最新2019小升初英语 知识梳理总复习 语法知识 闽教版.doc

1语法知识语法知识英语动词 4 种时态：1、一般现在时：常与表示程度或频度的词连用，如：often（经常） , usually（通常，一般） , sometimes（有时） , always（总是，一直） , never（从不）,表示经常性或习惯性的动作,表示现在的特征或状态,表示普遍真理。用动词原形表示，第三人称单数后，动词要在词尾加 s（或 es，或变 y 为 i 再加 es） 。如：I often get up at 7:00.He often gets up at 7:30.2、现在进行时：表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。用 am / is / are 加 动词ing 形式表示，如: What are you doing? I am reading a book. What is he doing? He is singing.3、一般将来时：常与表示将来的时间连用，如：tomorrow , next week , next year 等,表示将要发生的动作或情况。用 am/ is/ are 加 going to 形式表示，如：What are you going to do tomorrow? Im going to ride a horse. 用 will 加动词原形表示，如：What will you do next Sunday? I will go shopping. 用 am/ is/ are 加动词 ing 形式表示，如：What are you doing tomorrow? Im going bowling.4、一般过去时：经常与表示过去的时间连用, 如: yesterday, last night 等, 表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。动词要用动词的过去式。如：Who was first? Ken was first.Where were you yesterday? I was at home.What did you do yesterday? I went to school.形容词的比较级和最高级：1、单音节词：比较级加 er, 最高级加 est. 如：talltallerthe tallest,He is taller than his brother. Tom is the tallest in his class.2、多音节词和部分双音节词：比较级加 more, 最高级加 the most. 如：interesting-more interesting-the most interesting,Music is interesting subject. P.E. is more interesting than music.Science is the most interesting subject.形容词变为比较级的变化规则：（1）一般情况下，在形容词的词尾直接加 er。如: talltaller shortshorter.(2)以字母 e 结尾的形容词，在词尾直接加 r，如：nice2nicer. latelater (3)以重读闭音节结尾，且结尾只有一个辅音字母的词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加 er.如：bigbigger thinthinner fatfatter (4)以辅音字母加 y 结尾的双音节形容词，先变 y 为 i , 再加 er。如：easyeasier heavyheavier funnyfunnier.（2） 、部分形容词比较级的不规则变化：goodbetter wellbetter badworse badlyworse manymore muchmore littleless farfarther动词 ing 的变化规律：1）直接加 ing ，如： open-opening, clean-cleaning, meet-meeting, sing-singing, study-studying, 2） 去掉词尾不发音的 e ，如：take-taking, close-closing, come-coming, drive-driving, have-having, use-using, write-writing, practice-practicing, 3） 重读闭音节的，双写最后的字母，加 ing , 如： sit-sitting, put-putting, begin-beginning , get-getting, swim-swimming, run-running, cut-cutting, become-becoming, 主语是第三人称单数时一般现在时动词的变化规律(与名词变复数规律相同)： 1） 直接加s， 如：cook-cooks, come-comes, close-closes, 2)以 o, x, s, sh, ch 结尾+es , 如: teach-teaches, go-goes, do-does, catch-catches, wash-washes, brush-brushes, miss-misses, 3） 辅音字母加 y 结尾，把 y 改为 i ，+es， 如：fly-flies, worry-worries, carry-carries, 4） 以 f 或 fe 结尾，把 f 或 fe，改为 v+es.5） 特殊：have-has, 6）家庭、亲属和朋友：姓名、年龄、地址、特点与爱好：与你的关系 words: family, grandfather(grandpa/granddad), grandmother(grandma/grand mum), father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin, friend相关句型: 1) Is he/she Toms cousin? Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isnt.2) Whos he/she? Hes/Shes my friend.3) How many people are there in your family? Who are they?There are four, my father, my mother, my brother and me.注意： 1）名词单复数，如：family-families; 名词单数-复数规律: 3（1）1） 直接加 s， 如： boy-boys, term-terms, 2)以 o, x, s, sh, ch 结尾+es , 如: box-boxes, class-classes, glass-glasses, coach-coaches, dress-dresses, fax-faxes, inch-inches, match-matches, 3） 辅音字母加 y 结尾，把 y 改为 i ，+es， 如：baby-babies, lady-ladies, factory-factories, peach-peaches, library-libraries, watch-watches , 4） 以 f 或 fe 结尾，把 f 或 fe，改为 v+es: leaf-leaves, knife-knives, wife-wives, shelf-shelves, 5） 特殊: man-men, policeman-policemen, woman-women, child-children, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, 6) 不变: hair, milk, tea, coffee, water, bread, rice, paper, juice, meat, people, fish, sheep, （2）名词所有格，表明是“谁的” 如： my cousins , his parents它的构成规则： 单数名词后+“ s” ， Mikes mother.