2023年高考英语复习全国通用第14讲阅读理解词义猜测题(讲)(教案).pdf

第 14 讲 阅读理解词义猜测题（讲）【考纲考情】词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些未见过的词,但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来,这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。此类题型要求学生根据阅读材料提供的信息,结合学习中积累的常识和经验对生词的含义、熟词生义和短语、句子的含义加以猜测,以及对代词的指代对象准确定位。命题人要求猜测词义的词一般是实词及其词组。題型和考查角度：1.猜测生词或熟词生义。2.猜测短语的意义。3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。4.猜测句意。【考点梳理】词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。命题方式：The phrase“.”in the sentence could be replaced by“”.The word“.”in the paragraph refer to“”.What is the meaning of the underlined word in the.paragraph?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase“.”?The word“.”most nearly means“”.The underlined sentence in the.paragraph implies that .解题步骤：1.定位文中画线处上下文。2.理解上下文，查找提示点，进行语义概括。正确选项特点：1.含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。2.上下文逻辑通顺。3.与原句意思最接近。干扰项特点：1.与所考词汇形似 2.如果考的为熟词，含有常规词义的往往不正确 3.句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。【解题方法】1.上下文猜词义 猜测任何词义都离不开上下文，所以要借助上下文对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测。可利用下列方法：(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测。有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。(2)根据同位关系进行猜测。阅读中出现的难词有时下文紧跟一个同位语，对上文的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对上文或下文的词义或短语意义进行猜测。(3)根据构词法进行猜测。在英语中，有很多词可以加前缀或后缀构成一个新词，如果掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。(4)根据因果关系进行猜测。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。(5)根据转折或对比关系进行猜测。根据上下句的连接词，如 but，however，otherwise 等可知上下句存在转折关系，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。【例】(2021全国甲卷C 篇)Southbank,at an eastern bend in the Thames,is the center of British skateboarding,where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.I loved it.I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite:Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant dont worry about it.Once,when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆),I fell onto the stones,damaging a nerve in my hand,and Toby came over,helping me up:Safe,man.Safe.A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their boards loud,shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe！”And thats what matteredlanding tricks,being a good skater.9What do the underlined words“Safe!Safe!Safe！”probably mean?ABe careful!BWell done!CNo way!DDont worry!【答案】B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“And thats what matteredlanding tricks,being a good skater.(那才是真正重要的滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼。由此可推知，画线词指“落地技巧完美，干得漂亮”。故选 B。2.就近原则找指代 猜测代替词的指代内容，要求判断代词(it,one,they,this,that,these,those,which 等)或助动词(do,does,did 等)具体替代什么。可按以下三步进行：返回原文，找到指代词向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词，短语或句子将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定最佳选项。【例】(2020新高考卷C 篇)In the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months,physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later,still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit,however,ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book,Chasing the Sea:Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia,which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan,where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land,and of the people he meets on his way:Rustam,his translator,a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California,Oleg and Natasha,his hosts in Tashkent,and a string of foreign aid workers.9What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 2 refer to?ADeveloping a serious mental disease.BTaking a guided tour in Central Asia.CWorking as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.DWriting an article about the Aral Sea.【答案】D【解析】指代判断题。上文提到了 Bissell(比塞尔)写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章，然后画线词所在句提到他的访问最终涉及的事远不止这个，因而才有了 Chasing the Sea:Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia 这本书。由此可知，画线词 that 指的是“写有关咸海的文章”。故选 D。3.意义吻合推句意 句意猜测要求通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。要注意以下两点：(1)返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系分析。对于需要猜测句意的情形，首先要理解句子的前后特定语境，然后根据语境对此句在文中的意思进行有依据的推理，最后再进行归纳总结，得出答案。(2)一般来说，正确选项的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用其他的词汇或句式来转换表达而已。【例】(2019浙江高考B 篇)Money with no strings attached.Its not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”24What does the expression“Money with no strings attached”in paragraph 1 mean?AMoney spent without hesitation.BMoney not legally made.CMoney offered without conditions.DMoney not tied together.【答案】C 【解析】句意猜测题。根据本段中的“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.(尽你所能，取你所需。)”可知，此处“Money with no strings attached”的意思是“无条件地提供钱”。故选 C。