初中英语中考常考易错点突破专题二十：词汇运用.pdf

专题二十词汇运用易错清单一、考点分析词汇运用试题主要是考查学生对单词的拼写能力、词形变化和语法知识运用以及词组辨别能力等。试题通常以语篇、对话或句子的形式出现,测试内容以实词为主,虚词很少。这一题型中所给的词几乎覆盖了所有的词性,比如名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词、副词等。填空时要考虑名词的单复数、动词的第三人称单数、现在分词、过去分词;形容词、副词的比较等级;数词的基数词、序数词等。测试题型可以归为两大类:单词拼写和词形填空。其中单词拼写一般有两种题型:根据句意及首字母提示填写所缺单词;根据句意及汉语提示填写所缺单词。词形填空也包括两种题型:用所给词的适当形式填空;选词并用其适当形式填空。二、构词法英语构词方法主要有三种:即合成、派生和转化。(一)转化英语单词的词性非常活跃,名词用作动词,动词转化为名词,形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词,只要抓住单词的原始意思,结合句子成分,就容易弄清它们的引申义。1.动词和名词之间的相互转化。有时意思变化不大,有时有一定的变化。1)动词转化为名词。如:Shall we go out for a drive next Sunday?下个星期天咱们出去驱车旅行,好吗?句中的 drive 由动词转化为名词(词意引申为“驱车旅行”)。如:I often go there for a walk.我经常去那里散步。(句中 walk 由动词转化为名词)2)名词转化为动词。如:Have you booked your ticket?你的票订好了吗?(句中 book 由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“订购”)Hand me your knife,please.请把你的刀子递给我。(句中 hand 由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“传递”)2.少部分形容词转化为动词。如:The train slowed down to half its speed.火车速度减慢了一半。(句中 slow 由形容词转化为动词,词意引申为“减速”)Dont dirty your clothes.别把你的衣服弄脏了。(句中 dirty 由形容词转化为动词,词意引申为“弄脏”)3.形容词和名词之间的相互转化。如:The poor were not allowed to go into this park those days.那个时候,穷人是不允许进入这个公园的。(句中 poor 由形容词转化为名词,词意引申为“穷人”)They took the sick to hospital yesterday.昨天他们把那个病人送进了医院。(句中 sick 由形容词转化为名词,词意引申为“病人”)4.有些词可以词形不变,只因重音变化而发生词类转化,有时词义也可能变化。如:record re k d v.记录record r k d n.记录5.有些词词形不变,只因词尾的清浊音变化而发生词类转化,有时词形也可以变化。如:excuse ks kjuz v.原谅excuse ks kjus n.原谅use juz v.用use jus n.用(二)派生派生词是在一个单词前面加前缀或后面加后缀构成新词。如:happyunhappy(加前缀 un-)happyhappily(加后缀-ly)1.通过加前缀构成另一个词。前缀一般不造成词类的转换,但能引起词义的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词。常用的前缀有:前缀意义例词dislike,disappear,dishonestimpossible,impolitemisuse,misunderstand,mistrustrewrite,retellsupermarket,supermantelephone,telegram,televisionunfair,unusual,unable,unlikeunderground,undergraduatedis-不,相反的im-不mis-错误的re-重新,再次super-超级,上层tele-远un-不under-下面的个别前缀也可以引起词类的变化,如:en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词:enlarge,enable,encourage;a-可以和名词构成形容词:asleep,aboard,aside;out-可以和一些动词构成名词:outcome,outlet,outlook。2.通过加后缀构成另一个词。后缀不仅能改变词义,也能改变词类。1)常用的构成名词的后缀:后缀-er-or-ist-ess-hood-ment-ness-ion-th-ese-ian-ship意义人,动作者人,动作者人,主义者女性身份,状态例词worker,singer,recorder,teacheractor,visitor,editorchemist,dentist,scientist,actress,waitresschildhood,boyhood行为,动作,结果government,movement,development状态,性质动作,状态状态人人状态illness,happinessdiscussion,decision,organizationlength,wealth,truthJapanese,ChineseAmerican,musician,historianfriendship,membership2)常用的构成动词的后缀:后缀-en-fy意义动词词尾动词词尾例词widen,strengthen,darken,beautify3)常用的构成副词的后缀:后缀-ly-ward(s)意义副词词尾副词词尾例词slowly,happily,simplyeastward(s),backward(s)4)常用的构成形容词的后缀:后缀-able意义的例词agreeable,payable,readable-an-al-en-ed-ful-ish-less-ly-ous-y3.数词后缀后缀-teen-ty-th(三)合成的的由制成的充满的的没有的充满,性质有的充满,性质European,American,Canadianpolitical,musicalwoolen,goldenblue-eyedcareful,painful,hopefulfoolish,Swedishcareless,homeless,endlessfriendly,lovely,motherlyfamous,dangerousrainy,dirty,sunny,cloudy,sleepy意义十几几十第例词thirteen;fifteen;eighteenforty;fifty;ninetyfifth;sixth;eighth将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词,叫做合成词。合成词在英语中比较活跃,广泛运用在涉及各个领域的语言文字中。常用的合成词的构成方法如下:1.