2023年00795自考综合英语二语法知识点.docx

系动词系动词，亦称连系动词(Link Verb)。作为系动词，它自身有词义，但不能单独 用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语(形容词)，构成系表结构说明主语的状 况、性质、特性等情况。英语除动词be之外，尚有一些动词也可以做系动词， 如表达状态或情况的：keep, look, feel, appear, lie, remain, seem, stay, smell, sound, taste 等;以及表达变化的:get, grow, turn, fall, run, become, go,等。1. to be可以加在seem, prove, remain, appear等系动词和其后的名词或形 容词之间，但也可以省略。E.g. The task proved (to be) impossible.E.g. They seem (to be) such friendly people, but they never replied to our invitation.注意：在seem,叩pear等词后,可加其他 to be不定式，但这时他们不是 系动词，而是不及物动词。Courtesy, politeness, good manner? Call it what you will, the supply never seems to equal the demand.非人称代词it做句子的形式主语1 .代表不定式E.g. It is absurd to be afraid under such circumstances.2 .代表动名词E.g. It is terrible trying to keep up with the Jones.2）进行式: E.g. The children appear to be enjoying themselves at the party.注意不定式的逻辑主语of sb./for sb.E.g. It is quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.E.g. It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.动名词知识点一接动名词作宾语的动词admit, avoid, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, appreciate, consider, mind, risk, practise, dislike, esent（怨，恨），advise, pardon, require, quit （戒除）， suggest知识点二 有些动词后既可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式like, love, start, continue, attempt, propose, forget, recall, endure, permit, deserve, regret, omit （疏忽，省略）etc.知识点三t。作为介词的短语be used to, be accustomed to, be opposed to 反对,be addicted to 沉溺于, be devoted to 专心于, look forward to, object to, see to 负责，留意 动词need, require, want, deserve后面跟动名词的积极形式表达被动意义。E.g. All the cars in the yard need repairing.1. plan, like, love, hate后动名词表达抽象行为和一般动作，不定式表达具体 的、特定的动作。E.g. He likes dancing but he doesn't like to dance with strangers.知识点五动名词的逻辑主语.动名词的逻辑主语可以是形容词性物主代词或宾格，在句中两者均可使用，在句首要用形容词性物主代词。E.g. Their/Mary's coming to help was a great encouragement to us.1 .动名词的逻辑主语可以是形容词性物主代词或宾格，在句中两者均可使用，在句首要用形容词性物主代词。E.g. Their/Mary's coming to help was a great encouragement to us.虚拟语气知识点一 wish引导的宾从时间堂现在的情况过去的情况had+过去分词/could have done将来的情况would/could+动词原形E.g. He wishes that he had studied hard in university.知识点二 would rather that时间结构现在，将来的情况的情 况过去的情况had+过去分词E.g. I would rather that you didn't tell me the answer now.E.g. I would rather that you didn't go there tomorrow.It's (about/almost/high) time that .从句用一般过去式E.g. It's time that you went to bed. E.g. It's time that class began.if条件句可以省略if,助动词were, had, should要前置，形成倒装语序。Eg. Had her father a lot of money, he would send her abroad.Eg. Were it rainy, we would buy an umbrella.''Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”表达假设条件。E.g. Were it not for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties. E.g. Had it not been for your help, we wouldn't have been able to pass the exam.as if (as though)引导的比较状语从句中谓语动词一般用were / had+过去分词表虚拟。E.g. He speaks English so well as if he were English.E.g. She looked as if she had succeeded.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词advise, desire, maintain, command, demand, direct （命令）,insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge , recommend 等常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词advice, command, desire, order, demand, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposal, request, requirement 等； 用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was +形容词或过去分词+主语从句(用虚拟语气)” advisable, necessary, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial , desirable,essential, important, natural, proper preferable, strange, vital, demanded, required, suggested, desired 等。独立主格独立主格可以分为四类：不定式独立结构、现在分词独立结构、过去分词独立结构、无动词独立结构不定式独立主格：名词词组+不定式结构E.g. His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来，他正在忙着准备饭菜。E.g. They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。现在分词独立主格：（介词十 ）名词词组+现在分词E.g. Without anyone noticing, I slipped through the window.趁着没人注意，我悄悄的顺着窗户溜出去过去分词独立主格：（介词十 ）名词词组+过去分词结构E.g. I wouldn't dare go home without the job finished.