新概念英语第二册主语、宾语、定语从句.pptx

复杂句主语从句&宾语从句&定语从句主语从句在复杂句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。That引导uThateveryonemayreceiveatleastamoderateeducationissignificant.uThateducationplaysavitalroleinallwalksoflifeisclear.uThatadvertisementsarepredominantinourday-to-daylivesisobvious.which引导uWhichwayyouturnisuptoyou.uWhichbookyoureadisyourdecision.Whether引导uWhetheryoucansucceedinmakingyourdreamcometruedependsonhardworkmorethanluck.uWhethertechnologyisablessingoracurseisdiscussedheatedlybypeople.uWhethercomputerscanreplacetheroleofteachershaslongbeenahottopic.Who/Whoever引导uwhoeverwantstoreachadistantgoalmusttakemanysmallsteps.uWhoyouarelookingforisnotknowntous.What/Whatever引导uWhatsdonecantbeundone.uWhatwedowillinglyiseasy.uWhateverisatthecenterofyourlifewillbethesourceofourwisdomandpower.uWhateveryouloveandtrustinthisworldlovesyouinreturn.Where引导uWhereweloveishome.How引导uHowyouthinkandsetwillinfluenceyourlife.When引导uWhenthesunisshinningisthebesttimetorepairtheroof.uWhenyoucanmakeitdependsonyourefforts.Why引导uWhysomanypeopleprefertoliveinthecityisbeyondme.uWhydinosaursbecameextincthaslongbeenamysterytoscientistsandresearchers.连词that的省略问题连词that的省略问题写作中形式主语从句的使用：写作中形式主语从句的使用：1.Itsafact2.Itsstrange3.Itsnowonder4.Itseems5.Itssaid6.Itsreported7.Itsbelieved8.Itisthought9.Itsobvious10.Ithasbeenproved11.Itcantbedenied12.Itiswell-know13.Itiswidely-acceptedInsummary：主语从句可以由以下这些引导词引导：That/which/whether/whoever/what/whatever/where/how/when/whyPractice:Chinese-Englishtranslation1.你需要的是更多的练习2.他是否加我们，没有太大的差别3.很明显他已经尽力而为了4.他们什么时候来还没有公布5.这事是怎样发生的，谁也不清楚6.不论谁来都欢迎7.很遗憾我们不能去8.据说格林先生已经到了北京9.你决定买那一辆车都不会有任何区别10.我们明天时候再户外开晚会要看天气而定11.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转12.看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛宾语从句宾语从句是在写作中非常常用的一种从句，它一般在作文中用来提出观点。uSometimesweneedtoremindourselvesthatthankfulnessisindeedavirtue.uAttitudedetermineswhether/ifpeoplearesuccessfulandabletoenjoylife.uAstrawshowswhichwaythewindblows.uOurmotivesshapehowweseetheworld.uIdontfearwhatisahead.uThesecretoflikeisnottodowhatyoulike,buttotrytolikewhatyoudo.uHetoldme(that）hewouldgotocollegethenextyear.uIdontknowiftherewillbeabusanymoreuNobodyknewwhetherhecouldpasstheexam.uTeacherswereaskingmewhetherIhadgonethereornotatthattime.uDoyouknowwhohaswonRedAlertgameuIfyouhaveaplanyoucandealwithwhatevercomesalong.引导词：引导词：引导词有连词that,whether,if,关系代词what,how，whose,which和关系副词when,where,how,why等。可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句宾语从句后置后置lIthinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.lIfeelitapitythatIhaventbeentotheget-together.我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾.lIhavemadeitarulethatIkeepdiaries.我每天写日记成了习惯.lWeallfinditimportantthatwe(should)makeaquickdecisionaboutthismater.我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有：hate,take,owe,have,Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.Hewillhaveitthatourplanisreallypractical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.Wetakeitthatyouwillagreewithus.我们认为你会同意我们的.可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句虽然有动词find,feel,consider,make,believe，但若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替Weallconsiderwhatyousaidtobeunbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.Wediscoveredwhatwehadlearnedtobevaluable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.注意：注意：当主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句否定转移至主句表示。Idontthinkitisrightforhimtotreatyoulikethat.“THAT”的省略问题？that引导的宾语从句只是起引导的宾语从句只是起连结作用连结作用,本身没本身没有意义有意义,在在口语或非正式文件中口语或非正式文件中可以省略可以省略Shesaid(that)shewasgoingtostudyFrench.她说她准备去学法语.可省：可省：在以下情况中that不能省略当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。Hesaid(that)youweretooyoungtounderstandthematterandthathewastoldnottotellyou.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。JustthenInoticed,forthefirsttime,thatourmasterwaswearinghisfinegreencoatandhisblacksilkcap.