《西方文明简史》PPT课件.ppt

Classical and Hellenistic GreeceLECTURE Classical GreeceAround 500B.C.338B.C.(conquest of Greece by Macedonia)ConfrontationSecond half of 6th century B.C.The Persian empire conquered Ionia.499B.C.Revolt of Ionian cities490B.C.Revenge of DariusThe Persian Wars490B.C.Battle of Marathon480B.C.Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis479B.C.Battle of PlataeaAthenian ImperialismDelian League(478B.C.)An economic,judicial,religious,and political union held together by military mightAthenian FreedomThe freedom of participation in public life,especially self-governmentSovereignty lay with the demosthe people.The Age of PericlesFrom around 460-430B.C.,Pericles,a great orator and military commander,dominated Athens.Expanding democracy at home:extension of democracy to all free citizensAbolish the last property requirements for officeholding.Pay those serving on juries.Expanding Athenian empire abroadCulmination of Athenian civilizationThe Peloponnesian WarA series of wars431-421B.C.(peace treaty)414-404B.C.(Athenss unconditional surrender)Culture of Classical GreeceCenter:Periclean AthensPrimary characteristic:critical and rational naturePhilosophySophistsSocrates(470-399B.C.)The unexamined life is not worth living.Plato(429-347B.C.)The RepublicThe AcademyAristotle(384-322B.C.)Analyzing and classifying things based on thorough research and investigationWriting of HistoryHerodotus(484-420B.C.)The first historian,“father of history”History:the Persian warsHis concern to explain,to go beyond mere storytellingThucydides(460-400B.C.)History of the Peloponnesian War:contemporary record of the warPolitical historianDramaOrigin:annual feast of DionysusTragediesAeschylusSophoclesEuripidesComediesAristophanesSatyr playsArtThe search for ideal beauty:reason,moderation,balance and harmony;use of ideal proportions,based on mathematical ratio found in nature.ReligionOne of the 12 chief gods/goddesses as a guardian of a polis.Festivals to honor the gods,e.g.Olympic gamesOracle:to know the will of the godsThe Rise of Macedonhttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Peloponnesian_War_431_BC-en.svg Around 400B.C.Emerge as an important kingdom338B.C.Defeat of AthensAn alliance of the Greek states called the League of CorinthGreek city-states were allowed autonomy in domestic affairs.Alexander the GreatConquest of Alexander(336-323B.C.)Greek cities of Asia MinorMediterranean coast and EgyptMesopotamiaTill Hyphasis River333B.C.and 331B.C.,he defeated the Persian king twice and captured the Persian capital of Persepolis.Creation of the Hellenistic(to imitate Greeks)era Hellenistic KingdomsEgypt under the PtolemiesSeleucid kingdomMacedon and Greece under the Antigonidshttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diadochi2.pngHellenistic CitiesGreek in physical organization,constitution,language and culture.The political institutions modeled after those of the Greek city-states.Subordinate to the Hellenistic monarchiesOutstanding example:Alexandria of EgyptArtMore emotional and realistic,displaying more freedom and individualityPhilosophyFocused more on personal happinessCynics:renunciation of material things,society,and pleasuresEpicureans:reduce desires;retire from politics,retreat from public competition and concentrate on friendshipStoics:live in accordance with the divine willMathematics and ScienceEuclid:ElementsArchimedesAstronomyMedicine:human anatomyChronologyMesopotamiaEgyptGreece3500B.C.Civilization begins4000B.C.Civilization begins2500B.C.Civilization begins3000-2300B.C.City states3150B.C.Upper and Lower Egypt united2334B.C.Akkadian Empire2500-1375B.C.Minoan Civilization1792B.C.Old Babylonian Empire1600-1200B.C.Mycenaean Civilization1600B.C.Hittite Empire1200B.C.A general crisis of the civilized world1200B.C.A general crisis of the civilized world1200B.C.A general crisis of the civilized world8th-7th century B.C.Assyria700-500B.C.Archaic Greece7th-6th century B.C.New Babylonia6th century-331B.C.PersiaAround 500-338B.CClassical Greece338B.C.Macedonia