《长难句分析》PPT课件.ppt

平行并列句平行并列句v平行并列句：指一个句子中会有两个成分并列。平行并列句：指一个句子中会有两个成分并列。v英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如如 and、or、but等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或句子单词、词组或句子连在一起组成一种并列或平行连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂的多层次含义。结构的长句，以表达一个复杂的多层次含义。v技巧：技巧：通过关联词（通过关联词（and，but等等)从后从后向前找出并列的核心单词。向前找出并列的核心单词。将句子从并列将句子从并列连词处断开，将并列句变成两个或若干个相对短连词处断开，将并列句变成两个或若干个相对短的句子，然后再用处理简单句的方法的句子，然后再用处理简单句的方法抓句子抓句子主干，来依次处理每个相对短的句子。主干，来依次处理每个相对短的句子。vEveryone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits,fire escapes,and fire doors are.vI wanted her to know that my heart was with her,and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss hervEveryone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits,fire escapes,and fire doors are.v结构：本句有三个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词结构：本句有三个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为为should know，其余两个都是由，其余两个都是由where引导的并引导的并列宾语从句。列宾语从句。v拆分：拆分：v1)Everyone should knowv2)Where the nearest fire alarm box is locatedv3)Where exits,fire escapes,and fire doors arev翻译：翻译：v每个人都应该知道最近的火灾报警箱的位置，以及每个人都应该知道最近的火灾报警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火门位于何处。安全出口、安全梯及防火门位于何处。vI wanted her to know that my heart was with her,and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss herv结构：本句有5个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为wanted。was和thought分别属于两个由that引导的并列宾语从句。而owed和was going为两个并列的谓语动词，共同主语为England。England这句话前面为了避免重复而省略了宾语从句的引导词that，实际上是thought的宾语从句。v拆分：1.I wanted her to know2.That my heart was with her3.That I thought4.(That)England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.v翻译：我想让她知道我的心陪伴着她，而且我认为英翻译：我想让她知道我的心陪伴着她，而且我认为英国欠了她一大笔债，很快就会想念她。国欠了她一大笔债，很快就会想念她。vThe way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy,to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.vIt seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.vChildren in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees,equipment,and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities.（08年年12月四级月四级)vThe way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy,to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.v结构：本句中有两个谓语动词，主句谓语为结构：本句中有两个谓语动词，主句谓语为 is culturally influenced,定语从句谓语为定语从句谓语为 is used to.主语主语the way 有有一个很长的定语从句修饰，定语从句中有三个并列的不定一个很长的定语从句修饰，定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语即的目的状语即to achieve privacy，to build homes，和，和to design cities.v拆分：拆分：1.The way is culturally influenced.2.space is used 3.to enable the individual to achieve privacy4.to build homes5.to design citiesv翻译：怎样利用空间实现个人隐私，修建住宅及规划城市翻译：怎样利用空间实现个人隐私，修建住宅及规划城市都受到文化上的影响。都受到文化上的影响。vIt seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.v结构：本句话关键是通过结构：本句话关键是通过and抓住并列的成分，句子的主干是抓住并列的成分，句子的主干是It seems simple enough to distinguish and to separate，其中，理解的难，其中，理解的难点在点在separate后面的部分。后面的部分。Separate的宾语的宾语forces后面被后面被“acting on an organism”这个现在分词短语限定，这个现在分词短语限定，into后面两个后面两个those告诉我们告诉我们forces被分成哪些部分了。被分成哪些部分了。v拆分：拆分：1.It seems simple enough 2.to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment 3.and to separate forces(acting on an organism)into4.those that are internal and biological5.and those that are external and environmental.v翻译：区分有机体和周围环境似乎很简单翻译：区分有机体和周围环境似乎很简单;把作用于有机体的力量分为内把作用于有机体的力量分为内部生物的力量和外部环境的力量似乎也很简单。部生物的力量和外部环境的力量似乎也很简单。vChildren in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees,equipment,and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities.（08年年12月四级月四级)v结结构构：本本句句中中有有三三个个谓谓语语动动词词，are less likely to do为为主主句句谓谓语语,lack和和 do not have 为为并并列列原原因因状状语语从从句句的的谓谓语语,主主语语分分为为 they 和和 their communities.v拆分：拆分：1.Children（in low-income families and poor communities）are less likely（to take organized youth sports for granted）takefor granted把把认为是理所应当认为是理所应当2.because they often lack the resources(needed)(to pay for participation fees,equipment,and transportation to practices and games)3.and（because）their communities do not have resources(to build and maintain sports fields and facilities).翻翻译译：来来自自低低收收入入家家庭庭和和贫贫穷穷社社区区的的孩孩子子就就很很少少将将社社区区运运动动视视作作理理所所应应当当，因因为为他他们们经经常常缺缺少少必必须须的的金金钱钱来来支支付付门门票票、设设备备和和来来回回车车费费，而而且且他他们们的社区也没有能力来建设和维持运动场和运动设备。的社区也没有能力来建设和维持运动场和运动设备。v插入语一般是对句子的某个成分的解插入语一般是对句子的某个成分的解释或补充说明，前后有逗号与其他句释或补充说明，前后有逗号与其他句子成分分开，比较容易识别。子成分分开，比较容易识别。v技巧：处理插入语的基本办法是技巧：处理插入语的基本办法是先略先略去不读，直接跳过两个逗号之间的去不读，直接跳过两个逗号之间的内容，使插入语结构前后意思顺畅内容，使插入语结构前后意思顺畅。插入结构插入结构vWork,for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under,involves responsibility for a household,a child or children,and a job outside the home as well.v结结构构：句句子子的的主主语语和和谓谓语语之之间间有有一一插插入入语语，放放在在这这里里起起强强调调作作用用，即即强强调调只只是是对对于于中中国国和和美美国国妇妇女女来来说说，而而不不是是其其他他国国家家的的妇妇女。而且对年龄作了限定。女。而且对年龄作了限定。v翻译：对于翻译：对于55岁或以下的大多数美国和岁或以下的大多数美国和 中中国国妇妇女女来来说说，要要做做的的工工作作包包括括料料理理家家务务和和照照料料一一个个或或多多个个孩孩子子，以以及及一一份份在在家家庭庭以外的工作。以外的工作。vGiven ATMs small number in the country,Chinas banks,major investors in ATM technologies,will continue purchasing ATMs.vBut a great book,rich in ideas and beauty,a book that rises and tries to answer great fundamental questions,demands the most active reading of which you are capable.vGiven ATMs small number in the country,Chinas banks,major investors in ATM technologies,will continue purchasing ATMs.v结构：本句中只有一个谓语动词结构：本句中只有一个谓语动词will continue，major investors in ATM technologies 为插入语，为插入语，解释说明解释说明chinas banks。Given 是过去分词做非谓是过去分词做非谓语动词，含义为考虑到，由于。语动词，含义为考虑到，由于。v翻译：由于全国自动提款机数量很少翻译：由于全国自动提款机数量很少，所以自动提款，所以自动提款机设备的主要投资者机设备的主要投资者中国的银行将会继续购买自中国的银行将会继续购买自动提款机。动提款机。vgiven:考虑到、由于考虑到、由于;vGiven their inexperience,theyve done a good job.v 考虑到他们缺乏经验，这工作他们做得已经不错了。考虑到他们缺乏经验，这工作他们做得已经不错了。vBut a great book,rich in ideas and beauty,a book that rises and tries to answer great fundamental questions,demands the most active reading of which you are capable.v结构：共有结构：共有3个谓语动词，其中个谓语动词，其中demands是主句谓语动词。是主句谓语动词。(rich in ideas and beauty)和和(a book that)是插入语。是插入语。前者做前者做a great book的后置定语，而后者是的后置定语，而后者是a great book的同位语，起补充说明的作用。的同位语，起补充说明的作用。that引导定语从句修饰引导定语从句修饰book，which引导定语从句修饰引导定语从句修饰reading。v拆分：拆分：v1)A great book demands the most active reading.v2)You are capable of the reading v3)A book rises and tries to answer questions.v翻译：但是一本富于思想和美感的伟大的书能够提出并试翻译：但是一本富于思想和美感的伟大的书能够提出并试图回答一些伟大的根本问题。这样的书需要你尽最大所能图回答一些伟大的根本问题。这样的书需要你尽最大所能来积极阅读。来积极阅读。vSometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself,with amateurs heroically,but mistakenly,trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.vSilly or wise,terrible or delightful,the life in dream is a further helping of experience,an additional joy after dark,another slice of life cut differently for which,it seems to me,we are never sufficiently grateful.vSometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself,with amateurs heroically,but mistakenly,trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.v结构：本句中只有一个谓语动词结构：本句中只有一个谓语动词 turn out，with 后带从句解后带从句解释说明释说明attempts at emergency treatment，trying属于非属于非谓语动词，主语为谓语动词，主语为amateurs,heroically but mistakenly 为为插入结构。插入结构。v拆分：拆分：vSometimes attempts（at emergency treatment）turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself,vwith amateurs(heroically,but mistakenly,）trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.v翻译：翻译：v有时，紧急的治疗比咬伤本身更危险，如外行试图英勇却错有时，紧急的治疗比咬伤本身更危险，如外行试图英勇却错误地进行自助手术及采取其他不必要的措施。