复数名词词尾有，其后只+“ ” ，Teachers Da 教师节.若是两人共有时，只在后者+ “s ”,Jim and Toms mother.吉姆和汤姆的母亲。不是两者所共有的，两者都+ “ s ”,Jims and Toms mother.吉姆母亲和汤姆的母亲。名词若是无生命，所有格构成用 of, a map of China.一幅中国地图I 一般过去时态 定义：表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。结构：“主语+动词的过去式”用法：1.表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。He was here yesterday.I got up at seven yesterday morning.My mother was at work yesterday afternoon.Did you have a good time last summer?2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。My mother often went to work by taxi last year.When I was a student, I often listened to music.43. 常与一般过去时态连用的时间有：一般过去式的用法：一般过去式 表示过去的动作和状态，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句, 如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作。I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰见了他。I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山。一般过去式构成：表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词 原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。4. 一般过去时的标志词: last year; last nightyesterday (+morning, afternoon, evening)in +过去时间词: in 1998 II 过去式规则变化（a）动词词尾+“ed” 。 walk walked（走）need needed （需要）（b）动词词尾为“e”时，加“-d” 。 live lived （住）like liked （喜欢）（c）动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“y”加“ied” ，若是词尾为“元音字母+y” ，只加“ed” 。study studied （学习）playplayed （游戏）（d）原形动词词尾为重读闭音节时，先双写该辅音字母再+“ed”stop stoppedIII 过去式规则变化(一) 不变1.cut cut 2.let let 3.put put 4 read read 5must must（二）改成 a1. come came 2.become became 3. begin began 4. drink drank5.have had 6.run ran 7. sit sat 8.ring rang9. sing sang 10.swim swam 11.give gave （三）改成 ght1. think thought 2.fight fought 3.bring brought 4. buy bought5. catch caught 6. teach taught（三）改成 t51.keep kept 2.sleep slept 3.sweep swept 4.feel felt5.spend spent 6.learn learnt 7.mean meant （四）改成 ew1.blow blew 2. know knew 3.grow grew 4. draw drew5.throw threw 6. fly flew （五）改成 o1.get got 2.forget forgot 3.write wrote 4.ride rode 5.drive drove6.sell sold 7.tell told 8.stand stood 9.understand understood10.speak spoke 11.hear heard 12.take took (六)其他形式1.make made 2.hear heard 3.eat ate 4.mean meant5.say said 6.find found 7.meet met 8.see saw9.can could 10.shall should 11.will would 12. may might13.go went 14.see saw 15.wear wore 时态时间标志口诀集锦1. 一般现在时：“总经常有每没（美眉）复星周” 总：always， usually 等经常：often有：sometimes （记住， “有”不是 have，而是“有时” ）每：every week/month/year 等没：never复星周：on Mondays， on Tuesdays 等2. 一般过去时：“昨天上个 XX（读作叉叉）前，in 加年份 when 字连” （原创）昨天：yesterday， 后面可以加 morning， afternoon，evening 等上个：last，后面可以加 week， month，year 等XX 前：ago，前面可以加 three weeks/months/years agoin 加年份：in 2009/2008/1986/1220 等，2010 前全用一般过去时，后年 2012 前就都是 过去时了，2012，世界末日？电影看多了。when 字连：when I was a child 等 when 字后面都是过去时，也要用一般过去时。3. 一般将来时时间标志口诀：正好和一般过去时对应：“明天下个 XX 后”明天：tomorrow，后面可以加 morning， afternoon，evening下个：next，后面可以加 week， month，year 等XX 后：after 和 in，后面可以加 three weeks/months/years这里要注意一下，after 后加时间点才表示将来，如 after 3 oclock 。加时间段表示 过去，如 after 2 hours 表示过去。in 后加时间段表将来，如 in two years。4. 现在进行时：“现在时刻看和听，最近在哪请安静。 ”现在：now， at present， at the moment 等6时刻：Its ten oclock. Im beating Xiaoqiang.看和听：Look！ Listen！后面一般都用现在进行时。最近：What are you doing recently/these days？在哪：Where is Xiao Z？ Xiao Z is beating Xiaoqiang.请安静：Be quiet！/Dont make any noise！/Stop making noise！ Xiaoqiang is sleeping.