牛津译林版(2020)高中英语选择性必修第一册 Unit 1 语法复习讲义（含练习题及答案）.docx

牛津译林版（2020）高中英语选择性必修第一册Unitl语法复习讲义Unit 1 Food matters Grammar and usageTeaching objectives1 .知识目标：学生能够掌握不定式的基本含义2 .技能目标：学生能够掌握不定式的基本用法3 .情感目标：学生能够更有信心学习英语Key points, Difficult points1 .掌握不定式的基本含义2 .掌握不定式的基本用法Teaching procedures:一、动词不定式作主语和表语动词不定式概述动词不定式是英语语法的一个重要项目。它跟动名词、现在分词和过去分词-样，都被称为非谓语动 词。除了不能单独作谓语外，动词不定式可用来作句子的主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语和状语。t。是不定式的标志符号，但有时候不定式不带t。，有时候可以省略t。不定式无人称和数的变化，虽然 不能单独作句子的谓语，但它具备了动词的基本特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，有时态和语态的变化。 不定式具有动词特征，因此有一般式、完成式、进行式等时态形式，以及主动、被动两种语态形式。它的 各种形式如下表所示（以动词do为例）:时态形式语态形式主动式被动式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/.不定式的一般式（一般体）不定式的一般式用得最多，可表示与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。但在多数情况下，不定式表示的 动作发生在谓语动词之后。I am very glad to meet you here again.在这儿再次见到你我非常高兴。He decided to buy a new car.他决定买一辆新车。1 .不定式的完成式（完成体）不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，强调动作的先后顺序。The fire was thought to have started in an upstairs room.火灾被认为是从楼上的一个房间里开始燃起的。I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. 真对不起，给你带来这么多麻烦。2 .不定式的进行式（进行体）不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或进行。He seems to be worrying about something. （= Il seems that he is worrying about something.） 他似乎正在担心什么事。Don't pretend to be working hard. Just do what you should.不要假装在努力工作。做你该做的事。特别提示不定式和谓语动词的动作发生时间比较：一般式： It seems to rain this afternoon.一般式往往表示其动作在谓语动词之后发生。例句说明：“今天下午看起来要下雨。" rain应在seem之后发生。进行式： It seems to be raining outside.进行式往往表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生。例句说明：“外面好像正在下雨。”（指在室内听见或观察到外面有下雨的声音或迹象），rain和seem同时发 生。完成式：Il seems lo have rained last nighl.完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。例句说明：“昨晚好像下了雨。”（指早晨起床后发现地面潮湿，有下过雨的迹象，才做出如此判断），rain 发生在seem之前。3 .不定式的被动式当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，要用其被动形式。分别举例如下：The students want to be sent to work in the countryside.学生们想被派到农村去工作。（与主语是被动关系）He wanted the letter to be typed at once.他想马上把信打出来。（与宾语是被动关系）He is a man to be trusted.他是一个值得信赖的人。（与表语是被动关系）I'm sorry for you to have been injured in the accident.你在事故中受伤，我感到很遗憾。（与不定式逻辑主语you是被动关系）.不定式的否定式通常情况下，不定式的否定式是在to之前加not或never。I've already told you not to come over.我已经告诉你别过来了。I promise never to forget her.我承诺永远不会忘记她。4 .不定式的逻辑主语和不定式复合结构不定式都有自己的逻辑主语，它可能是句子的主语、宾语或表语。如果都不是，则用f。!引出新的逻辑主语， 即：for sb.to do sth.这类带有逻辑主语的不定式，称为“不定式复合结构”。（1 ）逻辑主语是句子中的某个成分。I have several e-mails （o send today.今天我有些电子邮件要发。（lo send的逻辑主语是I）The teacher encourages the boy student to study harder.老师鼓励那位男生更加努力地学习。（to sludy的逻辑主语是the boy student）由for引出不定式的逻辑主语。It's common for leaves to fall from the trees in autumn.在秋季树叶从树上落下来，这是很平常的。（作主语）This decision is for you to make.这个决定由你来做。（作表语）There are a lot of difficulties for us to overcome.有许多困难等待我们去克服。（作定语）He put the newspaper on the desk for you to read.他把报纸放在桌子上让你看。（作目的状语）（3）由。f引出不定式的逻辑主语。在"皿$+2弘+ 10 110 3由.”结构中，当形容词是描述逻辑主语的性质、品质、特征等的词时，用Of引出逻辑主 语。这时，逻辑主语与前面的形容词存在主表关系。It is kind of you to help us. （= You are kind to help us.） 你帮助我们真是太好了。It was silly of you to trust such a man. （= You were silly to trust such a man.）你太愚蠢 了,竟然相信这样一个人。It is selfish of him not to do anything for the orphans.（= He is selfish not to do anything for the orphans1也很 自 私 不愿为孤儿们做点儿事。特别提示在“Ilis+adj.+（111010皿.”结构中，常用的描述品质的形容词有kind, nice, good, polite, impolite, rude, patient, careful, careless, wise, clever, selfish, foolish, silly, stupid, cruel, brave, crazy等二、动词不定式作主语和表语1 .不定式作主语动词不定式可以在句中作主语。不定式作主语时往往用形式主语it代替，而将不定式后置（放在句末）To learn English is very important.学习英语是非常重要的。To cook Chinese food is not easy.烹饪中餐不容易。It is difficult to find a true friend.很难找到一个真正的朋友。It took me a long time to finish the work.我花了很长时间才完成这项工作。