高中英语阅读理解解题技巧讲解(配有例题).pdf

高中英语阅读理解解题策略与技巧高中英语阅读理解解题策略与技巧高考要求高考要求1.理解文章主旨和要义；2.理解文中具体信息；3.根据上下文推断生词词义；4.作出简单的推断和判断；5.理解文章篇章结构；6.理解作者写作意图、观点和态度。高考题型和解题技巧高考题型和解题技巧通过详细分析历年高考英语试卷，我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下几种题型：主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题（含写作意图、目的等），词义猜测题。英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略是学生提高阅读理解多需要具备的。一、一、主旨大意题主旨大意题（几乎每年高考都有，13 题）这类题在设题时常会用到 title,subject,main idea,topic,theme 等词。1.1.归纳标题题归纳标题题特点：短小精悍，一般多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般能覆盖全文意思；精确性强，表达范围要恰当，不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。常见命题形式有：WhatsthebesttitleforthetextThe best title for this passage is _.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage真题范例（2012 安徽卷）Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys？The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personalexperiences.To the Egyptians,green was a color that represented the hope and joyof spring,while for Muslims,it means heaven.Red is a symbol of good luck in manycultures.In China,children are given money in a red envelope to bring good fortunein the New Year.For many nations,blue is a symbol of protection and religiousbeliefs.Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect themselvesagainst evils(灾祸).Peoples choice of colors is also influenced by their bodiesreactions(反应)toward them.Green is said to be the mostrestful color.It has theability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally and physically.People who workin green environment have been found to have fewer stomach aches.Red can cause a persons blood pressure to rise and increasepeoples appetites(食欲).Many decorators will include different shades of red inthe restaurant.Similarly,many commercial websites will have a red Buy Now buttonbecause red is a color that easily catches a persons eye.Blue is another calming color.Unlike red,blue can cause peopleto lose appetite.So if you want to eat less,some suggest that eating from blue platescan help.The next time you are deciding on what to wear or what color to decorateyour room,think about the color carefully.63.Which of the following would be the most proper title for the text？A.Colors and Human Beings B.The Cultural Meaning of Color C.Colors and Personal Experiences D.The Meaning and Function of Color2.2.概括大意题概括大意题包括寻找段落大意（topic）和文章中心思想（main idea），常见命题形式有：What is the general/main idea of the passageWhich of the following expresses the main idea？What is the subject discussed in the textThe writer of the story wants to tell us that_.The passage/text is mainly about_.Whatsthearticlemainlyabout范例 Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided toleave his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated withhonors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellentlegal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.Q:What is the main idea of the passageA.How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B.Bingham is a diligent student.C.Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D.A good lawyer needs good education.【解题思路】此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的 details 综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想。由于文中主要涉及了 Joshua Bingham 接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham 接受过良好的教育，所以答案是。范例 In the 1930s,a lot of people in the USA were out of work.Among these peoplewas a man named Alfred Butts.He always had an interest in word games and to fillhis time he planned a game which he called“Lexico”.However,he was not completelysatisfied with the game,so he made a number of changes to it and changed its namefrom“Lexico”to“Alph”and then to“Criss Cross”.He wanted to make some moneyfrom his new game but he didnt have any real commercial(商业性的)success.Q:The text is mainly about_.A.Lexico B.Three menC.A word game D.Alfred Butts.解题技巧解题技巧：阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文，这两种文体的结构可归纳为：提出问题论述问题得出结论或者阐明观点。对于这类文章，抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点。题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点。主题句在文章中的位置主要有以下几种情况：位于段首位于段首：一般而言，以演绎法撰写的文章，主题句往往在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。判断第一句是否为主题句，可具体分析段落的首句与第二，三句的关系；如果从第二句就开始对第一句进行说明，论述或描述，那第一句就是主题句。有些段落，在主题句后面有明显引出细节的信号词，如 for example,an example of;first,second,next,last,finally;to begin with,also,besides;one,the other;some,others 等。在阅读中应尽量利用上述信号词来确定主题句的位置。范例 People have differenttastes in food.Some feel that they havent eatena meal un1ess they havehad steak or other red meat Some prefer chicken or fish andeat one or the other at every meal.Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grainsand would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant and fresh fruit0thers could live onwhat were called fastfoods：a hamburger or hot dog。French fries and a soft drink位于段尾位于段尾：有些文章会在开头列举事实,然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。因此，如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话，最好快速读一读段落的最后一个句子，看看它是否具备主题句的特征。如果它具备主題句的特征，段落的主题思想就很容易确定了。一般说来，当一种观点不易向人解释清楚或不易被人接受时，主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。学生可以充分利用引出结论的信号词。如 so，therefore，thus，consequently；in conclusion，in short；in a word,to sum up 等来确定主题句的位置在段尾。