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。Icanttellhimthathismotherdied.在以下情况中that不能省略主句中有主句中有it作形式宾语作形式宾语,that不可省不可省Wethinkitisimportantthateverycitizenshouldhavegoodmanners.宾语从句的第一个词为宾语从句的第一个词为this/that时时,引导词引导词that不可省不可省Shetoldmethatthatnightwasverycold.她告诉我,那个晚上很冷Whether和If互换问题？由whether,if 引导的宾语从句一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。Iwonderwhether(if)theywillcometoourparty.1）只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句在带to的不定式前Wedecidedwhethertowalkthere在介词的后面Imthinkingofwhetherweshouldgotoseethefilm.在动词后面的宾语从句时Wediscussedwhetherwehadasportsmeetingnextweek直接与ornot连用时Icantsaywhetherornottheycancomeontime.由whether,if 引导的宾语从句2）只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”Thestudentswillgoonapicnicifitissunny.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时HeaskedifIdidntcometoschoolyesterday.引导状语从句evenif（即使）和asif（好象）时Hetalksasifhehasknownallaboutit.需要注意的时态问题？时态1）主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。Theheadmasterhopeseverythinggoeswell.2）主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。Shewassorrythatshehadntfinishedherworkontime.3）当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。Theteachertoldhisclassthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.Insummary：1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。4.whether和if都可引导宾语从句，但whether后可紧跟ornot。5.如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.定语从句宾语从句是复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，它起定语的作用。u1.Themeetingthatyouhavemissedyesterdaywasveryimportant.u2.Thegirlwhoismakingaspeechrightnowisourmonitoru3.ThevasethatIbrokeyesterdaywasveryexpensive.u4.Theboywhohelpedyouyesterdayismyneighbor.u5.ThatsjustthetopicthatImveryinterestedin.u6.Heisjustthebosswhogavemethatvaluableopportunity.u7.Thisisthetopic/themethatImtiredof.u8.Heistheteacherwhohelpedme.u9.Wealllikethatspeakerwhoisveryhumorous.u10.Theoldladywhosetwodaughtersarebothteachersisourneighbor.uThehouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasalovelygarden.uHeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。（关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分）关系代词who,whom,whose,which和that等。作主语、宾语、定语、表语等；关系副词有when,where,why等。作状语。Thisisthebookthatmyfatherboughtmeyesterday.说明：句中修饰thebook的thatmyfatherboughtmeyesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的thebook这是先行词；代表thebook的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。Thetimewhenhearrivesisnotknown.他到达的时间还不知道。说明：句中whenhearrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的thetime是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。限定性定语从句&非限定性定语从句所谓定语从句，就是用句子做了形容语来修饰先行词，那这个句子叫定语从句。我有一个长着一头长发的女儿。（主：我谓：有宾：女儿）（长着一头长发的）=定语我有一个女儿，她长着一头长发。第一句要表达的意思是完全清晰准确的，也就是说定语一定要修饰宾语这个名词的。而第二句只是泛泛的说明了一下，没有强调。我有个女儿，他长着一头长发英语的限定与非限定完全取决于中文你要表达的意思，你的中文严密，英语就限定，不严密强调，英语就非限定。为什么要用句子来代替形容词？因为英语中没有这样的单词有这样的意思我有一个长着一头发长的女儿。限定Ihaveagirlwhohaslonghair.我有一个女儿，她有一头长发。非限定Ihaveagirl,whohaslonghair.定定义义：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。Ourguide，whowasaFrenchCanadian，wasanexcellentcook.1.DoyourememberthegirlwhotaughtusEnglish?你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?2.Clockisakindofinstrumentwhichcantellpeopletime.钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器3.Thisistheplacewhereheusedtolive.这就是他过去居住的地方。4.Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。5.Wewalkeddownthevillagestreet,wheretheywerehavingmarketday.我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。在前三个例句中在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词定语从句与先行词关系密切关系密切,为限制性定语为限制性定语从句从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从定语从句与先行词句与先行词关系不密切关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其可用逗号将其与主句隔开。与主句隔开。例1.他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。误:HegavehismotheracolorTVsetforherbirthday,thatpleasedheralot.正:HegavehismotheracolorTVsetforherbirthday,whichpleasedheralot.