动词不定式虽然可以直接放在句首作主语，但为了保持句子平衡，一般情况下用it作形式主语替代它，例如 第3、4句。第1、2句我们通常也是这样说：It is very important to learn English.It is not easy to cook Chinese food.如果句子是疑问句或感叹句，则必须用it作形式主语，代替不定式。Is it very amusing to watch the TV play?看这部电视剧很有趣吗？How long did it take him to get to the station?他到车站花T 多长时间？What a pity it is to lose the good chance!失去 了 这个好机会多可惜啊！2 .不定式作表语不定式作表语表示主语的具体内容、目的等，从时间概念上说表示将来的动作。Her only wish is to have a job in an office.她唯一的愿望就是找一份办公室的工作。What impresses me most is to see her always busy.给我留下最深印象的是发现她总是很忙。特别提示在下列情况下，作表语的不定式可以省略t。,例如：What he wanted to do was （to ）become a skillful worker.他的愿望是成为一个技术熟练的工人。All I want to do now is （to ） drink some water.我现在想做的一切就是喝点儿水。The first thing for the thief to do is （to）run away.这个小偷想做的第一件事就是逃跑。在以上例句中，主语部分含有实义动词do（包括do的其他形式），而旦往往含有all, Ihe first等表示“所有，唯 一等概念的词语，或what引导的主语从句。当然在这种情况卜 I。不省略也可以。用法辨析两种不同性质的“be +不定式”结构“不定式作表语”和表将来的“be+不定式”结构是两个不同的概念。我们用最简单的方法来进行区分，请 看这两个句子：Her job is to look after the children.她的工作是照料这些孩子。（系表结构）She is to look after the children.她将要照料这些孩子。（表将来）这两句话只是主语不同，其他部分看起来完全一样，意思却大不相同，这是为什么呢？44 Her job is lo look alter the children."意为”她的工作是照料这些孩子”。本句中，is是系动词，to look after （he children是不定式作表语。主语和表语可以G换而意思保持不变：To look after the children is her job.（照料这 些孩子是她的工作）。“She is lo look after the children."意为“她将要照料这些孩子”。本句中,is是助动词,跟不定式to look一 起表示将来。因为不是主系表关系，所以is前后两部分不能颠倒，不可以说：To look after the children is she. 系表结构的实质是：be是系动词，be前的主语和be后的表语是同位概念，不定式是主语的内容和解释，主语 往往是表示“目的、目标、想法、愿望、爱好、工作、责任、方法”之类的名词，还可以是由what引导的 名词性从句等。例如：Her purpose in learning is to be a doctor.她学习的目的是当一名医生。My only hope is to use her notes.我唯一的希望是用她的笔记。His drcam is to become an engineer in the future.他的梦想是将来成为一名工程师。The only way to do that is to reduce expenses.做到那一点的唯一办法是减少开支。His ambition is to fly to the moon one day.他的愿望是有一天登上月球。My aim is to start up my own company.我的目标是开办一家我自己的公司。What I want to do is （to）have a good rest.我想要做的事就是好好休息一下。All that I did was to encourage him to try again.我所做的一切只是鼓励他再试一次。3.动词不定式复合结构在概述中我们提到，不定式都有自己的逻辑主语，它可能是句子的主语、宾语或表语。如果都不是，则用for 引出新的逻辑主语，即：for sb. to do slh.这类带有逻辑主语的不定式，称为“不定式复合结构”。（1）了解和掌握不定式复合结构，对于理解句子是非常有益的。例如：It is very important to learn a foreign language .It is very important for her to learn a foreign language第一句，不定式没有逻辑主语，指不定式的动作带有普遍性，针对所有人。第二句，不定式有了逻辑主语， 指不定式的动作是针对her的。又如：Tom is going to find some work to do.汤姆要找些工作做。（自己去做）Tom is going to find some work for us to do.汤姆要找些工作给我们做。（给别人做）有时候，在不定式前加上逻辑主语，可以判断这个不定式为什么用主动语态，而不用被动语态。例如： This question is difficult to answer. （IE）This question is difficult to be answered.（误）有的同学可能不明白，这里为什么用I。answer,而不用被动式io be answered?其实，这就是我们常说的“反 射不定式"或"悬空不定式”，意思是answer后面的宾语必须省略。其实句子的主语this question就是它的 宾语。从另一个角度理解，我们给不定式加上逻辑主语for sb.,就知道为何不能用被动式了。例如： This question is difficult for a little child to he answered.（误）Tom is going to find some work fbr us （o be done.（误）加上逻辑主语，错误就十分明显了。句式辨析This decision is for you to make. = You should make this derision.这个决定应该由你来做。（不定式复合结 构作表语，是反射不定式）It is for you to make the decision. = It depends on you to make the decision做这个决定要依靠你。（it是形式主 语，不定式作真正的主语，for you作表语，意为“依靠你”）It is easy for you to make the decision你做这个决定是很容易的。（it是形式主语，不定式复合结构作真正的 主活）This decision is easy for you （o make.这个决定对你而言很容易做出。（不定式复合结构作形容词easy的补足 语，是反射不定式）This decisions is easy enough for you to make.这个决定由你去做是够容易的。（不定式复合结构作结果状语，是反射不定式）We are waiting for you to make the decision.我们在等待你做决定。（不定式复合结构作目的状语）We arc eager for you to make the decision.我们渴望你做出决定。（不定式复合结构作形容词eager的补足语） There is a decision for you to make.有一个决定需要你做。（不定式复合结构作decision的定语，是反射不定 式）We made a decision for you to solve the problem.我们做出决定让你来解决这个问题。（不定式复合结构作 decision的定语，表示同位关系）四、The decision isor you to solve Ihe problem.这个决定是由你来解决此问题。（不定式复合结构作表语，说 明主语的内容）It is for you to decide.第句，实际是一一个歧义句，它有两种意思：a.il是代词，指需要决定的事，decide是及物动词，也是反射不定式。