合成形容词常见的构成方法构成方法形容词+名词+-ed形容词+现在分词形容词+过去分词副词+现在分词副词+过去分词名词+现在分词名词+过去分词名词+形容词副词/形容词+名词例词white-haired,warm-hearted,kind-heartedgood-looking,easy-goingready-made,new-bornhard-working,well-meaningwell-known,newly-builtEnglish-speaking,south-facingman-made,water-coveredsnow-white,homesickright-hand,full-time数词+名词数词+名词+形容词数词+名词+-ed2.合成动词常见的构成方法构成方法副词+动词形容词+动词名词+动词3.合成名词常见的构成方法构成方法名词+名词形容词+名词动词+副词名词+动名词副词+名词动名词+名词4.合成副词或代词。如:100-meter,million-pound180-foot-high,10-year-oldfour-legged,one-eyed例词overcome,understanddry-clean,white-washtypewrite,sleepwalk例词classroom,schoolgirl,weekend,bookshophighway,blackboard,hotdog,greenhouseget-together,break-downhandwriting,storytellingoutbreak,overcoatdining room,sleeping car,reading-roommaybe,forever,myself,whole-heartedly,however,everyone,something5.有时一个名词可以构成许多合成词。如:handbag,handball,handwriting,hand-made提分策略这种题型是融词法、句法、语意、词形于一体的综合运用语言知识的主观性测试题,突出考查学生对词汇的运用能力。同学们除熟记单词、强化对单词拼写题的训练外,掌握应试的解题方法和技巧也是很重要的。首先,认真阅读全句(篇),正确理解句意,虽然题中已给出应填词的汉语意思,但英语与汉语并不是永远能一一对应的,因此正确理解全句利于准确判断应填或所选的单词。其次,分析应填词充当的句子成分,正确判断应填词的词性。最后,判断所填词应采用的正确词形。若为名词,应注意其单词复数、可数还是不可数及其所有格形式;若为动词,应注意人称、数、时态、语态及非谓语动词形式;若为修饰语,应注意修饰名词或代词时用形容词,而修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句时要用副词;若为代词,注意代词的各种形式;若为形容词、副词,应注意等级变化。【例 1】(2014浙江湖州)选择方框内的单词完成下列句子,使句子通顺、正确。每词限用一次。A.whenever B.check C.carefully D.traditional E.hobbies F.over1.Weve received100 e-mailsfrom our young leaders abouttheir summer vacationplans.2.Dont forget to go over your test paper before you hand it in.3.Linda has manysuch as singing,dancing and drawing.4.Zongzi is a kind ofChinese food on Dragon Boat Festival.5.Pleaseif Weve got what we need to make fruit salad.6.It will always give you a big surprise you visit the Mogan Mountain.【答案】1.F 解析:和数词 100 连用,表示“多于”,故用 over。句意:我们已经收到年轻读者有关暑假计划的电子邮件 100 多封。2.C解析:句意:在交卷前不要忘记检查你的试卷。修饰动词短语 go over,用副词 carefully,要仔细检查你的试卷。3.E解析:句意:琳达有很多,例如唱歌、跳舞和画画。分析句意可知:这些都是她的爱好,故选 E。4.D解析:句意:在端午节,粽子是一种中国食品。分析所给选项可知:粽子应该是一种传统食品,故选 D。5.B解析:句意:请我们是否有了制作水果沙拉的东西。分析句意可知:只能是检查一下我们是否有了制作水果沙拉的东西,故选 B。6.A解析:你参观莫干山会给你一个大大的惊喜。分析句意可知:“无论什么时候去参观莫干山都会给你一个大大的惊喜”,故选 A。【例 2】(2014江苏镇江)根据句意,用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空,每空一词。1.The singers in the CCTV talent showSing My Song have(able)to write songs.2.Did you eat rice dumplings at Dragon Boat Festival?Of course.I love the ones made in Jiaxing.They seem even(taste)to me afterwatching the TV programmeA Bite of China.3.Li Jian rou was(interview)shortly after she won the first gold medal for China in the22nd Winter Olympic Games.4.She looked(hope)at her husband for a football ticket to get closer to her favouriteplayer.5.The old man was looking through the list of the(soldier)names in order to rememberthe old days.【答案】1.ability/abilities解析:根据句意:那些在中央电视台才艺节目中国好歌曲的歌手有能力写歌。根据句子结构此处应该用名词形式,ability 既可以作不可数名词也可以用作可数名词,因此该空填 ability 或 abilities。2.tastier解析:根据句意:“在端午节你吃粽子了吗?”“当然了。我喜欢嘉兴制作的粽子。当我看了电视节目舌尖上的中国后,它们甚至更可口了”。seem 后面加形容词,根据句意该句用比较级更符合语境。所以填tasty 的比较级形式 tastier。3.interviewed解析:根据句意:李坚柔在 22 届冬奥会上为中国队赢得第一枚金牌,很快接受了记者的采访。根据句意此处指李坚柔被采访,所以句子应该用被动语态,故填过去分词。4.hopefully解析:根据句意:她满怀希望地看着丈夫,因为丈夫得到了一张足球票,这离她最喜爱的球员更进一步了。此处应该用副词来修饰动词短语 look at,根据句意应该用希望地,故填 hopefully。5.soldiers解析:根据句意:为了记住过去的日子,老人正在浏览士兵的名字。