各类食物的营养价值精.ppt
各类食物的营养价值第1页，本讲稿共49页So many foodsDelicious?Allaying hunger?Nutritional value?第2页，本讲稿共49页食品的营养价值食品的营养价值(nutritional value)是指某种食品所含营养素和热能满足人体需要的程度。取决于营养素的种类、数量、相互比例及消化吸收率。Nutrition value is degree or percentage of nutrients and energy in food that can meet human requirement.It rests with the kinds,quantity,proportion and absorption rate of nutrients.第3页，本讲稿共49页 Assessment of food nutritional value:The kind and quantity of nutrients ：analysis,food composition (化学分析、仪器分析、食物成分表)The quality of Nutrients:the rate of absorption and availability (吸收利用率:BV，NPU，PER）Change during cooking and processing:loss营养质量指数营养质量指数(index of nutrition quality,INQ)某营养素密度 某营养素含量/该营养素供给量 INQ=热能密度 所产生热能/热能供给量标准第4页，本讲稿共49页食物的营养价值（成年男子轻体力劳动）食物的营养价值（成年男子轻体力劳动）energy(kJ)protein(g)Vit.A(gRE)Vit.B1(mg)Vit.B2(mg)RNI（A,M,L）1087880.08001.31.3100g egg65312.81940.130.32INQ2.674.041.673.80100g rice14568.0-0.220.05INQ0.77-1.300.30100g soybean150235.137.00.410.20INQ3.130.332.251.10第5页，本讲稿共49页Classification of food Origin and Character：animal food plant food food produces nutritional character：(1)cereal grain (2)legumes and its produces (3)vegetables and fruits (4)meat,poultry and fish (5)milk and its produces (6)egg and its produces 第6页，本讲稿共49页CEREAL GRAINS Cereal grains are seeds of the grass family.Wheat,rice,corn,kaoliang are the most important cereals used for human food.第7页，本讲稿共49页1、结构与营养成分、结构与营养成分(structure and composition)bran 纤维素和半纤维素纤维素和半纤维素 5%蛋白质、脂肪、蛋白质、脂肪、B族维生素族维生素 aleurone layer 蛋白质、磷、蛋白质、磷、B族维生素族维生素 8%endosperm 淀粉，蛋白质淀粉，蛋白质 83%germ 蛋白质、脂肪、可蛋白质、脂肪、可 23%溶性糖和溶性糖和B族维生素族维生素 第8页，本讲稿共49页2.营养价值营养价值(nutritional value)They provide us with a majority of our food calories and about half of protein.Protein 7.515%EAA不平衡不平衡 BV偏低偏低 Carbohydrates 淀粉淀粉 90%70%单糖单糖 10%第9页，本讲稿共49页Fat 不饱和脂肪酸不饱和脂肪酸 14%lay in germ and bran mainly Mineral (P，Ca),1.53%lay in bran and aleurone layerVitamins B vitamins （thiamin,riboflavin,niacin）lay in aleurone layer and germ The nutritional value of cereal products varies with the part of grain that is used and the method of processing,cooking.第10页，本讲稿共49页0.793.500.685164010.138.936.4麦胚粉0.200.4010.99216118.360.816.7燕麦0.120.251.61913722.766.59.4黑米0.090.524.72714693.171.98.8小米0.110.040.3186000.433.51.4红薯0.030.084.22514480.673.212.0面粉0.020.064.133208924.162.68.0方便面0.100.171.91214183.667.79.0玉米0.110.040.51414600.874.98.2大米Vit.B2(mg)Vit.B1(mg)Fe(mg)Ca(mg)Energy(kj)Fat(g)Carb.