误地进行自助手术及采取其他不必要的措施。vSilly or wise,terrible or delightful,the life in dream is a further helping of experience,an additional joy after dark,another slice of life cut differently for which,it seems to me,we are never sufficiently grateful.v结构：结构：Silly or wise,terrible or delightful为平行结构，为平行结构，在句中作让步状语。另外，句子的表语也是平行结构，即在句中作让步状语。另外，句子的表语也是平行结构，即a further helping of experience,an additional joy after dark,another slice of life。“it seems to me”为为插入语，插入到插入语，插入到for which引导的定语从句中。引导的定语从句中。v翻译：不管愚蠢还是聪明，可怕还是愉悦，梦中的生活都翻译：不管愚蠢还是聪明，可怕还是愉悦，梦中的生活都是更深一层的另一份体验，是天黑以后才有的另一种欢乐，是更深一层的另一份体验，是天黑以后才有的另一种欢乐，是生活的另一不同的侧面，对此我似乎觉得怎么感激也不是生活的另一不同的侧面，对此我似乎觉得怎么感激也不为过。为过。主谓分离主谓分离v主谓分离：主语和谓语分得很开，中间有一主谓分离：主语和谓语分得很开，中间有一些限定主语的内容。些限定主语的内容。v技巧：技巧：开头的名词一般是句子的主语，开头的名词一般是句子的主语，当确定句子的主语后，就往后找独立存当确定句子的主语后，就往后找独立存在的谓语动词。在的谓语动词。The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm.v主干：主干：The employee is an obvious asset to the firm.v主语：主语：the employee 员工员工短语限定短语限定：（：（at the home office）(在国内办公的在国内办公的)从句限定：从句限定：who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine 能够通能够通过电话或传真与国外客户很好交流过电话或传真与国外客户很好交流 v翻译：这位在国内办公但能通过电话或传真与国外翻译：这位在国内办公但能通过电话或传真与国外客户很好交客户很好交 流的员工，对于公司而言，无疑是一流的员工，对于公司而言，无疑是一笔财富。笔财富。vThe increase in sales of professional hair-care products indicates that consumers are paying as much attention to their hair as to their skin.v结构：本句中有两个谓语动词，结构：本句中有两个谓语动词，indicates 为主句谓为主句谓语，语，in sales of professional hair-care products 为限制短语，修饰主语为限制短语，修饰主语the increase.宾语从句的主宾语从句的主语为语为consumers,谓语为谓语为are payingvThe increase(in sales of professional hair-care products)indicates that consumers are paying as much attention to their hair as to their skin.v翻译：专业护发产品销量的增加表明消费者既重视护翻译：专业护发产品销量的增加表明消费者既重视护肤，也重视护发。肤，也重视护发。vThe game industry as part of the entertainment business is catching up fast with movies and TVs in terms of both popularity and yearly profit v结构结构:本句中只有一个谓语动词本句中只有一个谓语动词is catching up with,as part of the entertainment business 作为限制短语，分离主语和谓语。作为限制短语，分离主语和谓语。in terms of在在方面；方面；yearly profit年利润。年利润。vThe game industry（as part of the entertainment business）is catching up fast with movies and TVs（in terms of both popularity and yearly profit。）。）v翻译：作为娱乐业的组成部分，游戏产业在其普及翻译：作为娱乐业的组成部分，游戏产业在其普及性和年利润方面都迅速逼近电影和电视。性和年利润方面都迅速逼近电影和电视。vnearly a third of those who witnessed companys inappropriate behavior did not report it,for fear of being viewed as troublemakers,or for fear of pressure from co-workers.v结构：本句中有结构：本句中有 两个谓语动词，主句谓语两个谓语动词，主句谓语did not report，定，定语从句谓语语从句谓语witness。For fear of 为并列的两个原因状语从为并列的两个原因状语从句。句。v拆分：拆分：vnearly a third of those（who witnessed companys inappropriate behavior）did not report itvfor fear of being viewed as troublemakers,vor for fear of pressure from co-workers.v翻译：翻译：v在那些发现公司有不正当行为的人中，接近三分之一没有去揭在那些发现公司有不正当行为的人中，接近三分之一没有去揭发，因为担心被视作制造麻烦者或者担心来自同事的压力。发，因为担心被视作制造麻烦者或者担心来自同事的压力。vBritain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards,that is to say,of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.v结构：共有结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为must face。主干为：。主干为：Britain must face the problem。almost more than any other country in the world作为作为Britain的后置定语。的后置定语。(that is to say)是插入语，意为是插入语，意为“也就是说也就是说”。两个两个of介词短语都在修饰介词短语都在修饰the problem。vBritain（almost more than any other country in the world）must seriously face the problem（of building upwards,that is to say,of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.）v翻译：英国几乎比世界上任何国家都更加需要严肃对待向高空建筑房屋的翻译：英国几乎比世界上任何国家都更加需要严肃对待向高空建筑房屋的问题，也就是说，要在很高的公寓楼里面容纳下人口总数的一大部分的问问题，也就是说，要在很高的公寓楼里面容纳下人口总数的一大部分的问题。