根据句意可知此处要用名词所有格形式,同时因为 names 为复数,所以填 solders。【例 3】单词拼写(2013浙江温州)用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空,每词限用一次。plan;swim;active;unless;together1.Jim is a clever boy.He is veryin class.2.It is important to make afor your future.3.You will never know what you can doyou try.4.Sun Yang usuallymore than 15 kilometers every day.5.At the end of the party all the students sang the songAuld Lang Syne.【答案】1.active解析:be active in class意为“课上很积极”。very 后面跟形容词原级。2.plan解析:make a plan for 为固定词组,意为“为制定计划”。3.unless解析:结合句意“除非你尝试,否则你将永远不会知道你能做什么”可知选 unless,意为“除非;如果不”。4.swims解析:根据时间状语标志 every day可知时态应用一般现在时。又因为Sun Yang为第三人称单数,故应该填 swims。5.together解析:结合句意“在聚会的最后,所有的学生一起唱Auld Lang Syne。”故空白处应填 together。专项训练一、(2014江苏苏州)根据下列句子及所给汉语注释或通过上下文,写出空缺处各单词的正确形式。每空写一词。1.All of us have voted(反对)smoking in public places.2.Mr Brown,I Dont think your plan is worth(考虑).3.Red represents power and is the colour of(热).4.Janes silk blouse feels far(光滑)than the cotton one.5.Whether to build another highway across the part of the city is still under(讨论).6.Jack is my best friend.I know him(大概;或许)better than anybody else.7.The air in the area has been(污染)because of the wasted smoke from that factory.8.Helpto some bread,Lily and Kate.Thank you,but we are full.9.My house is muchfrom the office than yours.So Im always late for work.Youd better buy a car.Then you can save a lot of time.10.Miss Li,Im afraid of speaking in front of so many people.Tom,calm down,then take a deep.Its your turn.二、(2014湖北鄂州)1.Last night,when I was watching TV I heard someone(敲门)at the door.2.The experts(预言)that no one would want to see doctors in the hospital in thefuture.3.I find it(令人沮丧的)that I didnt go to visit Shanghai Expo.4.They are trying to find a(解决)to the crisis.5.The teacher was not satisfied.She left the classroom(silence).6.I have many good habits,(include)getting up early and going to bed early.7.The old man(die)for five years.8.I think the car is one of the most helpful(invent)in peoples lives.9.My answer is(complete)different from yours.三、(2014江苏江阴)A.根据括号中所给的汉语写出单词,使句子意思完整正确。1.Sorry,sir!Those boots arent(可找到的)in your size.2.Spacemen have to(使固定)sleeping bags to the walls to prevent floating.3.All the boys cant wait to play basketball.They wish to begin(立即)after class.4.We can use many(交通工具)such as buses,cars and so on to go to or from work.B.用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子。每空限填一词。5.Little Tom is often very clever,but he makes an(correct)answer this time.6.When we got to the top of the mountain,we were tired and breathed(heavy).7.Minnie is(pretty)than any other mouse Ive ever seen.8.A hot topic that people are now talking about is the(safe)of school bus these days.四、(2014江苏盐城)A.根据句意和汉语提示写出单词,完成句子。1.(提醒)me to post the childrens letters please.2.The Sydney Opera House is only an usual theatre but also the(标志)of Australia.3.Mum made a(允诺)to buy a mobile phone for me as a birthday present.4.Now theres fewer traffic accidents because of the law(反对)driving after drinking.5.We are(真的)proud of our woman astronaut,Wang Yaping.B.根据句意,用所给单词的适当形式填空。