(g)Protein(g)KindNutrients Content of Cereal(100g)第11页，本讲稿共49页3.烹调、加工与贮存的影响Effect of cooking,processing and storage85%80%72%96%94%92%0.40.90.20.40.20.60.40.3fiber0.70.90.60.80.30.61.00.80.6mineral2.02.51.52.01.52.00.60.40.3saccharide1.52.01.01.60.81.51.51.10.8crude fat9149148136.96.66.2crude p.14.514.514.515.515.515.5water出粉率出米率Nutrient不同出粉率与出米率的营养组成（%）第12页，本讲稿共49页出粉率对面粉维生素的影响出粉率对面粉维生素的影响95100858072500.500.300.250.150.10pyridoxine1.501.100.900.600.40pantothenic acid6.001.601.200.720.70niacin0.120.070.050.040.03riboflavin0.400.310.260.110.08thiamin出 粉 率（%）vitamin(mg/100g)第13页，本讲稿共49页烹调方式的影响烹调方式的影响:B族维生素保存率（族维生素保存率（%）52500炸标准粉油条1008679烙标准粉968697烙富强粉大饼784351煮标准粉737169煮富强粉noodle908670发酵、蒸标准粉916228发酵、蒸富强粉Steamed bread673018熬小 米congee3010062碗蒸meal245033捞蒸riceniacinriboflavinthiamincookerystufffood第14页，本讲稿共49页3.贮存对谷物营养价值的影响含水量 氧气 微生物 害虫 谷物 时间 温度 湿度阴凉、通风、干燥、避光第15页，本讲稿共49页 豆类豆类(LEGUMES)大豆的营养价值大豆的营养价值(nutritive value of soybean)Soybeans are good source of protein of high biological value and have been used for centuries in various forms as a food staple by millions of people in China and Japan.第16页，本讲稿共49页Protein EAA组成合理组成合理,rich in lysine3540%Carbohydrate 其中约其中约50%可直接消化可直接消化2030%另一半另一半 为难以消化的棉籽糖和水苏糖。为难以消化的棉籽糖和水苏糖。Fat 其中其中UFA占占85%，亚油酸占，亚油酸占50%以上，以上，1520%磷脂磷脂1.64%soy lecithin Mineral Ca 190mg/100g Fe 8.2mg/100g Vitamin 丰富的丰富的thiamin、riboflavin和和Vit.E第17页，本讲稿共49页大豆油脂的脂肪酸组成脂肪酸的种类比例范围平均值饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids)月桂酸(C12)0.1豆蔻酸(C14)0.50.2棕榈酸(C16)71210.7硬脂酸(C18)25.53.9花生酸(C20)1.00.2山芋酸(C22)0.5总计101915.1不饱和脂肪酸(unsaturated fatty acids)棕榈酸油(C16)80%,鱼类间质蛋白少，水分多，组织柔软细鱼类间质蛋白少，水分多，组织柔软细 嫩嫩,BV更大更大Fat 依肥瘦程度及部位差异较大依肥瘦程度及部位差异较大，畜肉：以饱合脂肪酸为主，熔点较高，畜肉：以饱合脂肪酸为主，熔点较高，禽肉禽肉：Fat 2.5%,EFA含量高，亚油酸占含量高，亚油酸占20%鱼：鱼：Fat 13%，主要分布在皮下和内脏周围，主要分布在皮下和内脏周围，其中其中UFA占占80%。EPA The Intake of fishes is apparently related to a decreased risk of coronary heart disease.脏器中胆固醇含量很高脏器中胆固醇含量很高 鱼籽含量约鱼籽含量约1000mg/100g1.nutritional value第35页，本讲稿共49页Carbohydrates 肝脏与肌肉中的糖元肝脏与肌肉中的糖元Mineral 0.61.2%（Fe、S、P）血红素铁，血红素铁，BV高，高，海产鱼类含碘丰富海产鱼类含碘丰富Vitamins B族含量丰富，族含量丰富，禽肉中禽肉中Vit.E丰富丰富 鱼肉中含鱼肉中含B1、B2、和、和B12 Liver and kidney are good dietary source of riboflavin and are richer in niacin than most other tissues.鱼肝富含鱼肝富含Vit.A和和Vit.D第36页，本讲稿共49页 畜肉类的营养成分（畜肉类的营养成分（100g可食部）可食部）KindProtein(g)Fat(g)Ca(mg)Fe(mg)Vit.A(gRE)Vit.B1(mg)Vit.B2(mg)Cho.