高一上学期英语寒假作业（十二）.docx

高一上英语寒假作业（十二）命题人： 审题人： 满分： 120分 时间：100分钟第一部分 阅读（每小题2.5分，满分50分）ASCHOOL SPONSORSHIPSponsor Teen Inks future magazines for any specific school or region that is important to you and bring your message to a large audience of students, parents and teachers. We will print your name on the cover of each issue every month.Call (617)964-6800 for details and cost.How school sponsorship works:You select the schoolsas many as you wantto receive future Teen Ink magazines. Your companys name will appear on the cover of every monthly issue for the schools you sponsor.Your total cost for a full year is only $195 per school for 30 copies a monththats 300 copies per school year.Advantages for your organization: Your message reaches a large audience of students, parents and teachers, which tells them you care about teens, their voices and their education.We contact the schools explaining your sponsorship and your support of teens in the community. We ship the magazines directly to the schools. There is no extra work or expense for you.You will be working with an organization that has 14-year experience with teens, schools and educators.Advantages for the students you sponsor:Teens are connected with their peers nationwide at a place that is specifically theirs. Students have the opportunity to submit their work for publishing in our magazine, book series and website.Students gain important reading, writing and communication skills necessary for success in school and the workplace.1. What will motivate a company to sponsor Teen Ink?A. High profit.B. Zero cost.C. Public reputation.D. Specific magazines.2. What benefit can the sponsored students get?A. More attention from the public.B. Greater access to big companies.C. A good price for the magazines.D. A chance to publish their works.3. Who is the text intended for?A. Experienced teachers.B. Potential sponsors.C. Brilliant students.D. Devoted parents.BIn these times of worldwide communications, science is no different from other professions in that English is now the established “universal” language. Like it or not, most scientific reports are published in English, although some countries also have journals that are published in their native languages. But how did English develop into the dominant language of scientific discourse (会话)? Was it a joint decision or did it happen progressively and “accidentally”? And was it a positive move for all? Arabic was used in all countries with an Islamic culture in the middle ages, while in Europe Latin was used for communication in science and education until the 17th century. During the Enlightenment, Latin lost favour as it was thought to be too complicated. Instead, scientific communication became more “provincial”; German, French, Italian and English were used in their respective countries and colonies, with different languages being more important in different disciplines German, for instance, was widely used in physics, chemistry and some aspects of medicine and psychology. The relative use of these languages changed through history, reflecting the relative growth and decline of science, culture and economics in these countries. Thus, the use of French predominated in the 18th century, whereas German was most widespread in the 19th and English dominated the 20th. Social upheaval (剧变) also played a role the use of French declined dramatically after World War I, whereas that of German increased in parallel until World War II. After World War II, and especially in the past 30 years, English progressively established itself as the primary language for scientific communication as America came to dominate both basic research and technology. In the 1920s the need for a universal language of science was debated, and a synthetic language, Esperanto, was developed but never widely used. Despite the obvious appeal of having a common language that allows scientists around the world to communicate with one another, there can indeed be some drawbacks in using English for all communication non-native English speakers can be at a disadvantage compared with native speakers when it comes to expressing and highlighting the interest of their papers and communicating with editors and referees. Careful copy editing can tackle the problem of accessibility of accepted manuscripts, but upstream of this stage it is down to all parties to ensure that they evaluate work on its scientific merit rather than its proper use of grammar. The use of a universal language for communication in science is unavoidable as one obvious advantage is that findings can be more widely accessed, and resisting this concept for the sake of cultural difference would seem to be anything but productive. However, the use of national language and less technical language is useful in communicating science to the general public, as is the case with the Nature gateways in Japanese, Chinese, Korean and German.4. Which of the following does NOT contribute to the changes of languages in science through history?A. Scientific development.B. Cultural influence.C. Economic climate.D. Social communication.5. The downside of using English for all scientific communication involves .A. some scientific work being undervalued due to its improper use of grammarB. acknowledged manuscripts sometimes not being accessed with enough careC. editors and referees failure to communicate with the authors of the papersD. non-native English speakers being unable to express what interests them well6. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Creating a universal language in scientific communication is inevitable.B. A universal language enables more people to read about scientific findings.C. Cultural difference adds to the difficulty in increasing scientific productivity.D. Ordinary people also benefit from the use of technical language in science.7. Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage?A. Universal Language EstablishedB. Universal Language of ScienceC. Breaking the Language BarrierD. Breaking the Language DominanceC“Have you checked the oil in the car, Ted?” My father used to say to me. Sometimes our phone calls would begin and end with an only inquiry (询问) about the oil, without asking anything else. Fathers have lots of love to give, but its often provided through useful advice. In my experience, its mostly about the car.Why cant fathers just say “I love you” or “Its great to see you”? Why cant the sentences “I care about you” and“ You made my life better from the moment you were born” be heard? Because fathers tend to express their true feelings indirectly. You just have to understand the language Fatherlish.When I was 17 years old, I went on my first road trip in that old car. My father stood on the corner on a cold early morning to say goodbye. “Roads are dangerous,” he said, “so dont try driving faster than a horse. And remember to take a break every two hours. And every time you stop for oil, you really should check the oil.” At the time I thought his speech was pretty funny and old.Dads long gone now. But after all these years, I realize that if I had owned a copy of the Fatherlish-to-English dictionary, I would have understood that the speech that I always laughed at was simply Dads way to express love and care.8. What can we learn from paragraph 1?A. The author wanted to buy a new car badly.B. The author forgot to check the oil regularly.C. The authors father expressed his love differently.D. The authors father preferred to make phone calls.9. Why does the author mention his first road trip?A. To show the danger of the trip.B. To tell a very exciting experience.C. To explain the rules of driving.D. To present his fathers hidden love.10. Which of the following can best describe the authors father?A. Humorous.B. Caring.C. Funny.D. Boring.11. What can be the best title for the text?A. The Fatherlish languageB. The habit of driving an old carC. Fathers helpful adviceD. Annoying phone callsDWeve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says.12. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A. Addiction to smartphones.B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.C. Absence of communication between strangers.D. Impatience with slow service.13. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?A. Showing good manners.B. Relating to other people.C. Focusing on a topic.D. Making business deals.14. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?A. It improves family relationships.B. It raises peoples confidence.C. It matters as much as a formal talk.D. It makes people feel good.15. What is the best title for the text?A. Conversation CountsB. Ways of Making Small TalkC. Benefits of Small TalkD. Uncomfortable Silence七选五Horseshoes(马蹄铁) are both a game and a good luck charm(小挂件). _16_ Exactly why they wear shoes, however, isnt quite as widely known. Now let me explain it to you.Horses can safely walk on their own four hooves(蹄). _17_ For wild horses, this process typically happens at a good, gradual rate as they walk on natural land. They dont really need human-made horse shoes._18_ Such horses perform a variety of functions across a variety of surfaces-and there are a variety of reasons why many need shoes. For some, especially those that pull carriages or bear other loads, their hoof walls might wear down more quickly than they can grow back, which horseshoes can help prevent. Others might need horseshoes for traction(摩擦力) if theyre frequently exposed to icy, wet, or muddy surfaces._19_ Horses can suffer from such medical conditions. Some horses just have naturally weaker hooves. In all these cases, horseshoes can not only help horses walk better but also keep them healthy.That said, there are horses that wear no shoes at all, or only need to wear them sometimes. As a result, many horse owners refuse to give their horses horseshoes. A lot of times people talk about barefoot versus shod (穿鞋的) as if its a competition. But its not one or the other. _20_A. Its whats best for the horse.B. They wear down their hoof walls as they go.C. Many people wonder why horses wear shoes.D. Human-made shoes are quite necessary for some horses.E. Some medical conditions also require horses to wear shoes.F. However, home-raised horses are in quite a different situation.G. As a result, most people know what horses “shoes” look like.第二部分 完形填空（每小题1分，满分15分）Processed foods like chips, soda and frozen pizzas are full of salt, sugar and fat. Now scientists are trying to understand if there is something else about such foods that may be bad for humans. Scientists have already linked low-cost, _21_ foods to rising obesity rates around the world. Three recent studies offer more _22_ into how our increasingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health. What does processed food mean? The researchers created a system that _23_ foods into four groups. The system says highly processed foods are made _24_ of industrialized materials and additives. Sodas, packed cookies, instant noodles and chicken nugget are some examples of highly processed foods. But also included are products that can _25_ healthy, such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt. Whats wrong with processed foods? Researchers at the National Institutes of Health conducted a four-week study involving 20 people. They found that people eat about 500 more calories a day when _26_ mostly processed foods. That is compared with when the _27_ subjects were given less processed foods. The researchers permitted the 20 participants to eat as much or as little as they wanted. They were taken to a medical center so their health and behavior could be _28_. In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease. _29_, a similar study in Spain linked eating more processed foods to a higher risk of death in general. What is it about processed foods? When given less processed foods, people in the study _30_ more of a hormone that controls hunger, and less of a hormone that causes hunger. The reason for the _31_ is not clear. The scientists also found that people ate processed foods more quickly. Kevin Hall is one of the researchers who led the study. He told the AP that processed foods are softer and easier to chew and swallow. Hall noted the source of nutrients might _32_. For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel _33_ than fiber added to packed foods such as energy bars and yogurt. What should you eat? Avoiding processed foods can be hard, _34_ for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can also take many forms. In addition, companies continually