2023年英文实验报告的格式和写法.docx

英文实验报告的格式和写法【转】2 0 2 3-10-04 06:03一份最标准的实验报告的格式：Abs t r a ct2. Introduc t i o n 3a. M e t ho d4. ResultsD i scussion5. Conclusion. Refe r once分别来分享下近来学到的。Abst ract财商要摘要，就是整篇文章摘出来的要。a强烈建议整篇文章写完后再 写摘要。把文章每个部分选一些句子出来就可以拼凑成一个ab s tr a ct 了。a一个a bstr act的模板：b 一两句话说明这个实验的重要理论依据，或者实验需要证明的 假说。" 一两句话说一下这个理论或者假说的相关的研究。为两三句话描述 一下实验4两三句话概括一下实验结果a 5 一句话说一个结论，解释一下这个实验的意 义或结果的重要性A转个别人的 e x ample：ADo e s a child, s fo c us c orre 1 ate w i th b a romet r i cp r essu re ? if s o,does i tc o r r e 1 at e p o sit i v e 1 y orn e gative 1y? Tucke r(1999) hypo t hesi z ed a negativecor r e 1 ation, b ut t h is a s s e rti o n ha s never been t cste d . Ou rteam usedthe MISHACPT t omcasu r c the focusof a gro u pof 150 th ir d-gradest udents.we d iv i dec! t hestudents intothree group sof 5 0 student s . one grouptook t he MI SHACPTw h en b ar o m etrie pre s sure was 1 ow, anot her g rou p too ki twhe n bar o me tric p res s u re was neutr a1, andt he finalg rou p took itwhen bar o me t ric pres s urewas high.the r esu 1 t s f o und t hat c h i 1 dre n foe u sed significa n tly be t t e r whe n bar o me t ric pre s s u r e was low th a n when barometri c pr e ssure was ne u t r al or hig h . the r e suit s sugges t that w hendiagnosing ADHD, pr a cti tioners s hould give the C PT w h en bar o metric pre s su r e i s n e ut r a 1 .Int r oduc t ionIn t rodu ct ion以实验目的为开头，解释一下这个实验需要证明的东西。具 体实验目的视全篇实验报告长度而定，几段到几页都有的。实验目的写完后介 绍实验基本理论。介绍一下前人或者文献里的相近相关的实验，写一下他们的 成果以及不到位的地方。(well,假如是学校安排的每年都要做的实验就写写 类似相关实验的优劣吧),这部分注意写referenc eQ然后介绍一下实验过程。 假如实验用了一些非常见的仪器，也可以在这个部分做一个简要介绍。g再转一篇我认为写得很好的 Introd u cti o n examploAlntroduct i oda I n this lab, w e exp lore th e t h eory o f opt i mal foraging an d t he t h eory of central place f o r ag i n g using bea vers a s th e model animal. F o ragin g refers to the mammal i a n boh a v i or a s socThe op t im a 1 foragin g a way that maximi z esu nit time ( P y ke e t al.its daily energy int a ki a te d w i t h s earch i n g for f ood. th e o ry assume s that animals fe e d i n thei r net r a te of energy i n t a ke per 1 977). An anima 1 ma y e ithe r maximizee ( e n e rgy ma x imizer) o re ( e n e rgy ma x imizer) o rm i n im i z e the t i me spent fe e di ng (t i me minim i z e r ) i n order t o m e et minimum r e qui rem ea s e ncr g y m a xim i z e r s thi s maximizing b eh a v iornts. Herb i vores comm o nly b e h ave (Belov sky 1986) an d acc o mp 1 is hby c h oosin g f oodc h a nd low-ha n d 1r a 1 place the ory i sfood an d s to r eby c h oosin g f oodc h a nd low-ha n d 1r a 1 place the ory i sfood an d s to r et hat is of high q u a li t y and ha sing t i meused t oi t in aa n g e , the c e ntr a 1 p lace associa t ed w i th the o ptim a 11 ow-s e ar(Py k e e t al. 1977).The ce n tde s c r ibe a nima 1 s f ixe d loc a tion in (Jenk i ns 1 9 8 0 ). f oraging t heor y at h a t c o llect t h eir home r The fact o rs1 so a pply tot h e ce n t r al place the o ry. t h at r e t r ieval c o s tse of the resource from t h eb ell 1987). Central pla c eSi n ce beav e r s a Belo vsk y 198 4 ) Whitam 1 98 5 ),they make a n a ging t h e or y .e o us pla n ts a smost s p eci e s ofex c e 1 lent tes t an i mal B eavers eat s e v eral well a s the 1 eav e s, woody p 1 ants thatfor the opt imal for