(京津鲁琼专用)2022版高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解第一部分题型分类概述教案.pdf

京津鲁琼专用京津鲁琼专用 20222022 版高考英版高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解第语二轮复习专题一阅读理解第一局部题型分类概述教案一局部题型分类概述教案第一板块第一板块 阅读理解与七选五阅读理解与七选五“阅读理解和“七选五占据着高考试卷“阅读理解和“七选五占据着高考试卷的第一局部。“良好的开端是成功的一半，前的第一局部。“良好的开端是成功的一半，前面这两个题型解答的顺利与否，直接影响着后面面这两个题型解答的顺利与否，直接影响着后面其他试题的答题时间和答题心态，准做快做阅读其他试题的答题时间和答题心态，准做快做阅读理解类试题，为攻克后面的题目节省时间。理解类试题，为攻克后面的题目节省时间。第一局部第一局部题型分类概述题型分类概述|掌握四种题型选掌握四种题型选项特征，快速阅读不失分项特征，快速阅读不失分 阅读理解题型细分类阅读理解题型细分类 正误选项特征巧识别正误选项特征巧识别 超重点超重点 1 1正确选项特征正确选项特征-2-2-【考情调研】【考情调研】在阅读理解的备考过程中，明确阅读理解常在阅读理解的备考过程中，明确阅读理解常设选项的特征是快速准确锁定答案的关键。高考设选项的特征是快速准确锁定答案的关键。高考英语阅读理解的正确选项一般通过以下途径设英语阅读理解的正确选项一般通过以下途径设置：置：关键词直接复现：直接复现类可从问题中找关键词直接复现：直接复现类可从问题中找到关键词，以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧到关键词，以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧迅速定位即可。此类题目较为简单，考查频率不迅速定位即可。此类题目较为简单，考查频率不高。高。对原文关键词进行同义转换、正话反说和细对原文关键词进行同义转换、正话反说和细节概括：此类题目需对原文信息进行准确理解并节概括：此类题目需对原文信息进行准确理解并简单推理，观察词义、词性及语态的变化。这是简单推理，观察词义、词性及语态的变化。这是命题人常用的设题方式，复习时应掌握英语的多命题人常用的设题方式，复习时应掌握英语的多种表达法。种表达法。特征特征11同义转述同义转述从近几年的高考题来看，细节理解题不仅数从近几年的高考题来看，细节理解题不仅数量有所增加，而且难度也稍有加大，主要表现为量有所增加，而且难度也稍有加大，主要表现为题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。命题人一题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。命题人一-3-3-般会对文章细节加以转述来考查考生准确理解细般会对文章细节加以转述来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。转述的主要方式有以下三种：节的能力。转述的主要方式有以下三种：1 1同义词转化：同义词转化：把原文中的一些词换成意义把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，设为正确选项。相近的词，设为正确选项。2 2词性或语态等的变化：词性或语态等的变化：把原文中的词变换把原文中的词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，用另一种一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，用另一种表达转述原文信息。表达转述原文信息。3 3语言简化概括：语言简化概括：把原文中的复杂语言现象把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化或概括成为正确答案。进行简化或概括成为正确答案。典例典例(2022全国卷C(2022全国卷C片段片段)In a)In astudystudydescribingdescribingthethetechnology,technology,thetheresearchersresearchers hadhad 100100 volunteersvolunteers typetype thethe wordword“touchtouch fourfourtimestimesusingusingthethesmartsmartkeyboard.keyboard.DataData collectedcollected fromfrom thethe devicedevicecouldcouldbebeusedusedtotorecognizerecognizedifferentdifferentparticipants based on how they typed,withparticipants based on how they typed,withvery low error rates.The researchers sayvery low error rates.The researchers saythatthatthethekeyboardkeyboardshouldshouldbebeprettypretty-4-4-straightforwardstraightforwardtotocommercializecommercializeandandisismostlymostly mademade ofof inexpensive,inexpensive,plasticplasticlikelikeparts.parts.TheThe teamteam hopeshopes toto makemake itit toto marketmarket ininthe near future.the near future.3030WhatWhat dodo thethe researchersresearchers expectexpect ofof thethesmart keyboard?smart keyboard?A AItItll be environmentll be environment friendly.friendly.B BItItll reach consumers soon.ll reach consumers soon.C CItItll be made of plastics.ll be made of plastics.D DItItll help speed up typing.ll help speed up typing.解析解析 B B细节理解题。细节理解题。根据上段中的最后根据上段中的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to一句“The team hopes to make it tomarket inmarket inthe near future.the near future.