例2.他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。误:Hedidntpasstheexam,thatdisappointedme.正:Hedidntpasstheexam,whichdisappointedme.一大原则：that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但that不可。在非限定性定语从句中：先行词指人：who,which或whose先行词指物：which;先行词表时间或地点：when,where1.WellgraduateinJuly,whenwewillbefree.我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。2.LastSundaytheyreachedNanjing,whereaconferencewastobeheld.他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。只有只有which才能引导非限制性定语从句？才能引导非限制性定语从句？关系代词和关系副词？关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用ofwhich或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which,who,whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。Thisisthemanwhohelpedmeyesterday.Theteacher(who/whom/that)youwanttoseeiscoming.Imetaboywhosefatherwasaastronaut.Hereisthecoatwhich/thatwillbemadetoyou.Thisisthefactory(which/that)wevisitedlastyear.Hehasabookwhosecover(=thecoverofwhich)isverybeautiful.关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when,where,why，在定语从句中分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time,day,season,age,occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place,city,town,village,house,case,situation,scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代替，why可用forwhich代替。如：Thereareoccasionswhen(=onwhich)onemustyield.Beijingistheplacewhere(=inwhich)Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy(=forwhich)herefusedouroffer?注意：注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)Thefactorywherehisfatherworkedhasclosed.比较：Thefactorywhich/thatwasbuiltin1978hasclosed(2)Illneverforgetthedayswhenwelivedtogether.比较：Illneverforgetthedays(that)wespentinAustralia.(3)Thereason(why)shewasillwasthatshehadeatenbadmeat.比较：Thereason(that)hegaveforhisabsencewasobviouslyfabricatedTHAT和WHICH的用法？习惯上要用that引导的定语从句(1)当先行词是指物的all,little,few,much,any,anything,everything,nothing,none,theone时，或先行词被all,little,few,much,any,every,no等修饰时。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Hewilltellyoueverythingthatheheardaboutit.Thereislittleworkthatisfitforyou.Ihaveeatenallthefoodthatisleft.(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last,next)、最高级形容词及theonly,thevery等修饰时。ThisisthefirstfilmthatIhaveseensinceIcamehere.Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.(3)先行词包括人和物时Theyoftentalkaboutthepeopleandthethingsthattheyareinterestedin.(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。如：Whichisthehousethatcaughtfirelastnight?Whoistheladythatisplayingthepiano?习惯上不用that引导的定语从句(1)在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。(2)直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom,whose或which，且不能省略。Thehouseinwhichweliveisnotlarge.我们住院的房子不大。Iknowtheyoungmanwithwhomyoulive.我认识和你住在一起的那个年青人。但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代替代which,who替代替代whom，也，也可以省略关系代词。如：可以省略关系代词。如：Thehouse(which/that)weliveinisnotlarge.我们住院的房子不大。我们住院的房子不大。Iknowtheman(whom/who/that)youlivewith.我认识和你住在一起的我认识和你住在一起的那个人。那个人。Insummary：1.基本概念2.限定性&非限定性3.关系词的选择4.怎么写定语从句5.注意事项Practice:Chinese-Englishtranslation1.这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王2.上周你看见的那个人已离开了城镇。上周你看见的那个人已离开了城镇。3.桂林是座具有桂林是座具有2000年历史的城市。年历史的城市。4.妈妈做的月饼很好吃。妈妈做的月饼很好吃。5.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很好。住在楼下的那个人英语说得很好。6.这是那本你正在找的书。这是那本你正在找的书。7.他住的房子很大。他住的房子很大。8.他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。Anwsers:2.Themanwhom/thatyousawlastweekhasleftthetown.(whom/that在从句中作宾语在从句中作宾语1.ThisisXiaoWangwho/thatgaveusatalkyesterday.(who/that在从句中作主语3.Guilinisacitywhich/thathasahistoryof2000years.(which/that在从句子中作主语4.Themooncakeswhich/thatmothercookedtastenice.(which/that在从句中作宾语在从句中作宾语5.ThemanwholivesdownstairsspeaksEnglishwell.6.Thisisthebook(which)youarelookingfor7.Thehouse(which)helivesinisquitelarge.Thehouseinwhichhelivesisquitelarge.8.Hetoldusmanyinterestingthingsandpersonsthatwehadneverheard.