kinds o f h erb a c tw i g s , and bark of grow ne ar water (JThThe centra 1 pla c e theory pr e d i ctsi n ere a se 1 i n e arl y w ith distan ccentr a 1 p 1 ace (Ro ckwo o cl and Hub feeders are v e r y se 1 e c t i v e wh en ch o o s in g fo o d that is far from the c e ntral pl a ce s ince t h ey h a ve to spend tim e an d ene r gy h au 1 ing it b ack to th e stor age site (Scho e n e r 1979). Mhe main o b j ective of thi s lab was t o de t e r mi n e be a ve r (Castor c a nadensis) food select i on based o n tree species, size, and distance, r e energy ma x im i zers (Jen kins 1 980, and cent ral p lac e feede r s (McGi n le y ande n k i n s and B u she r 19 7 9) . By e xamining the trees tha t are c h ewed o r not-chewed in th e b e ave r s' h o me range, an a c curate a s s e s sment o f f ood p r ef e r ences among tree speci e s ma y be gaine d (J e nki n s 1 975). The p u rpose of t hi s lab wa s to le a rn about the op t i mal f orag i ng t h e ory. We wa n ted to k n ow if bea ver s p ut the op t imal fora ging t h eo r y i nto action when s el e c t ing food.We hypo thes i z ed that the beav e rs in th i s s t u d y will c hoose trees t h at ar e small in c ire u mferen c e and cl o s est t o the water. Sin c e ti g nifi c ant 1 show ai g nifi c ant 1 show ah e e n er g y yie 1 d of t ree s p ecies may vary y, w e also hy p othesized t h at b e ave r s wi 1 1preferencef ors omc spcci e s o ftreeso ver o t he r sregard! ess of c ir c um f eren c e siz eor d istanc e from the ce n traa rea.Theopt imal foragingthe ory and c e n t ra 1 pl a ce the ory lead us t o p redictthatbe a ver s , 1 i kemost h erbiv o re s , wi 1 1 maximi z e their net rate of e nergy i n t a ke per un i t t i me. Ino rder t o max i m ize e n er g y , b e avers wi 1 1 choo s e tre e s that a re c 1 oses t t o th e ir ce n tr a 1 pla c e (the wate r ) a nd req uir e the 1 east r etri e v al c ost. S i nee beavers are trying to m a ximize e n e r g y , w e h ypo the sized th a t they will t e nd to select some s p e c ies of t rees ove r others o n t h e basis of nutriti o n a 1 value.Me t h ods这部分通常涉及Male r ia 1和Pr o c ed u r e两个部分。Materia 1 : 具体的写出实验用至IJ的材料，设备，器材。像下面这样是不够详尽的： Ch r oma t o gr a p h yi g ht bu 1 b s Computer会比较一下下面的：LC- 1 OAVP Pl u s H i gh- p e r f o nna n ce liquid chr oma t o g r a p h y 24 inc a n des c cn t 6 0 W 1 ight bulbs arran g e d in a 6*4 r e c t a n gular matrix (Se e F i g u r e 2) ADell Pr e cis i o n T 7 5 0 0 (Xeon X55 5 0 2. 66GHz, 6GB RAM, 64 bit Windows 7 Pro f essi o nal)此外，假 如实验对象中有人的话，介绍人数，群体背景。用Subjects来称呼。比如Subject s-We tested 150 th i r d- g ra d e st u d e nts c hosen at r and o m fr o m a p oo 1 of 346 applic ants fr o m eight London p u b 1 i cand privat e air 1 y wide a rticip ateert i f i c at ee leme n tary school s . the st u dents r e prese n t e d a f r ange o f ec o nom i c back g ro u nds. a 1 1 agr e ed to p in our study in e x cha n ge for a 2 5 pounds g i ft c from a local toy store.Pro cedu r e具体写出每一步环节。不要虚构抱负化实验，不要夸大某个过程如实叙述即可。假如环节比较多就用数字标出每一步。