可知，该研究团队希望在不可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，应选久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，应选 B B。特征特征22正话反说正话反说正话反说是阅读理解题目中的一个难点，通正话反说是阅读理解题目中的一个难点，通常有以下几个高频考向：常有以下几个高频考向：1 1It looks/sounds like/as ifIt looks/sounds like/as if 类：表示类：表示-5-5-看看/听起来好似是，实际上并不是。听起来好似是，实际上并不是。2 2虚拟语气句：虚拟语气句：用虚拟语气来表述与事实相用虚拟语气来表述与事实相反的情况，让读者推断事实内容。反的情况，让读者推断事实内容。3 3让步论述：先假设作者的观点反面成立，让步论述：先假设作者的观点反面成立，从而引出一系列荒唐的、不合理的结果，倒过来从而引出一系列荒唐的、不合理的结果，倒过来证明作者观点的正确性。证明作者观点的正确性。4 4反问句。反问句。典典 例例 (2022(2022 北北 京京 卷卷 CC 片片 段段)The)Theproblem of robocalls has gotten so bad thatproblem of robocalls has gotten so bad thatmany people now refuse to pick up calls frommany people now refuse to pick up calls fromnumbersnumbers theythey dontdont know.know.ByBy nextnext year,year,halfhalfofof thethe callscalls wewe receivereceive willwill bebe scams(scams(欺诈欺诈).).We are finally waking up to the severity ofWe are finally waking up to the severity ofthe problem by supporting and developing athe problem by supporting and developing agroupgroup ofof tools,tools,appsapps andand approachesapproaches intendedintendedtoto preventprevent scammersscammers fromfrom gettinggetting through.through.Unfortunately,Unfortunately,itits s tootoo little,little,tootoo late.late.ByBythethe timetime thesethese“solutionssolutions(解解决决方方案案)-6-6-become widely available,scammers will havebecome widely available,scammers will havemovedmoved ontoonto cleverercleverer means.means.InIn thethe nearnear future,future,itits s notnot justjust goinggoing toto bebe thethe numbernumber youyou seeseeonon youryour screenscreen thatthat willwill bebe inin doubt.doubt.SoonSoon youyouwill also question whether the voice youwill also question whether the voice you re hearing is actually real.re hearing is actually real.3838How does the author feel about theHow does the author feel about thesolutions to the problem of robocalls?solutions to the problem of robocalls?A APanicked.Panicked.B BConfused.Confused.C CEmbarrassed.DEmbarrassed.DDisappointed.Disappointed.解析解析 D D推理判断题。根据上推理判断题。根据上段中的“By the time these solutions(解段中的“By the time these solutions(解决方案决方案)become widely available,scammers)become widely available,scammerswill have moved onto cleverer means.will have moved onto cleverer means.可知，可知，等到这些“解决方案被广泛使用时，不法分子等到这些“解决方案被广泛使用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音语音问题的解决方案感到很失望，问题的解决方案感到很失望，D D 项意为项意为-7-7-“失望的，应选“失望的，应选 D D。特征特征33理解概括理解概括阅读理解除了考查考生对细节信息的准确理阅读理解除了考查考生对细节信息的准确理解外，解外，还要求考生通过思维分析将信息进行归纳还要求考生通过思维分析将信息进行归纳概括，使之系统化、条理化。概括，使之系统化、条理化。典典例例(2022(2022浙浙江江卷卷6 6月C)California月C)California hashas lostlost halfhalf itsits bigbig treestreessince the 1930s,according to a study to besince the 1930s,according to a study to bepublishedpublished TuesdayTuesday andand climateclimate changechange seemsseems totobe a major factor(be a major factor(因素因素)TheThe numbernumber ofof treestrees largerlarger thanthan twotwo feetfeetacrossacross hashas declineddeclined byby 5050 percentpercent onon moremore thanthan46,000 square miles of California forests,46,000 square miles of California forests,the new study finds.No area was spared orthe new study finds.No area