初中阶段英语语法-动词的时态.docx
初中阶段英语语法-动词的时态动词的时态本节讲述一下现在完成时,过去将来时、过去进行时和过去完成时。 现在完成时A现在完成时的构成:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词,如:I have watched the TV play.我已经看过这部电视剧了。We have lived here since 2008.自从 2008 年我就住在这里。A现在完成时的用法:(1)表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或者结果,常用的状 语有 already, yet, notyet, now, just, by this time 等。 如:The bus has come here.公共汽车已经来了。Someone has cleaned the window.有人已经擦了 窗户。(2)表示过去已经开始,持续到现在而且可能继续下去的动作。常 与表示一段时间的状语连用,如this week, these days, so far, in the past few days, since the end of last year, for a long time 等。如: We have been here for two years.我们在这里两年了。【注】(1) buy, borrow, die等非延续性动词(也称为瞬间动词)的肯定形 式一般不能和表示一段时间的for短语及since短语(或从句)连用, 这时要用相应的动词代替这些非延续性动词。如:I have bought the bike for two years. (X)I have had the bike for two years. ( V)由于buy是瞬间动词,无法延续两年,所以改为延续性动词had。瞬间动词与延续动词的转换:buy-have stop-be over leave-be away come back-be back borrow-keep die-be dead begin-be onfall asleep-be asleeparrive-be here get up-be up join-be in / be a member如:They borrowed the book two weeks ago.f They have kept the book for two weeks.A month has passed since he left home.f He has been away from home for a month.(2)注意以下表示法的含义及用法:have been (to):曾经去过或到过(某地)(表示某人过去的经历) have gone (to):去(某地)了(现在可能在途中或已经到达某地) have been in+一段时间:已呆在某地一段时间了,如:He has been to Hangzhou several times.他到过杭州几次 了。He has gong to Hangzhou, so he can' t help us.他去杭州 了,所以他不 可能帮助我们。She has been in London for half a year,她在伦敦 已经半年了。【辨析】现在完成时和一般过去时过去进行时用法区别例子现在完成时现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系,如对现 在产生的结果、影响等,所以不能和表示过去的 时间状语连用;He has taught this class for two years.(现在仍教着,或者刚刚停 止)一般过去时一般过去时只表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的 关系,可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。He taught this class for two years.(过去教过)A过去进行时的构成:was/were+动词的现在分词,如:The nurse was examining her patient when the telephone rang.当电话响的时候,那个护士正在检查她的病人。A过去进行时的用法:表示说话的过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。这一特定时间 除了有上下文暗示外,经常和表示过去时间的状语then, a moment ago, at this time yesterday, at ten last night, at that time/ moment 等连用。如:一What were you doing at this time yesterday?昨天这个时候你正在做 什么?一I was cooking with my mother.我正和我妈妈一起做饭。【辨析】过去进行时与一般过去时用法区别例子过去表某一行为的“片 断”,多与一段持I was reading the book at that time.(未读完,“读”的片段)进行时续的时间状语连 用,all, whole, whileIt was raining all night整个晚上在下雨。He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon.一般过去时一般过去时表示行 为的,整体,和存在 的状态。I read the book yesterday.(已读完,表整个“读”)I saw him while I was walking to the station.过去完成时A过去完成时的构成:had+动词的过去分词 如:Her daughterhad studied English for six years before she became a high school student.她的女儿在成为高中生之前己经学习六年英语了。过去完成时的用法:过去完成时和现在完成时的用法基本相似,表示某个动作在过去的某 个时间之前已经完成,即“过去的过去”。现在完成时以现在为基准, 而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻为基准。1 .过去完成时动词表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或 状态。在强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时。如:I had finished my homework before you came here.在你来这里之前我已 经完成我的家庭作'也。He said that he had seen you before.他说他以前见过你。2 .过去完成时词表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这 一动作一直持续或将继续下去。如:The bus had already left by the time I got there.在我到达那里之前,公 共汽车已经开走了。By six o'clock they had worked for eight hours.不迟于六点钟他们已 经工作八个小时了。3 .在含有间接引语的宾语从句中,主句经常是一般过去时,从句常用 过去完成时。如:He told me that he had already seen the film.他告诉我他已经看过那部 电影了。过去将来时过去将来时的构成:l.would+动词原形2.was/weregoingto+动词原形, 常用于宾语从句中如:Mum said that she would come home in three days.妈妈说她三天后回家 A过去将来时的用法:(1)表示过去某一时间看将来发生的动作或存在的状态。常用在宾 语从句中,由would+动词原形构成。如:They said they would come the next day.他们说第二天就回来。(2)表示曾经打算或准备做的动作,were/was+动词原形构成。如: Your father said he was going to visit your school next week.你爸爸说他 下个星期要到你的学校参观。I thought it was going to rain.我认为要下雨了。(3) go, come, leave, arrive, start等动词,其过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作。如:He said he was coming this evening.他说彳也今晚要来。以上时态归纳【时态归纳】分类谓语形式用法现在完成时have/has+动词的过去分词1 .表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和 结果。2 .表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在,并有 可能继续下去,常与“fo什时间段”或“since+ 表示过去的时间点或时间段''连用。过去将来时l.would+动词原形2.was/were going to+动词原形,常用 于宾语从句中表示在过去看将来要发生的动作或存在的状25 o过去进行时was/were+动词的现在分词表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动 作。过去完成时had+动词的过去分词1 .表示在过去某一时间或某一动作以前发生 或完成的动作,它所表示的动作发生的时间 是“过去的过去2 .表示从过去某一时间开始并持续到过去另 一时间的动作或状态。