A example： AThe test p er f ormed o nt hepo t e nti o m e ter was ac c o mpli shedb y windi n g ast ring ar ou n d the p oten t iometer shaft, att achi n ga mass to the stri n g, and letti n g the mass fall. The c h ang e i nresistance o f the potent i ometer with t imeindicatedth e ac celerati o nof t he mass. In this experimenti t was ass umed tha t t he co n sta n t C oulomb fri c tio n t orq u e was the only frict i on aff e ctin g the po t e n t i o meter. I f this assu m p t i o n were t r ue, t h e friction fore efrom the t or q ue wo u Id b e Ff = T/r (whe r e T is the t o rque and r is the r adius o f the potentiometer' s shaft). Lik e w i se, th e gra v i t y for c e wo u 1 d be F g = mg (w h e re m is the mass ti e dto t he string and gi s the g r avi t ational a c c cl e rati on ). A f orce ba la n ce t h en give sT = m r (g- a ), where a is the acc e 1 e r at i on o f the mass. I f the a s s u mp t i on ho 1 d s tha t the only fricti o n af f ecting th e p o te n tiomet er wa s c o ns t ant Coulom b f r i c t ion, then eac h mass wou 1 d u n dergo a c o n st a nt accel e ratio n .The p o te n tiometer me a s u r ed v o 1 t a ge ver s u s t i me fo r the m a sses a s they d r o ppe d , but th e me a s u rem e nt o f int e r e s t t o u s wa s pos i t i o n versus time. For that r ea s o n , a ' c ali b rat i on' w a s pc r formed b e f orc we mea s u red an y d a ta. In theca lib rat ion, the po t e n tiom e ter, s initial volt a ge w a s mea s ure d . The n t he s t r ing was p u 11 e d a set d i stance ( 2 i n c he s ), and t he vo 1 tag e was r ec o rd e d . Th i s process o f pulling th e stri n g a set distance and r e cording t he vol t ag e contin u e d an o ther two tim e s (see Appendix A f or t he re s ul ts). To det e rmine the r ela t i onship be t w e en vo 1 tage and po s iti o n, the d i f fe r ence s in th e vol t ag e s wer e averaged and d ivided by the leng t h . The re s uIting relat i onsh i p w a s 0. 966 1 volts/inch. i ve d i f f er e n t ma s ses we r e used to test the ass umption o f c ons t a n t ac c elerat ion. For each mass, the s tr i ng was roll e d up on t he s h aft, th e o s cilloscope wa st rigge r ed, and the s haft was re 1 e as e cl. As ea c h mass d r o pped, the o sci 1 loscope co 1 lected the pot e ntiometer, s volta g eversus the t i me.After o btain i ng plotsforeach mass, w e usedthe vo 1 ta g e- p os i t i o n r elation s hip,ment ioned abo v e ,to c o nver t th edata f r om the f ormv o1 tage v ersus t imet o the form pos i ti o n ver s u s time squa r ed.T he residu a Is of the da t a determined w h e ther the a ssum p t i o n o f co n s tant a cc e ler a t i o n was valid.Re su 1 t a实验的数据，公式，图表，计算过程，用一种对读者最和谐的形式展 示出来。实验的原始数据通常都是放在附录的，这里都是放解决过的数据。A假如有大量 的计算，至少要列出其中一个s amp 1 e calculati o n. aRcsu 1 t s部分的开头 最佳反复一下实验目的。a假如结果很多，最佳提成不同的sec t ionexamp 1 e： aR e s ultsX) v e r a 11, b e avers showed a pr e fe r e nee force rt a i n species o f tr e e s, and their p referen c e was based on di s tanc e f r o m t h e central p lace. Mea s u r ements taken a t the stu d y site show t hat b eave r s a v oided oak s an d m uscl e wood (Fig. 1) and s h ow a s ignif i cant f o od p re f erence (x2= 4 47. 26, d . f. =9, P<. 05) . No avoidance or p a rti c u lar pr e f e r enc e wa s observ e d for the o t her tr e e s p e cie s . The mea n dis tance o f 8. 4 2 m away from the wate r f or not -chewed t re e s was si g nific a ntly g rcatcr than t he me a n dist a ncc of 6. 13 m fo r c h e we d trees ( t =3. 49, d. f. = 2 6 8, P <. 