意思是“此事应该由你来做决定”。b. it是形式主语，不定式作真正的主语，decide是不及物动词。意思是“做决定要依靠你”（3）不及物动词+ for sb. to do sth.一般是不定式复合结构作目的状语，在英语中比较常见。例如：I'll arrange for you to be met at the airporl.我将作出安排，到机场接你。I gestured for him to keep quiel.我用手势示意他保持安静。The policeman signed for me to stop.警察打手势叫我停下。She looked up and nodded for me to go out.她抬起头来，并点头让我出去。He's waiting for me to make a mislake.他正盼着我出错呢。He wished for me to win.他期待着我赢。I am really longing for him to say something tender to me.我确实渴望他对我讲些温柔的话。有的语法书，把该结构中的“不及物动词+for”视为及物用法，把sb.看作宾语，不定式看作宾补，例如w疝 for sb. to do sth.（等待某人做某事），这完全是从汉语角度理解的，而忽视了英语句子本身的结构。这种分析和 理解显然是中式思维。在wai【for sb. iodo sth.结构中，wail和for之间的关系其实是比较松散的，并非铁板一块。如果认为，for sb. to do slh.作目的状语仍不够明显的话，那么，我们演绎一下：The fans were waiting for the pop star to appear.The fans were waiting patiently for the pop star to appear.The fans were waiting patiently a（ the gate fbr the pop star to appear.句和句,只是在wait和for之间，加了一个方式状语和地点状语，并未改变句子的结构。这个目的状语应 该比较明显了。上述句子，在动词和for之间都可以加一些适当的状语，让结构变得松散。显而易见，这样 就排除了不定式作宾语补足语的可能性。三语法全解训练I.用括号内所给动词的正确形式完成下列句子1. Most natives here prefer frying steaks in a pan to( boil )or steaming them in a pot.2. (tell) you the truth, there is an association between food and mood.3. (lower) her calories, the doctor advised her to slop eating sweets greedily.4. It is no good(eat) food that is too sweet, too sour or too salty.5. The chef has thrown himself into Chinese cuisine(enhance ) his cooking skills.6. The smell of the dessert can do the trick, not(mention) the lovely creamy favour.6.1 ( is very important(ensure ) food security for people's health.8. The purpose of the doctor s comfort to the patient was(relieve) his stress and anxiety.9. Too many calories can generate obesity and cause you(digest) poorly.10. She is crying out for your comfort so as(get) rid of her negative emotions.ILA combination of talent and hard work is certain(enhance )her confidence.12. His mood seems(vary) according to the weather.13. The chef is said(open) a buffet restaurant near the bay with beautiful scenery next month.14. The Grand Canyon never fails(impress) the visitors.15. The film made full use of this combination(enhance ) the scaiy atmosphere.16. As the saying goes, the best bet is(bet) on yourself.17.1 have some bread and cakes(bake) in the bakery.18.1 add such ingredients as cheese and cream to (he flour( make ) (he Chinese version of tiramisu.19. With a mild and bitter favour, this pie is so adorable hat it is likely( prefer) by the elderly people.2(). These essential ingredients are used by the chef( stimulate )your appetite.21. As a chef, I am ready( accept) modern cooking concepts and innovations.22. My mother is able( make ) delicate dim sum and desserts, which are out of this world.23. These foods are appropriate for southerners( consume )because of the damp and fbggy weather.24. In my opinion, it is belter to fry the fish than( boil) or steam it.25. “Make sure not(eat) the sauce on the saucer. I believe my brief words will relieve your grief.(注:本句含有6个形近异义词：sauce-saucer; believe- relieve; brief- grief)The sauce is believed( be ) a combination of cream and cheese.26. He cooks food with health care properties, and his aim is( expand ) his business.27. My hope is( grasp ) every possible opportunity rather than let them loose.28. The average Chinese person is estimated( consume) 100 grams of chocolate every year.29. The cook tried his best to make his dishes(hit) the spot.I.