工作没完毕，我不敢回家。无动词独立主格：（介词+ ）名词词组+ （介词词组）+ （形容词词组或副词词组或名词词组）E.g. The summer holidays over, we went back to work.假期结束，我们回去工作。E.g. Two thousand people died in the earthquake, many of them children. 地震中两千人丧生，其中许多都是孩子情态动词的区分NeedNeed做情态动词时，重要用于否认句和疑问句，表达"没有必要.或"有必 要吗？"E.g. You needn't come all the way just to see the film.E.g. Need we accompany our aging parents wherever they go?(1) needn't have +动词过去分词 ''本不需要(虽然不需要，但事实上已 经做了)E.g. You needn't have paid the admission fee, for the lecture was free for members of the club.你本不需要付入场费的，这次演讲是免费的。DareDare做情态动词重要用于否认句、疑问句和感慨句，其否认式是dare not或 daren't,过去式为 dared ,过去否认式为 dared not. Dare not 和 dared not 为 正式语言，daren't普遍使用。E.g. She daren't ask her boss for leave as he seems to be in a bad mood.她不敢跟老板请假，由于老板似乎情绪不好。在肯定陈述句中，dare只有i dare say/daresay这一固定搭配，用于口语，表达我想"，我敢说。注意：dare做实意动词时，常用于肯定句中。E.g. He dared to behave like that in my house.Used toUsed to表达过去经常的活动或方式、习惯。''过去经常.E.g . She used to dislike speaking in public, but now she quite enjoys it. 其否认式为 used not to/usedn't/didn't use to.但 used not 最普通。E.g. She used not get up early on Sundays but now, since she has changed her job, she has to.注意:used to与be/get used to的区别。be/get used to表达"习惯于.”E.g. When you are in London, you must get used to driving on the left.在伦敦你要习惯在左侧驾驶。3 .代表that引导的从句E.g. It is plain to everyone that she was offended.4 .代表wh引导的从句E.g. As long as he finishes his work, it doesn't matter when he comes to the office.做句子的形式宾语1 .代表不定式E.g. They found it difficult to get along with him.2 .代表从句E.g. I think it best that you (should) stay with me.E.g. He soon made it clear why he had asked a conference.用来改变句子结构，使句子某一成分得到强调1 .强调主语E.g. It was she who put forward the suggestion.2 .强调宾语E.g. it is that painting that he has sold at a good profit.3 .强调状语E.g. it was through me that he has got the present job.强调用s。表达强调用SO强调听者批准说者所言，这种用法只将so提到句首，其他成分位置不变。 E.g. -you have spilled coffee on your dress.-So I have.情态动词+完毕式could+have+过去分词有时表达过去的时间，说明某事也许已发生，有时也表达与事实相反，表达 本来有能力做某事，但却未做。E.g. What happened in the airport could have been true.might/may+have+过去分词表达对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相称不愿定，表达近乎未实现的行为.E.g. You might have done the work better.must+have+过去分词是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测，表达过去必然发生过的事情，语气相称肯定，表达"肯定，一定"。E.g. It must have rained last night. The ground is wet.should/ought to +have+过去分词表达该做而未做到的事，表达"本应"。E.g. They should have made a good job of it.should not/oughtn't to+have+过去分词表达做了不该做的事，表达"本不应当"。E.g. You should not have done such things.can't ( couldn/t) +have+过去分词表达对过去的动作进行否认性推测。意为肯定没有，肯定不是。E.g. The poem can't have been written by the little girl; she is only four.would+have+过去分词经常用于虚拟条件句中，表达与过去事实相反的猜测。E.g. If she had known about it, she would have talked about it.needn't +have + 过去分词表达不必做的事情却做了，可译为“原本不必"其实不必。E.g. You needn't have done all these calculations. We have a computer to deal with that sort of thing.主谓一致知识点一many a, more than one +单数名词，谓语仍然用单数。E.g. Many a soldier has sacrificed his life for the revolution.知识点二either of +复数名词，谓语动词用单数.E.g. Has either of your parents visited you?知识点三and; both and连接两个单数形式的名词词组，谓语动词用复数.当主语在意义上指同一 人，同一物或同一概念时，谓语用单数.E.g. A boy and a girl want to go.知识点四each and each; every and every等结构后，谓语用单数.E.g. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help.知识点五主语后面有 as well as; together with; along with;rather than等词组，谓语的单复数有主语来决定.E.g. I, together with my mother, was reading at ten yesterday.one of +复数名词+关系分句结构如先行词为复数名词，谓语则为复数.当前面有the only/very等限定词修 饰，谓语用单数.E.g. Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.靠近原则：由 not only.but also, either.or, neither.nor 或 or 连接的并列主语。通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复 数形式决定。E.g. He or you have taken my pen.由“ number of, a total of +复数名词作主语 谓语动词用复数形式;由''the number of, the total of+复数名词"，谓语动词用单数形式。E.g. A number of students are waiting for the bus.