. 他提议我们交心谈一谈。It is requested that I (should) make a speech at the meeting. 有人请求我在会上发言。注意一： 以上动词转化为名词(如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference ,等)后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“(should)+ 动词原形” (should可省略)。We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off. 我们都赞成你推迟讨论的建议。My suggestion is that we (should) invite her. 我的建议是我们邀请她。注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。 What he said suggested (表明) that he did not agree with us.考点六：It is/was + 形容词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性。如：important, vital, natural, desirable, possible, advisable(明智的), anxious, appropriate, compulsory(义务的), crucial (至关紧要的),essential(根本的),imperative (强制的), improper, necessary, obligatory (必须的), preferable, urgent.It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline. 关键是申请表要在最终期限之前交过来。It is necessary that we all（should）do our best to protect environment around us. 我们都必须尽我们最大努力来保护我们周围的环境。It is incredible that she should have finished this job. 真令人难以置信，她居然一个人做完了这项工作。（should have done形式时，should不能省略）考点七：在lest that ，for fear that，in case that 引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用 should +动词原形，should不能省略。 He took a raincoat with him lest it should rain. 他怕下雨便带了一件雨衣。. He wrapped himself up for fear that he should catch cold. 他穿得很暖和，以防感冒。考点八：含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。 如：without, but for, otherwise, or, given等等。Without your help, I couldnt have completed the task on time. 要不是你的帮助，我不可能按时完成任务。（对过去虚拟）But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night. 如果没有英语考试，昨晚我就去参加音乐会。（对过去虚拟） But for the sun, there could be no life on the earth. =If it were not for the sun, 若没有太阳，地球上就没有生命。（对现在虚拟） Given more time, I would have finished the test. = if I had been given more time, 若再给我一点时间，我就能做完试题了。（五） 各类从句的构成及其用法1名词性从句：即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句侧重考查考生在一定的语言环境下对英语从句的语序、从句连接词的运用以及主从句时态的呼应等知识点的掌握；考点一：主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。1）It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。（说明：由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下用代词it作形式主语。）2）Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 我们明天是否在户外开晚会要视天气而定。（此时不能用if引导主语从句，只能用whether。）3）When the sports meet will be held is not decided. 何时举行运动会还没有决定。4）Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。考点二：宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句if与whether的用法区别：1）whether和if常与or not连用，whether和or not 既可合起来使用，也可分开使用；if和or not只能分开使用。如：         He asked  whether(if)they would come or not.他问他们是否该来。         I don't know whether or not they will come.我不知道他们来不来。2）whether 引导的宾语从句一般是肯定句，if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定也可以否定的。如:          She asked whether/if you had enough money.她问你是否有足够的钱。          I don't care if it doesn't rain.我不在乎是否下雨。（只能用if)考点三：表语从句：be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。1）The question is whether the book is worth reading at all.（问题是这本书是否值得一读。）2）That is why we don't like it.考点四：同位语从句（专业四级英语考查的重点）同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。如：1）We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。 试比较：2）We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。（宾语从句）例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词，其作用是修饰the news；例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词，是对the news的进一步说明。 有时如果主句的谓语动词较短，为保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，同位语从句也常与要说明的名词分开。例如：Word came that he died yesterday. 消息传来说他昨天死了。说明：当名词doubt用在否定句中时，其后的同位语从句应用that引导；而用在肯定句或疑问句中时则可以用其他词来引导。例如：I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself. 我从没有怀疑过你可以照看好自己。Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box. 这么一个小男孩怎么能举起这么重的盒子，对此人们表示怀疑2形容词性从句（即定语从句）（复合句考查的重点）定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词（名词或代词）的从句，所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；介词引导词以及非限制性定语从句。对于定语从句，在历年专业四级英语试题中，相对集中地考查了非限制性定语从句、关系代词和关系副词的选用、定语从句中的一致关系以及"介词+关系代词"等知识点。考点一：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, whose）和关系副词(as, when, where, why)等。但是当下列情况出现时，对引导词有特殊要求。1） 当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, little, much时；当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修饰时；当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句的引导词用that。例如: Everything (that) he said seemed quite reasonable. 他所说的每件事似乎都很有道理。You can take any toy that you like. 你可以拿走任一件你喜欢的玩具。The first thing (that) I saw will never be forgotten.我永远不会忘记我见到的第一件事情。This is the last thing (that) I want to do. 这是我最不想做的事情。They are talking about the things and persons (that) they can remember in that country. 他们正在谈论他们所能够记起的那个国家的人和事。 2）why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because和because of 。其结构一般为the reason whyis that，或者 the reason that is that，如：He did not tell us the reason why he was late again. 他没有告诉我们他为什么又迟到了。The reason why （that）he didn't come is that he was ill.考点二：考查“介词 + 关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。当先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前，构成"介词 + 关系代词(whom / which)"结构。但一些短语动词(如look after等)中的介词不能与动词分开，故不能放在关系代词之前。 American women usually look upon their best friend as someone with whom they can talk frequently. 美国妇女通常把她们最要好的朋友看成是可以经常倾诉的对象。 （关系代词whom在定语从句中作介词with的宾语，talk with sb.意为"与某人谈话"。）另外，我们还要注意"部分 + of 介词+ 关系代词（整体名词）"结构，该结构，做关系词也就是 "部分名词 + of which/whom"的结构，往往可以翻译成“其中”。(学位考查重点) He invited many scientists to his birthday party, two of whom were his old classmates. 他邀请了许多科学家出席他的生日宴会，其中有两位是他的老同学。考点三：当先行词为表示时间的名词（如：time, day, year, week, month, occasion）或地点的名词（如：place, room, city, country）时，一般用关系副词 when 和 where. 分别相当于in which, at which, on which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时，则要用关系代词that 或which。I can't forget the days when (in which) I studied with you.Can you tell me the day when （on which） you met her for the first time?China is the only country where (in which) wild pandas（熊猫）can be found.Ill never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood（童年）.试比较：I will never forget the days that/which I spent in Beijing University. (本句days 作spend 的宾语，故用关系代词that / which )I have never been to Beijing, but its the place that I most want to visit. (place 作visit 的宾语。)考点四：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导, 一般用引导词which / as或who（指人），非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之中或之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。（考查重点）The large area is covered with thick snow, which has been reported on TV. 大片区域为积雪所覆盖，这已在电视里报道了。His speech, which was very boring, was over at last. 他的讲演，非常枯燥，终于结束了。Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.As we all know, the moon（, as is known to us.）is a satellite of the earth.（as is known to us.）3副词性从句（状语从句）引导状语从句的关联词是一些从属连词。状语从句同状语一样，在句中的位置比较灵活，可置于句首、句末或句中，状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开。若从句较短同时又与主句的关系十分紧密时，也可以不用逗号分开。状语从句根据其用途可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和方式状语从句九种。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊连接词。现分别列举如下：1）时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, every time, immediately, no sooner than, hardly/ scarcelywhenA good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners' curiosity until her reaches the end of the story 一个善于讲故事的人必须能够自始至终抓住听众的好奇心。He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse他犯了错误，但没等局势恶化，他就扭转了局势。I gave her the money you owed her the moment I saw her我一见到她就把你欠她的钱给她。No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 我一到家就开始下雨了。2）地点状语从句常用来引导地点状语从句的关联词有where，wherever等。The famous scientist grew up where he was born and in 1940 he came to Shanghai 那位著名的科学家在出生地长大，于1940年来到上海。Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。3）原因状语从句常用来引导原因状语从句的关联词有because，as，since等。特殊引导词：seeing