初中英语中考总复习综合知识归纳系列第10辑共20辑课.docx

初中英语中考总复习综合知识归纳系列第10辑（共20辑）课文中的基本句型1. S+V此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词，本身能表达完 整的意思，后面不需跟宾语，但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状 语。如：He laughed.John has read widely.He lives in London.2. S+V+0此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词，不能表达完整 的意思，必须跟有一个宾语。如：Our team beat all the others.3. S+V+P此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整 的意思，必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见 的系动词有：be （是），become （成为），get （变得），turn （变 得）,grow（变得），look（看起来），feel （感到），smell （ H 起 来）,taste （尝起来），sound （听起来），seem （似乎），keep （保 持），stay（保持）等。如：The rose smells sweet.4. S+V+INO+DO此句型的特点是：谓语动词跟有两个宾语，这两It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. LIt was they that (who ) cleaned the classroom yesterday. JXBIt was in the street that I met her father. 5/L2. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语”直 到.才.",可以说是not . . until .的强调形式。 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star, y=Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. 9% _5=I didn' t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. MI_3. It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain.) thatr该句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从 句，常译为”清楚(显然，真的，肯定.)”是主语从句最 常见的一种结构。fMxzIt is very clear that he' s round and tall like a tree.1W = That he' s round and tall like a tree is very clear.4. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural.) that . E|Qul该句型和上一个同属一个句型。由于主句中的形容词不同， that后的从句中要用虚拟语气(should +动词原形)，should 可以省去。建议记住该句型中的形容词。，：It is important that we (should) learn English well. )CXIt is necessary that he (should) remember these words. 5V 5. It is said (reported, learned.) that 2该句型中的it仍是形式主语，真正主语是that引导的主 语从句。该结构常译为”据说(据报道，据悉7 It is said that he has come to Beijing. 4 It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. zEIt is suggested ( ordered )that 二kI该句型和上一个同属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请 求，建议，命令等词时，that后的从句要用虚拟语气(should +动词原形)，should可以省。常译为”据建议；有命令.) It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. t, oIt was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours. 旷6. It is a pity ( a shame )that U!* 该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should +动词原形), should可省去.表示出乎意料，常译为“竟然“。没有这种意 义时，则不用虚拟语气。，血It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. _ 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！。It is a pity that he is ill.他生病了，真遗憾！ 0)zIt is time ( about time , high time ) that . b该句型中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是 常用过去时态表示虚拟.有时也用should +动词原形， should不能省。常译为”是(正是).的时侯。|B)It is time that children should go to bed. s 二 It is time that children went to bed. $0$r7. It is the first ( second )time that o_%该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的that从句不 用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓 语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时 态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中 that可以省去；it有时用this替换.常译为”是第一(二)次."OIt is the first time I have been here. 7%-= This is the first time I have been here. X!zIt is . since ？该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，又要和表示一段时 间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中是时间作表语，其时态是现在 时或完成时，since引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬 间动词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died.It is . when该句型中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为”当.的时候， 是. "o lzIt was 5 o' clock when he came here, f%8. It be before . Fi该句型主句中的it指时间，主句中的时态常是将来一般 时或过去时两种时态.主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为”.之 后."o %r?It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. 9VIt will be not long before he finishes his job. bXlxw)9. It happens (seems, looks, appears ) that. /TO该句型中it是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen , seem等词是不及物动词It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street.碰巧. zIt seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来. rb #e该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语，句型中 的直接宾语是时间。常译为”做.要花费某人.”。<Z$It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall, b) 2#9该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是 no good , ( not any good ) , no use , ( not any use )。 N It is no good learning English without speaking English. Pe16. It doesn, t matter whether ( if ) . 817D;该句型中whether (if)引导的从句是真正主语，该句型常 译为"不论(是否).没关系.。 <Es It doesn' t matter if they are old. A#5 17. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. +1R p3该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由 of引起，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。 常见的有： bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish , good (好心的)，honest , horrible , kind , lazy , modest , naughty , nice （有教养的）,polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong （错误的）等。这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth. 0&-It is kind of you to say so. z= You are kind to say so. 8.?u=该句型及上一个同属一个句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由 for引起，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程 度，难易，安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有：important, necessary, natural easy , safe , common , normal , hard , difficult , dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant 等。 x/在中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写，如： 0It is important for her to come to the party, y=It is important that she （should ） come to the partyiu（rO 19. It looks （ seems ） as if . C U-10该句型中it无意义。as if引导一个状语从句。常译为，” 看起来好象.”如果及事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气.e It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）X'It looks as if he were ill.