【题型剖析】A During the COVID-19 pandemic,Julia began her second year as a first grade teacher in an online classroom.One September afternoon,she received a call from and Cynthia,who was having technical difficulties with her granddaughters tools for online learning.Julia immediately knew something was wrong with Cynthia.The two women had spoken many times before,but Julia had never heard she sounded like this.Her words were so jumbled that Julia could barely understand her.Julia called her headmaster,Charlie,who convinced her that he would call and check on Cynthia himself.Just like Julia,Charlie could barely understand Cynthia.He suspected she might be having a stroke(中风)he recognized the signs from when his own father had suffered one.Charlie immediately became concerned that Cynthias two grandchildren,ages six and eight,were probably home alone with her and scared.Charlie asked his office manager to send an ambulance to the grandmothers home.The quick response from Julia and Charlie saved Cynthias life.She arrived at the hospital in time to get treatment before long-term damage occurred.Thanks to an extended stay in the hospital,she has regained most of the movement throughout her body except for one hand and a region of her mouth.“Im proud of the people I work with,that they responded so quickly and that it did make a difference to Cynthia,”says Julia.“I am so pleased to be part of such a caring community.”But the schools crisis response is only one piece of the communitys extraordinary efforts to help Cynthia and her granddaughters.Another family with young children took in the two girls.Virtual learning has been a challenge across the country,but its fair to say that it has helped the community grow closer.Many teachers there gave their personal phone numbers to students and families in case they needed extra help.In this case,the exchange was literally life-altering.1Cynthia called Julia in order to .Acomplain about the poor contents of online learning Bconsult about her granddaughters academic performance Cseek some help for lack of certain technical knowledge Dvolunteer her services as a teacher in an online classroom 2The underlined word“jumbled”in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .Abrief Bunclear Cgentle Dimpolite 3How did Charlie decide that Cynthia might have suffered a stroke?ABy recalling his own previous sufferings from the disease.BBy using his professional knowledge to form the judgment.CBy combining Julias call with the granddaughters description.DBy identifying the symptoms that a stroke patient may have.4What does the author think of virtual leaning?AIt has caused much inconvenience to parents.BIt will bring about unavoidable leak of privacy.CIt has provided more benefits than challenges.DIt needs technical guidance to be highly effective.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在新冠疫情期间上网课时，Cynthia 通过电话帮助孙女询问关于网络技术方面的问题。老师 Julia 通过 Cynthia 的声音判断出她有些不对劲，并且及时联系了校长Charlie，校长判断出她得了中风，并及时送往了医院。1 C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“One September afternoon,she received a call from and Cynthia,who was having technical difficulties with her granddaughters tools for online learning.（九月的一个下午，她接到了Cynthia 的电话，她孙女的在线学习工具有技术问题。）”可知，Cynthia 打电话是因缺乏一定的技术知识而寻求帮助。故选 C 项。2B【解析】词义猜测题。通过画线词后面“that Julia could barely understand her（Julia 几乎听不懂 Cynthia说的话）”可推知，画线词 jumbled 意为“不清楚的、不完全明白的”。故选 B 项。3D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“He suspected she might be having a stroke he recognized the signs from when his own father had suffered one.（他怀疑她可能中风了他认出了他父亲遭受痛苦时的症状。）”可知，Charlie 通过他父亲中风时的症状对比 Cynthia 的症状，推测她得了中风。故选 D 项。4C【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Virtual learning has been a challenge across the country,but its fair to say that it has helped the community grow closer.（虚拟学习在全国范围内都是一种挑战，但公平的说，它帮助社区变得更加紧密。）”可推知，作者认为虚拟学习带来的好处多于挑战。故选 C 项。B When we experience earthquakes,medical emergencies whatever the situation,the first thing you probably do is panic.Everybody does.While many of us think that were cool in a crisis,science tells us that we seldom are.At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings,but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene,leaving us unaware of the other sights,sounds,and even smells around us.At the moment,were anything but at our best.These normal human reactions can be reversed.For example,firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly,box breathing,belly breathing,hum breathing you can learn these techniques in minutes.Once you calm down,youll identify accurately what the problem is really about.Lack of practice always causes us to judge problems in wrong ways.Doing the thinking ahead of time also helps you fire off the solution when its show time.This is why you are advised to find the closest exit before the flight.And sometimes we arent prepared with all the knowledge we need.Lets say were on a hike and a bear shows up.What shall we do?Better to read suggestions on how to respond before heading into the wild.Performing in a crisis is becoming more important for all of us for two reasons.Back in the good old days,the reliability of most anything we used or did was far less than it is today.Now think about what happens to our preparedness as the probability of something had happening reduces.Unless we practice what hardly ever happens,our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away.Reliability can kill you.Also,the systems we use today are more complex.There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong.Consequently,terrible situations can“come out of nowhere”.Ironically,the systems that were designed to lessen our workload might require us to remain in a state of increased vigilance(警觉)in order to