6.His father used to smoke very(heavy).7.When they saw their favourite film stars,they shout with(excited).8.Though the old man is in his(nine),he is still very healthy.9.The house is on fire,we have to run out for(safe).10.Though he was born in France,he cant speak(France).五、(2013广西梧州)用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。1.(close)your eyes and do eye exercises,kids.2.I have tried three times,and the teacher asks me to have a(four)try.3.Mr Wang is like a bee.He is one of(busy)teachers in our school.4.When I got home,my pet dog was(lie)on the sofa.5.The more(active)you take part in,the more outgoing you will be.6.My parents expect me to pass the examination(success).7.Shenzhen is in the(south)part of China.8.Many people will go to the concert,(include)teachers,students and parents.9.China has become much(strong)than before.Were all proud of her.10.At the exhibition,the little boys(invent)attracted many IT engineers.六、(2013广东清远)用方框内所给单词的适当形式填空。big;change;over;safe;clean;story;progress;improve;age;plantForty years ago,Earth Day began in the United States.From then on,people start caringabout the environment in the daily life.Today,we know more than ever about the environmentproblemsfrom clean water to1climate(气候).Some activities about protecting the earthenvironment are on the rise across the world.Now Earth Day is calling all action all2theworld.Today,we have to face some serious facts,our air and water have not been3asbefore,pollution has been increasing.Its every person who demands cleaner air,healthier drinkingwater and4food.We really need healthier environment to live in.Please take action to5our environment in your home or your company,at your schoolor your business.It can be as simple as taking a bus or the subway to work,cleaning up a nearbypark with your neighbors.So lets get to work together.We can continue to make6towardsa healthier planet.Just go out to learn how you can help our planet.And then tell us your7about what youre doing to make some differences.Please plant trees where they are most needed.People of all8can take part in theactivities.The programs can help reduce greenhouse gas and support development.15 countriesjoined9one million trees in 2010.Please help us plant another one million trees in 2011.We have so much more to do.And we need your help to do it.I want to leave you with achallenge.In the end,I love youthe small business owners and factory leaders,the teachers and thestudents,the young people and the grandparents who have made Earth Day so successful.AndIts going to be up to you to make some even10differences year by year.Lets make ourcountry and our world as green as possible in the following years!参考答案与解析一、1.against2.considering3.heat4.smoother5.discussion6.probably7.polluted8.yourselves9.farther10.breath二、1.knocking2.predicted3.frustrating4.solution5.silently6.including7.has been pletely三、1.available2.fix3.immediately4.vehicles5.incorrect6.heavily7.prettier8.safety四、1.Remind2.symbol3.promise4.against5.truly/really6.heavily7.excitement8.nineties9.safety10.French五、1.Close2.fourth3.the busiest4.lying5.activities6.successfully7.southern8.including9.stronger10.invention(s)六、1.changing2.overplanting10.bigger3.clean4.safer5.improve6.progress7.story8.ages9.