（没有生病）+yIt seemed as if he were dying. #gP20. We think it important to learn a foreign language., rr 该句型中的it作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型 为6123结构。6指主句中常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel； o5$<1指的是形式宾语it；i(=2指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词；/3指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语，动名词短语或 that引导的宾语从句。-We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. $'XxHe felt it important learning English well.二GThey found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.|句子的种类及用意"1按照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句 和感叹句。按照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和 复合句。中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1 .陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；.祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；2 . 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成 形式及基本用法；.由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别复习。一.陈述句的构成形式及基本用法1 .陈述句：陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯 定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号。Tom has a new car.The flower isn' t beautiful.2 .陈述句否定式的构成（1）如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连 系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。He Xs playing the guitar.（肯定）He is not playing the guitar.（否定）We can get there before dark.（肯定）We can' t get thee before dark.（否定）（2）如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态 动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加 don' t, doesn, t或didn' to同时把该实义动词变为原 形。He plays the violin well.（肯定）He doesn' t play the violin well.（否定）She won the game.（肯定）She didn' t win the game.（否定）(3)如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have (有)，除 了 be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要变为 any。例如：There is some water in the cup. f There is not any water in the cup.He has some books, f He has not any books.(4) 除 not 以夕卜， 否定词 no, never, nothing, nobody, few 等也可构成否定句。例如：There is something wrong with his bike, f There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. 一I have never seen the film.二.祈使句的构成形式及基本用法祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子, 谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！ ”或句号。朗读时一 般用降调。1.肯定的祈使句：(1)祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调 对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。Be quiet.You be quiet!(2) “Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调 作用。Do come back at once!Do be careful.(3) please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号及其余部分分开。Open the window, please.(4) Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人 称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。Let Jack wait a minute.Let' s go to school.（5）在祈使句中，Let' s和Let us是有区别的。Let' s包 括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问 句时可明显看出。Let' s go skating, shall we?（表示内部的建议） Let us try again, will you?（表示向别人发出 请求）2.否定祈使句通常以Don，t或Never开头。其结构通常是： “Don' t （Never） +动词原形+其他成分”例如：Don' t do that again!Never leave today' s work for tomorrow!Don' t be late next time!三.一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成 形式及基本用法1. 一般疑问句：（1） 一般疑问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be 动词或have （有）开始，通常要求以yes,或no来回答的 疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。Do you know Mr. Smith? 个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者，其中指人的是间接宾语,指物 的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介 词for或too可 跟 双 宾 语 的 动 词 有:answer, bring, buy, find, get, give, lend, make, pass,pay, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, write 等。如：Mr. Li told us an interesting story.Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua?5. S+V+O+OC此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语，但意 思还不完整，必须加上另外一个成分（宾语补足语）对宾语进行补 充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动 名词、分词、介词短语等。如：We must keep our school clean.They made him their monitor.【注】S二Subject （主语）;V二Verb （谓语动词）;P二Predicative（表语）；0二Object（宾语）；INO=Indirect Object （间接宾语）；D0=Direct Object （直接宾语）；OC=Object Complement （宾语补足语）句子的基本结构Can you swim?（2） 一般疑问句的否定结构在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一 般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-n' t, 则须将-n' t及一般疑问句句首的be, have,助动词或情 态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。Are you not a football fan?Aren' t you a football fan?Will she not like it?Won' t she like it? 及汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答 语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答 语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则 用no加否定结构。Aren' t you a football fan?你不是足球迷 吗？Yes, I am.No, I am not.Won' t she like it?Yes, she will.No, she won' t.2 .特殊疑问句特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构 成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问 代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no 回答，读时用降调。例如：Who is on duty today?How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?What must I do now?常用的特殊疑问句询问内容疑问词或句型例句回答职业，身份whatWhat is your father?He is a doctor.姓名或关 系whoWho is that boy?He is Jack.He is my brother相貌特征whatlike?What is she like?What does she look like?She isbeautiful.目的what for?What did they come here for?To attend a meeting.原因whyWhy did they come here?Because they have a meeting to attend.天气howHow is the weatherIt' s fine.whatlike?today?What is the weather like today?颜色what color？What dolor is her skirt?It' s red.服装尺寸what sizeWhat size does he wear?He wars 40.几点钟what timeWhat time is it?It' s 7:30.星期几what dayWhat day is today?It' sTuesday.几号，日期what is the date？What is the date today?It' s May 2.年龄（多大）how oldHow old is he?He is 38.持续多长时间（多久）how longHow long have you been here?For five months.