(mg)瘦肉20.36.263.0440.540.1079猪心16.65.3124.3130.190.48151猪肝19.33.8622.649720.212.08288猪肾15.43.2126.1410.311.14354猪脑10.89.8301.9-0.110.192571牛肉18.68.373.5210.050.1562羊肉21.212.8102.0440.050.0698狗肉 18.63.7433.5157-0.1252第37页，本讲稿共49页禽肉类的营养成分（禽肉类的营养成分（100g可食部）可食部）KindProtein(g)Fat(g)Ca(mg)Fe(mg)Vit.A(gRE)Vit.B1(mg)Vit.B2(mg)Cho.(mg)鸡19.39.491.4480.050.09106鸡肝16.64.8712.0104100.331.10356鸡肫19.22.874.4360.040.09174鸭15.519.762.2520.080.2294鸭肝14.57.51823.110400.261.05341鸭肫17.91.3124.360.040.15135鹅17.919.943.8420.070.2374肯德鸡20.317.3-2.2230.030.17198第38页，本讲稿共49页2.effects of processing and cookingProtein 变化不大，且更利于消化吸收Vitamins 炖、煮时损失不大，高温时B vitamins损失较多。第39页，本讲稿共49页MILK AND MILK PRODUCES 1.Protein:3%，为优质蛋白（酪蛋白，为优质蛋白（酪蛋白79.6%，为钙、磷结合蛋，为钙、磷结合蛋白，乳清蛋白白，乳清蛋白11.5%，乳球蛋白，乳球蛋白3.3%。人乳中酪蛋白与乳清。人乳中酪蛋白与乳清蛋白的比为蛋白的比为23），），BV802.Lipids:含含fat 3%（脂肪球），其中含油酸（脂肪球），其中含油酸33%、亚油酸、亚油酸5.3%、亚麻酸亚麻酸2.1%及水溶性挥发性短链脂肪酸及水溶性挥发性短链脂肪酸 和少量的卵磷脂、胆固醇。人乳中含有脂解酶，有助于婴儿和少量的卵磷脂、胆固醇。人乳中含有脂解酶，有助于婴儿消化脂肪消化脂肪3.Carbohydrates:lactose（调节胃酸、促进胃肠蠕动和消化液（调节胃酸、促进胃肠蠕动和消化液的分泌，促进钙的吸收与乳酸杆菌的增殖）的分泌，促进钙的吸收与乳酸杆菌的增殖）4.Mineral:0.700.75%（Ca、P、K），），牛奶贫铁牛奶贫铁 5.Vit.:种类齐全，但含量与饲养方式有关种类齐全，但含量与饲养方式有关第40页，本讲稿共49页各种奶的营养成分（各种奶的营养成分（100g)987313P(mg)-1.05.0Vit.C(mg)8210430Ca(mg)2.100.100.20Vit.PP(mg)247226272Energy(kj)0.120.140.05Vit.B2(mg)5.43.47.4Carbo.(g)0.040.030.01Vit.B1(mg)3.53.23.4Fat(g)842411Vit.A(gRE)1.53.01.3Protein(g)0.50.30.1Fe(mg)88.989.987.6H2O(g)羊乳羊乳牛乳牛乳人乳人乳羊乳羊乳牛乳牛乳人乳人乳第41页，本讲稿共49页Fluid milk Milk(Whole milk)fat 3%Low-fat milk fat 0.5-2.0%Skim milk fat 0.5%Milk powder全脂奶粉：鲜奶经加热、喷雾干燥而制成的奶制品。全脂奶粉：鲜奶经加热、喷雾干燥而制成的奶制品。Whole 按重量按重量1：8或体积或体积1：4加水加水脱脂奶粉：脱脂脱脂奶粉：脱脂 skim调制奶粉：以牛奶为基础，加以调整和改善调制奶粉：以牛奶为基础，加以调整和改善Formula 第42页，本讲稿共49页炼乳炼乳1 Evaporated milk：鲜奶消毒低温真空下蒸发浓：鲜奶消毒低温真空下蒸发浓 缩至原量的缩至原量的1/32.Sweetened condensed milk：加：加15%的蔗糖，的蔗糖，浓缩至原体积的浓缩至原体积的40%酸奶酸奶(yogurt)：鲜奶：鲜奶+乳酸杆菌，乳糖乳酸杆菌，乳糖 乳酸乳酸婴儿配方奶：婴儿配方奶：婴儿代乳粉：牛奶婴儿代乳粉：牛奶+大豆和饴糖大豆和饴糖第43页，本讲稿共49页EGGS AND EGG PRODUCTS第44页，本讲稿共49页Whole egg contains about 75%water 12%protein 10%fat 1%carbohydrate 1%mineralsThe white and yolk are very different from each other in composition第45页，本讲稿共49页第46页，本讲稿共49页1.protein good quality protein 15%highest PER2.Fat 1115%3.minerals Ca、P、Fe、K、Mg4.vitamins A、D、B1、B2Nutritional value第47页，本讲稿共49页Composition of egg without shellweight water Energy Protein FatIron Vit.A thiamin Riboflavin(g)(%)(kcal)(g)(g)(mg)(RE)(mg)(mg)whole507572650.7950.030.25White33881540Trace0Trace0.15yolk174960350.6950.030.10第48页，本讲稿共49页Egg products1.冰蛋和蛋粉2.咸蛋和皮蛋第49页，本讲稿共49页