was spared orunaffected,unaffected,fromfrom thethe foggyfoggy northernnorthern coastcoast totothetheSierraSierraNevadaNevadaMountainsMountainstotothetheSanSanGabriels above Los Angeles.In the SierraGabriels above Los Angeles.In the Sierrahigh country,the number of big trees hashigh country,the number of big trees has-8-8-fallen by more than 55 percent;in parts offallen by more than 55 percent;in parts ofsouthernsouthern CaliforniaCalifornia thethe declinedecline waswas nearlynearly 7575percent.percent.ManyMany factorsfactors contributedcontributed toto thethe decline,decline,said Patrick McIntyre,an ecologist who wassaid Patrick McIntyre,an ecologist who wasthe lead author of the study.Woodcuttersthe lead author of the study.Woodcutterstargetedtargetedbigbigtrees.trees.HousingHousingdevelopmentdevelopmentpushed into the woods.Aggressive wildfirepushed into the woods.Aggressive wildfirecontrol has left California forests crowdedcontrol has left California forests crowdedwithwith smallsmall treestrees thatthat competecompete withwith bigbig treestreesfor resources(for resources(资源资源)But in comparing a study of CaliforniaBut in comparing a study of Californiaforestsforests donedone inin thethe 1920s1920s andand 1930s1930s withwithanother one between 2001 and 2022,McIntyreanother one between 2001 and 2022,McIntyreand his colleagues documented a widespreadand his colleagues documented a widespreaddeath of big trees that was evident even indeath of big trees that was evident even inwildlandswildlandsprotectedprotectedfromfromwoodcuttingwoodcuttingorordevelopment.development.-9-9-The loss of big trees was greatest inThe loss of big trees was greatest inareas where trees had suffered the greatestareas where trees had suffered the greatestwater shortage.The researchers figured outwater shortage.The researchers figured outwaterwater stressstress withwith a a computercomputer modelmodel thatthatcalculatedcalculated howhow muchmuch waterwater treestrees werewere gettinggettinginin comparisoncomparison withwith howhow muchmuch theythey needed,needed,takingtaking intointo accountaccount suchsuch thingsthings asas rainfall,rainfall,air temperature,dampness of soil,and theair temperature,dampness of soil,and thetiming of snowmelt(timing of snowmelt(融雪融雪)SinceSincethethe1930s,1930s,McIntyreMcIntyresaid,said,thethebiggest factors driving up water stress inbiggest factors driving up water stress inthethe statestate havehave beenbeen risingrising temperatures,temperatures,which cause trees to lose more water to thewhich cause trees to lose more water to theair,air,andand earlierearlier snowmelt,snowmelt,whichwhich reducesreduces thethewater supply available to trees during thewater supply available to trees during thedry season.dry season.3030WhatWhat can becan be a a suitablesuitable titletitle forfor thethetext?text?-10-10-A ACaliforniaCalifornias s Forests:Forests:WhereWhere HaveHave AllAllthe Big Trees Gone?the Big Trees Gone?B BCuttingCutting ofof BigBig TreesTrees toto BeBe ProhibitedProhibitedin California Soonin California SoonC CWhy Are the Big Trees Important toWhy Are the Big Trees Important toCalifornia Forests?California Forests?D DPatrickPatrick McIntyre:McIntyre:GrowGrow MoreMore BigBig TreesTreesin Californiain California 解析解析 A A标题归纳题。