长度（多长）how longHow long is the bridge?It' s 500 metres.距离（多远）how farHow far is it from here to the zoo?It' s 6kilometres.频度（多经常）how oftenHow often do you come back?Once a week.选择疑问句：时间经过（多快）how soonHow soon will she arrive?In an week.数量（多少）how many （可数名词） how much （不可数名 词）How many jackets do you have?How much coffee do you want?Three.Two cups.价格how muchHow much is it?How much does it cost?Five dollars.高度（多高）how tall （人，树）how high （ill,建筑物）How tall is she?How high is the tower?She' s 1. 73 metres.It' s 450 metres.选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情 况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部 分”。选择部分由。r连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的 部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复。Is your bag yellow or black? It' s black.。Would you like some tea or coffee? Eitherwill do. oWhich do you like better, singing ordancing? I like dancing better.3 .反意疑问句：反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思及之相反的简短问句，问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定 式必须缩写。(1)肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟 肯定的附加问句。I am your teacher, aren, t I?He didn' t study hard, did he?(2)如果陈述句中含有否定副词never (从不，决不)，hardly (几乎不)或其他表示否定代词或形容词，如nothing,none no one, nobody, neither, few, little 等， 贝！附 加问句只能用肯定式。如：They hardly write to each other, do they?He has found nothing, has he?Few people knew the secret, did they?(3)当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时，英语 及汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况， 若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”，答语 的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”，而译成汉语 时，则必须把yes译“不是”，把no译成“是的”。You won' t be away for long, will you?你不会离开太久，是吗？Yes, I will.不，我会离开很久。No, I won' t.是的，我不会离开很久。I don' t think she' 11 come by bike, will she?我认为她不会骑自行车，会吗？Yes, she will.不，她会骑自行车来。No, she won' t.是的，她不会骑自行车来。四.由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末 用感叹号“！ ”，读时用降调，感叹句往往由what或how引导, what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词。1. what引导的感叹句：(1) what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓 语)What a beautiful city it is!What an interesting story she told!(2) what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+ 谓语)What expensive watches they are!What terrible weather it is!2. How引导的感叹句:（1） How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)How cold it is!How hard he works!（2） How+陈述句（主语+谓语）How he loves his son!How I miss you!（3） How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语） How tall a tree it is!（4）上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如：What a clever boy he is-How clever the boy is! What a cold day it is! ->How cold it is!【中考试题范例】.（上海徐汇区中考试题） useful computer it is!A. What B. What a C. What an D. How答案：Bo该题考查的是感叹句的结构。这个感叹句的中心词 是一单数可数名词computer,所以要用what来修饰，又因为 useful第一个发音是辅音，what之后的不定冠词用a,而不用 an。1 .（嘉兴市中考试题）is it from Jiaxing to Hangzhou?1' m not sure, but it takes about ninety minutes toget there by bus.A. How many B. How often C. How much D. How far 答案：Do该题考查的是特殊疑问句疑问词的选择。问话者是 在问距离，所以应用how far来提问。2 .（河北省中考试题） will it take us to get there by bus?About two hours.A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How quick 答案：Co该题考查的是特殊疑问句疑问词的选择。问话者是 在问时间，所以应用how long来提问。3 .（长沙市中考试题）Help! There is a snake near the house. afraid. It will go away later.A. Don' t B. Not C. Don' t be D. Be答案：C。该题考查的是祈使句的结构。祈使句的否定结构是: “Don' t （Never） +动词原形+其他成分”符合这一要求的只有C。基本句型训练一.单项填空1. Excuse me, is the nearest bookshop?Go down the street and turn left at the second corner.A. how B. what C. where D. who2.is it from our school to the Bell Tower?About half an hour' s bus ride. Shall we go and visit it?A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How muchLinda had nothing for breakfast this morning,9No. She got up too late.A. had she B. hadn' t she C. did she D. didn' t sheThe room is so dirty. we clean it?Of course.A. Will B. Would C. Do D. Shall, sir?Size 41, I thinkA. What size do you need B. What can I do for youC. How do you like this shirt D. What' s the matter with you good weather! Why not go out for a walk?A. What B. How C. What a D. How aIt' s a nice car. have you been in it?Just to Shanghai.A. How much B. How long C. How soon D. How far to the United States?No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.A. Have you beenB. Have you goneC. Did you goD. Will you go3. were you away from school last year?About two weeks.A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When do you want?I want a CD of popular songs.A. Which CDB. How many CDsC. What CDD. How much4. is your mother, a teacher or a doctor?A. What B. Which C. Who D. whose is your mother today, Jim?She is much better.A. How B. What C. Where D. How oldhe at this school last term?Yes, I think so.A. DidstudyB. Does*eestudyC. Was*studyD. Dide*studied5. did you begin to learn English?Three years ago.A. When B. Why C. Where D. What句子是语言交流或表达思想感情的基本单位。要翻译好句子, 做好书面表达,就必须首先掌握句子的基本结构。句型1:主语+谓语（状语）要点精讲在这个句型中，谓语动词是不及物动词，后面不接宾 语，没有被动语态。但副词、介词短语、名词短语等可以作状语 来表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等。在 使用该句型时,要特别注意谓语动词的时态、人称和数的变化以 及各种句型之间的相互转换等。方法平移根据汉语提示完成下面的句子：1 .他既不会跳舞，也不会唱歌。He can2 .天黑了，你最好回家。It' s dark now. You' d better.我认为他能跳三米远。I think he canKey: 1. neither dance nor sing 2. go home 3. jump as far as three metres句型2:主语+系动词+表语要点精讲常见的系动词有：be, look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, fall, become, turn 等。在 此句型中，系动词不是主语发出的动作,表语常由名词、形容词、6. do you write to your pen-friend?Once a week.A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often nice flowers! Where did you pick them?A. How B. What C. What a D. How a7. The sick man' s allowed to take a walk in the garden every day, ?A. is he B. isn' t he C. has he D. hasn' t hecross the road before