题。环环相扣句v环环相扣：限定成分中又有限定成分，一环环环相扣：限定成分中又有限定成分，一环扣着一环，使句子变得比较长扣着一环，使句子变得比较长v技巧：技巧：一定要有分层的思想，即把长句一定要有分层的思想，即把长句分割为几个简单的部分分别理解。分割为几个简单的部分分别理解。vIt is generally accepted that old people should have a share in the rewards for material and cultural advancements to which they have made contributions.vBut a surprising fact of life is that in countries where nearly everyone can afford lifes necessities,increasing affluence matters surprisingly little.vMany economists believe that advertising helps increase competition,which leads to lower prices,thus benefiting consumers and the economy as a whole.vIt is generally accepted that old people should have a share in the rewards for material and cultural advancements to which they have made contributions.v结构：本句中有三个谓语动词，主干为主语从句结构：本句中有三个谓语动词，主干为主语从句It is generallly accepted that，should have 为为old people 的谓语，的谓语，have made contributions 为为定语从句的谓语。定语从句的谓语。v拆分：拆分：1.It is generally accepted that2.old people should have a share in the rewards（for material and cultural advancements）3.they have made contributions to material and cultural advancementsv翻译：人们普遍认为，老年人对物质和文化的进步作翻译：人们普遍认为，老年人对物质和文化的进步作出过贡献，应该分享其成果。出过贡献，应该分享其成果。Many economists believe that advertising helps increase competition,which leads to lower prices,thus benefiting consumers and the economy as a whole.v结构：本句中有三个谓语动词，主干为结构：本句中有三个谓语动词，主干为Many economists believe that,helps 作为宾语从句的谓语，作为宾语从句的谓语，leads to 做非做非限制定语从句的谓语。限制定语从句的谓语。benefiting 是非谓语动词，做结果状是非谓语动词，做结果状语。语。v拆分：拆分：vMany economists believe thatvadvertising helps increase competitionvCompetition leads to lower prices，vLower prices thus benefit consumers and the economy(as a whole).v翻译：许多经济学家认为，广告有助于竞争，而竞争的加剧翻译：许多经济学家认为，广告有助于竞争，而竞争的加剧会降低商品价格，从而使消费者和经济在整体上受益。会降低商品价格，从而使消费者和经济在整体上受益。vBut a surprising fact of life is that in countries where nearly everyone can afford lifes necessities,increasing affluence matters surprisingly little.v结构：本句中有三个谓语动词，主句谓语结构：本句中有三个谓语动词，主句谓语is，can afford是定语从句谓语，是定语从句谓语，matter为表语从句谓语。为表语从句谓语。v拆分拆分:vBut a surprising fact of life is thatvin countries（where nearly everyone can afford lifes necessities）vincreasing affluence matters surprisingly little.v翻译：翻译：v人们惊讶地发现，在那些几乎所有人都衣食无忧的人们惊讶地发现，在那些几乎所有人都衣食无忧的国家里，财富的增加所产生的效果微乎其微国家里，财富的增加所产生的效果微乎其微vIn the study of any period of literature or of any epoch of history,the final and highest effort is always an attempt to gain a close view of the man in that period or epoch,for behind the creations of literature and the events of history there is always the individual who is after all of prime interest to us.v本句子的核心成分是：vThe effort is an attempt.v但是这句话语言比较枯燥，给句子加上形容词和副词后，内容就会具体些。vThe final and highest effort is always an attempt.vattempt是尝试做什么事情呢？不够具体，所以有一个不定式来补充说明attempt的内容，所以句子演变成the final and highest effort is always an attempt to gain a close view，v但是view是观察，是对什么的观察呢，of引导的部分进一步补充说明view的内容，所以句子就成了vThe final and highest effort is always an attempt to gain a close view of the man in that period or epoch.v从主干的演变来看，信息主要针对名词而扩展。主干有了，在句子开头加上一个表示范围的状语，句子就成了：vIn the study of any period of literature or of any epoch of history,the final and highest effort is always an attempt to gain a close view of the man in that period or epoch.v为了增加句子的说服力，在后面补上表示原因的状语。对于表示原因的状语，我们也可以从简单到难，把for引导的句子作一个演变的分析：vThere is always the individual.vThere is always the individual who is after all of prime interest to us.vBehind the creations of literature and the events of history there is always the individual who is after all of pri