当无明显的此类信号时，学生可在段落的最后一句话前面添加一个引出结论的信号词，以确定其是否是主题句。范例 Americans might be embarrassed because their Japanese friends areso formal with them Japanese might feel insulted because American acquaintances greetthem casuallyStill,the forms of greeting in both countries only show respect forothersIt just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of lookingat human relationships and thus have a different way of showing respect位于段中位于段中：有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。归纳起来主要有两种情况：先提出问题，然后给予回答(主题句)，最后给予解释；或者，先提出问题，然后点出主题思想(主题句)，最后给予解释。范例 In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding theAmerican marketFord,General Motors,and Chrysler are employing more workers thanever beforeThe flood of cheaper foreign cars has not cost American autoworkers theirjob as some experts expected Ford operates as far as Asia,and General Motors isconsidered Australias biggest employerYet General Motors has its huge Americanwork force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiablesociety。首尾呼应首尾呼应：主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现，形成前呼后应的格局。这两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容，但用词不尽相同，这样不但强调了主题思想，而且显得灵活多变。这两个句子并非简单重复，后一个主题句或对该主题作最后的评述，或对要点作一概括，或使之引申留给读者去思考。无明确主题句无明确主题句：找关键词（出现频率较高）,归纳总结。范例 Bats are the only animals that truly flyThese animals use their leatherywings differently from birds.Birds flap their wings up and down,while bats use boththeir wings and legs,which makes them seem as if they are swimming through theairEven though batstake much longer，stronger strokes than birds,they still canbeat their wings as often as twenty times per second!此段落的主题词是：bats,birds,different,fly归纳出段落的中心思想是：Bats aredifferent from birds in flying注意注意:新题型中有一个选项是干扰项，解答此类题时同学易犯以下三种错误：新题型中有一个选项是干扰项，解答此类题时同学易犯以下三种错误：（1）表述过于片面，只涵盖该段个别细节；（2）表述过于笼统，超出该段的内容；（3）表述与段落内容无关，在段落中找不到相关依据二、细节理解题二、细节理解题（高考比例较大）考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等；议论文中例证细节；定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。1.1.事实细节题寻读法（先读题，带着题干信息快速浏览全文）事实细节题寻读法（先读题，带着题干信息快速浏览全文）分为直接理解题和间接理解题，前者常用 who,what,which,when,where,why 和 how提问，或判断正误；后者需与原文信息转换，表达上与原文有差异。常见命题形式有：What can we learn from the passage All the following are mentioned except .Which of the following is mentioned(not mentioned)Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about真题范例 (2012 江西卷)Mark had been scolded before for touching his fathers equipment.But hiscuriosity was difficult to control and this new computer really puzzled him.56Why did Mark touch the computer against his fathers warningAHewantedtotakeavoyage.BHe wanted to practice his skillCHewassomuchattractedbyit.DHe was eager to do an experiment.2.2.排列顺序题首尾定位法（找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，用排除法缩小范围）排列顺序题首尾定位法（找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，用排除法缩小范围）常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发生的顺序。常见命题形式有：Which of the following is the correct order of Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph真题范例（2011 山东卷）Since the 1970s,scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain withcomputers.Brain-computerinterface(BCI)technologycouldhelppeoplewithdisabilities send commands to machines.The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up thesignals from the scalp(头皮)and sends them to a computer.The computer interpretsthe signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.The wheelchair also has two camerasthat identify objects in its path.They help the computer react to commands from thebrain.73.Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph5A.scalpcomputercapwheelchairB.computercapscalpwheelchairC.scalpcapcomputerwheelchairD.capcomputerscalpwheelchair3.3.图文匹配题按图索骥理清线索图文匹配题按图索骥理清线索设题形式：给出图表，根据图表提问问题。(略)4.数字计算题（方法：审题带着问题找细节对比、分析、计算）数字计算题（方法：审题带着问题找细节对比、分析、计算）可直接找到相关细节，但需经过计算方可找到答案。真题范例（2012 福建卷）AffordableplansthatIcanunderstand-andnocontracttosign(签订)!Unlike other cell phones，Jitterbug has plans that make sense.Why should Ipay for minutes Im never going to use And if I do talk more than I plan,I wontfind myself with no minutes like my friend who has a prepaid phone.Best of all,thereis no contract to signso Im not locked in for years at a time.The US-based customerservice is second to none.And the phone gets service anywhere in the country.Monthly MinutesMonthly Rate911 AccessLong Distance Calls50$FREENo additional charge100$FREENo additional charge30 daysFriendly Return Policy 30 days64.On the monthly basis of 100 minutes,the Jitterbug weekly rate is about _.A.$B.$C.$14.99 D.$三、推理判断题三、推理判断题（失分较多、难度最大的题型）主要考查学生对文章中隐含或深层的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断，包括考生对作者观点的理解，态度的判断，对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。题干关键词：infer(推断),indicate(象征，暗示),imply/suggest(暗示),conclude(作出结论),assume(假定，设想).1.1.细节推理判断题细节推理判断题一般可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断，常见命题形式有：It can be inferred/concluded from the text that _.The author implies/suggests that_.We may infer that _.Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated真题范例（2012 天津卷）.Some eyes rolled and there were a few low groans(嘟囔声)when was about to speak.Many started looking at their watches and coming up with excuses to be anywhere insteadof preparing to listen to a lecture from and old woman who had few kind words forher students and made them work harder than all the other teachers combined.42.What can be inferred from Paragraph 2 A.Some graduates were too busy to listen to Ms.Yates speech.B.Many graduates disliked Ms.Yates ways of teaching.C.Some people got tired from the reunion activities.D.Most people had little interest in the reunion.2.2.预测推理判断题预测推理判断题根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测，常见命题形式有：What do you think will happen if/whenAt the end of this passage,the writer might continue to write .3.3.推测文章来源或读者对象推测文章来源或读者对象常见命题形式有：The passage is probably take out of .The passage would most likely be found in .Where does this text probably come from真题范例（2012 北京卷）The Basics of MathThe Basics of MathMade ClearMade ClearBasic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics,as well asthe fundamentals of more tricky areas.These 30 fantastic lectures are designed toprovide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them forAlgebra(代数)and beyond.If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you,you can easilyexchange it for any other course that we offer.Or you can get your money back.59.Where is the passage most likely to have been taken fromA.A news report.B.A book reviewC.A lesson plan.D.An advertisement4.4.写作意图、目的、态度推断题写作意图、目的、态度推断题作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。询问写作目的的题，询问写作目的的题，选项里常出现的词是选项里常出现的词是：explain(解释),prove(证明),persuade(劝说),advise(劝告),comment(评论),praise(赞扬),criticize(批评),entertain(娱乐),demonstrate(举例说明),argue(辩论),tell(讲述),analyze(分析)等。询问语气态度的题，选项里常出现的词是询问语气态度的题，选项里常出现的词是：neutral(中立的),sympathetic(同情的),satisfied(满意的),friendly(友好的),enthusiastic(热情的),subjective(主观的),objective(客观的),matter-of-fact(实事求是的),pessimistic(悲观的),optimistic(乐观的),critical(批评的),doubtful(怀疑的),hostile(敌对的),indifferent(冷淡的),disappointed(失望的)。常见命题形式有：The purpose of the text is .What is the main purpose of the author writing the textBy mentioning,the author aims to show that .What is the authors attitude towardsWhat is the authors opinion onThe authors tone in this passage is _.真题范例(2012 陕西卷)Springiscoming,anditistimeforthoseabouttograduatetolookforjobs.Competitionistough,sojobseekersmustcarefullyconsidertheirpersonalchoices.Whateverwearewearingourfamilyandfriendsmayacceptus,buttheworkplacemaynot.AsahiringmanagerIampaidtochoosethepeoplewhowouldma，kethebestimpressiononourcustomers.Thereareplentyofwell-qualifiedcandidates,soitisnotwrongtorejectsomeonewhomightdisappointmycustomers.EventhoughIamopen-minded,Icantexpectallourcustomersare.60.TheauthorsattitudetowardsstrangedressstylesintheworkplacemaybestbedescribedasA.enthusiasticB.negativeCpositiveD.sympathetic解答技巧解答技巧:推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据，切莫主观臆断。那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知；作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法；不要脱离原文主观臆断。四、词义猜测题四、词义猜测题考点：猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义；对文中的多义词或词组进行定义；判断某个代词的指代的对象。常见命题形式有：The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _.The word“it/they”in the last sentence refers to_.The word“”（Line 6.）probably means _.The word“”（Line 6.）could best be replaced by which of the followingWhich of the following is closest in meaning to the word“”解题技巧解题技巧:1.1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore 等等)表示前因后果。例如：You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.通过 for 引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出 blame 的词义是责备。2.2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由 and 或 or 连接的同义词词组，如 happy and gay，即使我们不认识 gay 这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如 Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with thehelp of spaceships.此句中的 Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道 planets 就可猜出这几个词都属于行星这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如 but，while，however 等；二是看与 not 搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据 not at all.handsome我们不难推测出 homely 的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。3.3.通过构词法猜词通过构词法猜词根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如：She is unlikely to have stolenthe money.(“un”含否定意义，故为“不太可能”之意。)4.4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time.Then there is a dry period，or drought.从 drought 所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即 drought，由此可见 drought 意思为久旱，旱灾。而 a dry period和 drought 是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由 is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。5.5.通过句法功能来推测词义通过句法功能来推测词义例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit growin warm areas.假如 pineapples 和 coconuts 是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出 pineapples，coconuts 和 bananas，oranges 是同类关系，同属 fruit 类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。6.6.通过描述猜词通过描述猜词描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is akind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Althoughit cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知 penguin 是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。7.7.根据常识猜词根据常识猜词如：The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.（lintel“过梁”。）Afraid of waking the baby up,she tiptoed out of the room.（tiptoed“踮着脚走，蹑手蹑脚”）