根据括号内提示，选择正确的动词形式填空1. We must do what we can those who arc in trouble. ( help; to help )2.1 think these problems are easy, so you don't have to ask the teacher for help. (to work out; to be worked out)Every minute should be made full use of our lessons well. (to study; studying )3. Emily stopped her car a black cat across the street. (let/to run; to let/run)Paul doesn't have to be made. He always works hard. (leani; to learn)4. The telephone is generally considered to by Alexander Bell, (be invented; have beeninvented)5. It is careless the same mistake again in your composition. ( for you to make; of you to make)一Why not someone your letter? (to get/type; get/to type,No one can find a typewriter around here.9. Anxiously, she took (he dress out of the package and tried it on, only it didn't fit. (to find; finding)一I hope to take the computer course.一Good idea.more about it, visit this website. (Find out; To find out)He is thought foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame fbr losing the job. (to act; to haveacted)There are sill many problems before we are ready fora long stay on the Moon. ( solved; to besolved)The students are looking fonvard to having an opportunity society for real-life experience, (exploring;to explore)The engine just won't start. Something seems wrong with it. (to go;to have gone)10. The airport next year will help promote tourism in this area.(completed; to be completed)We're having a meeting in half an hour. The decision at the meeting will influence the future of ourcompany. (o be made; made)The old man sat in front of the television eveiy evening, happy anything that happened to be on.(watching; to watch)8. Birds' singing is sometimes a warning for other birds away, (staying; to stay )19. We've had a good start, but next more work needs to achieve the final success. ( be done; to bedone)20. This machine is very easy. Anybody can learn (o use it in a few minutes. (to be operated; to operate)I .用所给词语的正确形式完成句子1. My mother often tells me in bed. ( not read)In the old days it was difficult for (he poor a job. (find )2. It's cold outside, so you'd better your coat.(put on)He is hungry. Please give him something.(eat)1.1 would rather by bus, or I will be late, (go)He called at every door people the exciting news, (tell)6. Would you please me an English-Chinese dictionary when you come? (bring)John stopped a rest because he had worked for eight hours, (have)1.1 ('s a great shame fbr me in front of so many people, (laugh at)Little Jenny liked to to the zoo on Sundays. (take)10. You had better get a doctor your bad tooth oul. ( pull)I'm afraid your suggestion can't help the service of their shop, (improve)11. This instrument is used machines. ( check )you the truth, she knows nothing about it. (tell)12. Will you be able to attend the lecture by Professor Li next week? ( give)1 felt it an honour to speak here. (invite )17 .a foreign language, one must have a lot of practice. (inaster ). I feel it is your husband who is for the spoiled child, (blame )选择性必修一Unitl Food matters语法复习1.1. boiling 2. To tell 3. To lower 4. eating 5. to enhance6. to mention 7. to ensure 8. to relieve 9. to digest 10. to get11. to enhance 12. to vary 13. to open 14. to impress 15. to enhance16. to bet 17. to bake 18. to make 19. to be preferred 20. to stimulate21. to accept 22. to make 23. to consume 24. to boil 25. to eat26. to be 27. to expand 28, to grasp 29. to consume 30, hitII .1. to help 2. to work out 3. to study 4. to let/run 5. to learn6. have been invented 7. of you to make 8. get/to type 9. to find 10. To find out11. (o have acted 12. to be solved 13. to explore 14. to have gone 15. to be completed16. to be made 17. to watch 18. to stay 19. to be done 20, to operateIIL1. not to read 2. to find 3. put on 4. to eat 5. go6.to tell 7. bring 8. to have 9. to be laughed at 10. be takeni I.to pull 12. to improve 13. to check 14. To tell 15. to be given16. to be invited 17. To master 18. to blame