survive these increasingly infrequent events when they do happen.As technology becomes part of most everything,and as once-large risks break into countless small ones,crisis situations may become standard affairs.We should all learn to breathe,recognize the situation,and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.5According to the passage,when an armed robbery(抢劫)happens,most witnesses will first_.Aobserve the surroundings Bpretend to be calm Cdecide what to do Dfocus on the gun 6What does the underlined word“reversed”in Paragraph 2 probably mean?ATested.BChanged.CPredicted.DUnderstood 7It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _.Athings are less dependable than they used to be Bcautiousness helps prevent the occurrence of crisis Cconvenience reduces our problem-solving capability Dthe complexity of present systems ensures our safety 8What is the main purpose of the passage?ATo introduce ways of avoiding crisis situations.BTo point out the connection between stress and risks.CTo raise awareness of the preparation for emergencies.DTo analyse the influence of technology on crisis management.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是，虽然很多人都认为自己在危机中很冷静，但科学告诉我们，我们很少能做到。因此，市民对突发事件的防范意识要提高。5 D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“While many of us think that were cool in a crisis,science tells us that we seldom are.At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings,but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene,leaving us unaware of the other sights,sounds,and even smells around us.（虽然很多人都认为自己在危机中很冷静，但科学告诉我们，我们很少能做到。此时此刻，我们需要敏锐地意识到我们周围的环境，但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气味浑然不觉。）”可知，根据文章，危机出现时，人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，可得出当武装抢劫发生时，大多数目击者会首先关注枪。故选 D。6 B【解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段中“At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings,but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene,leaving us unaware of the other sights,sounds,and even smells around us.At the moment,were anything but at our best.（此时此刻，我们需要敏锐地意识到我们周围的环境，但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气味浑然不觉。目前，我们还没有达到最佳状态。）”，和第二段中的“For example,firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly,box breathing,belly breathing,hum breathing you can learn these techniques in minutes.Once you calm down,youll identify accurately what the problem is really about.（例如，消防员被教导如何快速降低他们的血压和心率，箱式呼吸法，腹部呼吸法，哼哼呼吸法你可以在几分钟内学会这些技巧。一旦你冷静下来，你就会准确地识别出问题的真正原因。）”可知，上文讲危机出现时，人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，害怕因而无法冷静，下文讲通过适当方法，人们可以冷静下来，所以这些正常的人类反应（害怕/无法冷静）是可以逆转的。由此推知，划线词的意思是“改变”。故选 B。7C【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“Unless we practice what hardly ever happens,our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away.Reliability can kill you.Also,the systems we use today are more complex.There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong.（除非我们练习几乎不发生的事情，否则当事情发生时，我们的反应能力往往会消失。可靠性会毁了你。此外，我们今天使用的系统更加复杂。在肉眼可见的情况下，很少有活动部件能让我们看到事情什么时候会出错。）”可知，从第三段中可以推断出，现代生活给予人们生活可靠性，系统性让人们规避很多错误，世界的便利性降低了我们解决问题的能力。故选 C。8C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As technology becomes part of most everything,and as once-large risks break into countless small ones,crisis situations may become standard affairs.We should all learn to breathe,recognize the situation,and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.（随着技术成为绝大多数事物的一部分，随着曾经的巨大风险演变成无数的小风险，危机局势可能会成为常态。我们都应该学会呼吸，认识到情况，并执行计划，我们足够聪明地提前做好准备。）”可知，危机局势可能会成为常态，人们应该要做好准备应对它，这篇文章的目的是为了提高市民对突发事件的防范意识。故选 C。C Nothing succeeds like success,as every parent of a straight-A student knows,but trying to stress academic excellence by telling your child,“Youre so smart!”may be counterproductive.Why?According to a 2017 study,children who think their intelligence is fixed are less likely to pay attention to and bounce back（重新振作）from mistakes than children who think intelligence can grow and change.In the study,researchers looked at 123 children.The team assessed the children to determine whether they had a“growth mindset”(believing that you can work harder to get smarter),or a“fixed mindset”(believing that your intelligence is unable to change).They then asked the children to complete a fast-paced computer accuracy task while their brain activity was recorded.During the recording,researchers noted that brain activity stopped within a half-second after making a mistake,as children became aware of their mistake and paid closer attention to what went wrong.The larger the brain response was,the more the child focused on the mistake.Based on the data,they concluded that children with a“growth mindset”were much more likely to have a larger brain response after making a mistake.While children with a“fixed mindset”were able to“bounce back”,only if they gave their full attention to the mistake.For parents,the lessons are clear.Dont pay your children compliments that suggest that intelligence is fixed.If your child hands you an A+score,dont say,“Youre so smart!”Instead,say,“Wow,that studying really paid off!”or“You clearly mastered this material-way to go!”Note the effort,not the intelligence.Besides,many parent shy away from addressing a childs mi