倒装句带有neither, nor, no more的句子倒装代词neither, nor, no more用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须是否认句，这时后面分句不仅用倒装结构，并且时态（涉及助动词）必须和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。E.g. She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.知识点二虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时，were, had和should要移至主语之前。E.g. Had I known it, I should have told him.句首为否认词和带有否认意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。常用于这一结构的词语有：little, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, seldom, few,hardly, never, under no circumstances, on no account, in no way, at no point, at no time, in no sense, at no/other time, by no means, barely/hardly/scarcely . when, not until much/even/still less, no longer, not a single word, not often,等。带。nly的句子的倒装only位于句子开头，假如修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。E.g. Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able make himself heard.Only引导的从句位于句首，主语应倒装.E.g. Only when she came home did he learn the news.so / such that结构中的so放在句首时，需要倒装。E.g. So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.E.g. Such a good student was she that all the teachers liked her.在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。E.g. Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.E.g. Child as the little girl is, she knows several foreign languages.句首为 many a time, to such an extent, to such a degree, tosuch a point等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。E.g. To such a degree was he excited that he couldn't go to sleep that night.在某些表达祝愿的句子中使用倒装。E.g. May you live a long and happy life!介词词组放在句首.E.g. In front of the house stands a tree.强调句型强调句：It is/was +被强调部分+ who/whom/that被强调的主语是人称代词时，既可用主格，也可用宾格.知识点四 强调句让和先行词it的区别假如把it is (was) that去掉，剩下的仍能组成完整的句子,就是强调句.E.g. It is clear that not all the students like English.E.g. It was this place that I met Tom. not until句型的强调E.g. It was not until 10 o'clock that he went to bed.E.g. Not until he finished the homework did he watch TV.非谓语动词分词分词的位置:单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词前；也可放在名词后，其作用是强调分词的动作性，但一般仅限于过去分词。E.g. the aspects concerned,E.g. the authority involved分词的特殊形式1-分词的复合结构，即分词的独立结构。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，分词必须带上自己的主语，称为独立结构，可以表达因素，时间，随着等。1) n. +分词短语E.g. (time) The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again.E.g. (reason) The monitor being ill, we'd better wait for her.2) With + n. + 分词短语 /adj. / adv/prep.E.g. With Mr. Li taking the lead, the group accused its company of delaying their salary.E.g. With the most pop television network in his hand, the man have his products advertised at the golden time for an hour.不定式. with/without +分词逻辑主语+分词1)不定式常在下面动词后面作宾语：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begz care, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, pretend, promise, refuse, learn, tend, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, etc.2）动词+ it （形式宾语）+形容词（宾语补足语）+不定式（真正宾语）， 合用于此结构的动词：believe, consider, feel, find, realize, see, suppose,think, understand etc.E.g. We found it impossible to get everything ready in time.1 . ''Wh- word +不定式结构advise, decide, discuss, find out, know, learn, see, teach, tell, showunderstand, wonder 等E.g. He does not know when to start.2 .不定式作宾语补足语1）动词 ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, command, direct, enable, encourage,expect, feel, force, have, hear, invite, lead, let, make, notice, order, permit, persuade, tell, urge, watch, see, require etc.2）下列词组后面的不定式不带to : would rather . than.（宁愿也不），hadbetter , can't help but （不得不），may/might as well .（不妨）务必注意的是：接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词改成被动形式时必须加to。E.g. He has seen nine presidents come and go.E.g. Nine presidents have been seen to come and go （by him）.3 .不定式的时态1）完毕式:不定式的动作在谓语表达的动作之前完毕，或想像中过去的动作或事情，但并没有发生。E.g. This book is said to have been translated into dozens of languages in the last decade.