标题归纳题。根据全文可知，根据全文可知，文文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了其原因。因此的现象，并分析了其原因。因此 A A 项能很好地概项能很好地概括全文。应选括全文。应选 A A。超重点超重点 2 2干扰项特征干扰项特征【考情调研】【考情调研】高考英语阅读理解的错误选项就是命题人用高考英语阅读理解的错误选项就是命题人用以干扰考生思维的陷阱。高考英语中，由于词汇以干扰考生思维的陷阱。高考英语中，由于词汇量的限制，挑选的文章不能过难。命题人就在问量的限制，挑选的文章不能过难。命题人就在问题和干扰项上做文章，使考生即使能根本读懂文题和干扰项上做文章，使考生即使能根本读懂文-11-11-章，也不能轻松做对题目。现在的干扰项不仅语章，也不能轻松做对题目。现在的干扰项不仅语言复杂，而且欺骗性强，两个语言水平相当、对言复杂，而且欺骗性强，两个语言水平相当、对文章理解程度相差不大的考生会因为对干扰项的文章理解程度相差不大的考生会因为对干扰项的区分能力不同，而影响答题的准确率。为了提高区分能力不同，而影响答题的准确率。为了提高区分错误和干扰信息的能力，有必要分析干扰项区分错误和干扰信息的能力，有必要分析干扰项的种种特征，的种种特征，使考生在命题人设置的种种陷阱前，使考生在命题人设置的种种陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。做到胸有成竹。特征特征11偷梁换柱偷梁换柱干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，构和单词，却在考生易无视的地方换了几个单词，却在考生易无视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。造成句意的改变。典例典例(2022全国卷D(2022全国卷D 片段片段)During)Duringthethe rosyrosy yearsyears ofof elementaryelementary school(school(小学小学),),I Ienjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,whichenjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,whichallowed me to keep my high social status.Iallowed me to keep my high social status.Iwaswas thethe queenqueen ofof thethe playground.playground.ThenThen camecame mymytweenstweens andand teens,teens,andand meanmean girlsgirls andand coolcool kids.kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendlyThey rose in the ranks not by being friendly-12-12-butbut byby smokingsmoking cigarettes,cigarettes,breakingbreaking rulesrules andandplaying jokes on others,among whom I soonplaying jokes on others,among whom I soonfound myself.found myself.3232What sort of girl was the author inWhat sort of girl was the author inher early years of elementary school?her early years of elementary school?A AUnkind.Unkind.B BLonely.Lonely.C CGenerous.Generous.D DCool.Cool.解析解析 C C推理判断题。推理判断题。根据上段的第一句根据上段的第一句“During“Duringthetherosyrosyyearsyearsofofelementaryelementaryschool(school(小学小学),),I I enjoyedenjoyed sharingsharing mymy dollsdolls andandjokes,jokes,whichwhich allowedallowed meme toto keepkeep mymy highhigh socialsocialstatus.status.可可知知，作作者者在在小小学学时时乐乐于于分分享享。unkind“unkind“不不友友好好的的，lonelylonely“孤孤独独的的，generousgenerous“慷慨的，大方的，“慷慨的，大方的，coolcool“酷的，“酷的，应选应选 C C。易错分析易错分析 该题易误选该题易误选 A A 项。选项项。选项 A A 属于属于偷梁换柱，由“Then偷梁换柱，由“Then camecame mymy tweenstweens andand teens,teens,andand meanmean girlsgirls andand coolcool kids.kids.TheyThey roserose inin thethe-13-13-ranks not by being friendly but by smokingranks not by being friendly but by smokingcigarettes,cigarettes,breakingbreaking rulesrules andand playingplaying jokesjokesonon others,others,amongamong whomwhom I I soonsoon foundfound myself.myself.可知可知 A A 项是作者青少年时期的情况。项是作者青少年时期的情况。特征特征22张冠李戴张冠李戴干扰项表述的内容在原文里可以找到信息依干扰项表述的内容在原文里可以找到信息依据，据，但与题干所问的动作发出者不一致。但与题干所问的动作发出者不一致。不注意不注意动作主语的差异，动作主语的差异，张冠李戴，张冠李戴，极易造成误选。极易造成误选。