0 5) (F i g.2 ). The tree s pe c ies that we r e a v o i ded were n ot signif i c anti y fart her from th e wa ter ( t =. 4 2 77, d. f. =268, P>. 0 5) than s el e ct e d t re e s. For the selecte d tr e e species, n o signific a nt d i fference in circumf e rence wa s fou nd be tween t r ee s that we r e not chewed (me a n = 16.03 c m) and c h e wed (m ean =12. 8 0 cm) (t=l. 52, d. f. =2 6 8,P>.05) (F i g. 3).Dis c uss i ons对于results中描述的实验数据,在这个部分中进一步诠释，解释每个结果的含 义，为后面conclusi o n做准备。d i scussions的开头把实验的理论或者假说反复一遍，然后说明其中一个观点 1 The exp e r iment' s res u Its prov e (recommend) the the o ry (hy p ot h esi s ).3 The e xperimentJ s r esults dis p r o v e the theory (hypothes i s ).4 The e x periment' s r es u It s were i n c one 1 usive.然后几个方 面说明这个观点AWh a t results c o n firm the opinioMis t here r e ason a ble dou b t fo r your opinion? any p o ssib 1 e f 1 a ws i n t he ex p erimental d e s i g n or ho 1 e s in the results?how do y o ur re s ults compa r e wit h s i mi 1 a r experi ments, why might your r esults dif f er.Examp 1 e:Our team at t empted to determi n e wh e t h e r bar o metr i c pressur e i nf 1 uenc e s c hi 1 dr e n* s ability t o f ocus. i n parti c ul a r, w e t e s ted Tuck er' s (1999) hypothes i s, whic h states that child r en, s fo c us cor r e 1 a tes ne g ati v ely w i th bar ometric pressur e .The resu 1 t s h ow partia 1 s u pport for T u ck e s h ypothes i s . I n p art i c ul a r, childre n focus signi f ican t ly b e tte r wh e n t h e b a rometri c pre s sur e is low th an they d o when t he barome t ric pres s u re is neutral or high, h owev e r, chil d ren f o c u sed o nly si i g h t 1 y worse during high pressure than nor mal pre ssur e . the u nusua 1 ly hi g h stand a r d d eviat i on on the h igh -pressure d ay (Th ursday) sugg e s ts that high ba r om etric p ress u re m i ght affec t some c h i Idre n greatly and oth e rs ve r y 1 i tt 1 e . Mh er esult s su g ge s t that, when di agnosing ADHD, pract i t io n e r s should g i ve t h e CPT w h en b a r ometric p re s s ure is n eu t ral.Th e e x periment covers only three d iffer ent days. A m o re com p rchen s ive ex p eriment shou 1 d sample at 1 east 10 diff e rent days.Conclu s io4概括一下 r e suits and th e d i sc u s s ion 的最重要最精华的 部分。由于abstr a c t和c one 1 u sio n是被最常看的部分。discuss i on和 c o nclusions永远是两个不同的部分。通常的：1 th e theory (hypot h e s i s)a 2 the r es u It s ac x ample:Con c lusionAThe p u r p ose o f thi s lab wa s t o lea r n about the opti mal foragi n g theo r y by measuring tree s e lecti o n in beavers. W e now knowt h at theop t im a 1foragi n gtheory a1 1 ows u s to predictfood-seekin g b e ha v ior in beav ers with respe c t t o dista n ce fr o m their centr a 1 p 1 a c e a nd, t o a c er t a i n ext e nt, tov a riat io n s in tr ee spe cie s . We also1 e arned t hat fora g i n g be h avi ors a ndfood sei ec t ion i s not a 1 wa y s st r a ightforwar d . For in s tance, beavers sei e c t ed1 a rge branches at an y distan c e from the water even t h o u g h c u t ting large b ranches may inc r ease energy re q uirements. Ther e seems t o b e a fine 1 i ne between energy intake a nd en e r g y e x pendit u re i n beaver s that is not s o e as i 1 y p red i c t e d by any given the ory.Ref ere nccsA不多说-。-随便一种通用格式就可以了。