典例典例(2022全国卷A(2022全国卷A 片段片段)The AudienceThe AudienceHelen Mirren stars in the play by PeterHelen Mirren stars in the play by PeterMorgan,about Queen ElizabethMorgan,about Queen Elizabeth of the UK of the UKand her private meetings with twelve Primeand her private meetings with twelve PrimeMinistersMinisters inin thethe coursecourse ofof sixtysixty years.years.Stephen Daldry directs.Also starring DylanStephen Daldry directs.Also starring DylanBakerBakerandandJudithJudithIvey.Ivey.PreviewsPreviewsbeginbeginFeb.14.(Schoenfeld,236 WFeb.14.(Schoenfeld,236 W45th St.21245th St.212 2392396200.)6200.)-14-14-2 2Who is the director ofWho is the director ofTheThe Audience?Audience?A AHelen Mirren.BHelen Mirren.BPeter Morgan.Peter Morgan.C CDylan Baker.Dylan Baker.D DStephen Daldry.Stephen Daldry.解析解析 D D细节理解题。细节理解题。题干问的是“谁执题干问的是“谁执导导 了了TheThe AudienceAudience？。根根 据据 该该 局局 部部 中中 的的“Stephen Daldry directs.可知答案。“Stephen Daldry directs.可知答案。易错分析易错分析 此题容易误选此题容易误选 B B 项。有些考生项。有些考生一看到原文中的“Helen Mirren stars in the一看到原文中的“Helen Mirren stars in theplay by Peter Morganplay by Peter Morgan就贸然下结论，以为这就贸然下结论，以为这部戏剧的导演是部戏剧的导演是 Peter MorganPeter Morgan。特征特征33绝对化表达绝对化表达干扰项中出现如干扰项中出现如 all,all,none,none,everyone,everyone,each,each,everything,impossibleeverything,impossible 等绝对化的表达，等绝对化的表达，一一般不符合客观事实和原文信息。般不符合客观事实和原文信息。典例典例(2022江苏卷C(2022江苏卷C 片段片段)Even more)Even moreworryingly,worryingly,thethefascinationfascinationwithwiththetheinternetinternet byby peoplepeople inin richrich countriescountries hashasmoved the international community to worrymoved the international community to worry-15-15-aboutabout thethe“digitaldigital dividedivide between between thethe richrichcountries and the poor countries.This hascountries and the poor countries.This hasledled companiescompanies andand individualsindividuals toto donatedonate moneymoneytotodevelopingdevelopingcountriescountriestotobuybuycomputercomputerequipmentequipmentandandinternetinternetfacilities.facilities.TheThequestion,however,is whether this is whatquestion,however,is whether this is whatthethedevelopingdevelopingcountriescountriesneedneedthethemost.most.PerhapsPerhapsgivinggivingmoneymoneyforforthosethoselesslessfashionablefashionable thingsthings suchsuch asas diggingdigging wells,wells,extendingextending electricityelectricity networksnetworks andand makingmakingmore affordable washing machines would havemore affordable washing machines would haveimproved peopleimproved people s lives more than givings lives more than givingevery child a laptop computer or setting upevery child a laptop computer or setting upinternetinternet centrescentres inin ruralrural villages.villages.I I amam notnotsayingsaying thatthat thosethose thingsthings areare necessarilynecessarily moremoreimportant,important,butbut manymany donatorsdonators havehave rushedrushed intointofancyfancy programmesprogrammes withoutwithout carefullycarefully assessingassessingthethe relativerelative longlong termterm costscosts andand benefitsbenefits ofof-16-16-alternative uses of their money.alternative uses of their money.6262The example in Paragraph 4 suggestsThe example in Paragraph 4 suggeststhat donators should _that donators should _A Atake peopletake peoples essential needs intos essential needs intoaccountaccountB Bmake their programmes attractive tomake their pro