Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语.pptx

Supply,Demand and Government Policies供给、需求与政府政策供给、需求与政府政策Chapter 6Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第1页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Supply,Demand,and Government PoliciesuIn a free,unregulated market system,market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities.uWhile equilibrium conditions may be efficient,it may be true that not everyone is satisfied.uOne of the roles of economists is to use their theories to assist in the development of policies.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第2页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.供给、需求与政府政策供给、需求与政府政策u在一个自由、无管制的市场系统中，市在一个自由、无管制的市场系统中，市场力量实现均衡价格和均衡交易量。场力量实现均衡价格和均衡交易量。u这种均衡结果也许是有效的，但并不是这种均衡结果也许是有效的，但并不是每个人对此都感到满意。每个人对此都感到满意。u经济学家的作用之一就是利用他们的理经济学家的作用之一就是利用他们的理论帮助制定政策。论帮助制定政策。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第3页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Controls on Price.价格控制价格控制Price Ceiling 价格上限价格上限nA legally established maximum price at which a good can be sold.可以出售一种物品的法定最高价格。可以出售一种物品的法定最高价格。Price Floor 价格下限价格下限 nA legally established minimum price at which a good can be sold.可以出售一种物品的法定最低价格。可以出售一种物品的法定最低价格。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第4页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.价格上限如何影响市场结果价格上限如何影响市场结果 当政府实行价格上限时，可能当政府实行价格上限时，可能出现两种价格：出现两种价格：如果价格上限高于均衡如果价格上限高于均衡 价格，价格价格，价格上限上限没有没有限制作用。限制作用。如果价格上限低于均衡如果价格上限低于均衡 价格，价格价格，价格上限对市场上限对市场有有限制作用。限制作用。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第5页!没有限制作用的价格上限没有限制作用的价格上限.$43冰激凌蛋卷的数量冰激凌蛋卷的数量0冰激凌蛋卷冰激凌蛋卷的价格的价格需求需求供给供给价格上限价格上限均衡价格均衡价格100均衡数量均衡数量Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第6页!有限制作用的价格上限有限制作用的价格上限.$3冰激凌蛋卷的数量冰激凌蛋卷的数量0冰激凌蛋卷冰激凌蛋卷的价格的价格2需求需求供给供给均衡价格均衡价格价格上限价格上限短缺短缺125需求量需求量75供給量供給量Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第7页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.价格上限如何影响市场结果价格上限如何影响市场结果n价格上限的作用价格上限的作用n有限制作用的价格上限造成有限制作用的价格上限造成.短缺，因为短缺，因为 QD QS.u例子例子:70年代的汽油短缺年代的汽油短缺 非市场价格方式配给非市场价格方式配给u例子例子:排长队排长队,卖者歧视卖者歧视Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第8页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.加油站前的长队加油站前的长队 1973年，石油输出国组织（年，石油输出国组织（OPEC)提高了世界石油市场的原油价格。由提高了世界石油市场的原油价格。由于原油是用于生产汽油的主要投入，于原油是用于生产汽油的主要投入，较高石油价格减少了汽油供给。较高石油价格减少了汽油供给。谁对加油站前的长队负责？谁对加油站前的长队负责？经济学家把它归咎于限制石油公司对汽经济学家把它归咎于限制石油公司对汽油可以收取的价格的政府管制。油可以收取的价格的政府管制。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第9页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Binding.P1Quantity ofGasoline0Price ofGasolineQ1DemandS1PriceceilingS22.but when supply falls.P23.the price ceiling becomes binding.4.resulting in a shortage.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第10页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Rent Control in the Short Run and Long RunuRent controls are ceilings placed on the rents that landlords may charge their tenants.uThe goal of rent control policy is to help the poor by making housing more affordable.uOne economist called rent control“the best way to destroy a city,other than bombing.”Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第11页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Rent Control in the Short Run.Quantity ofApartments0Rental Price ofApartmentDemandSupplyControlled rentShortageSupply and demand for apartments are relatively inelasticChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第12页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Rent Control in the Long Run.Quantity ofApartments0Rental Price ofApartmentDemandSupplyControlled rentShortageBecause the supply and demand for apartments are more elastic.rent control causes a large shortageChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第13页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.How Price Floors Affect Market OutesWhen the government imposes a price floor,two outes are possible.nThe price floor is not binding if set below the equilibrium price.nThe price floor is binding if set above the equilibrium price,leading to a surplus.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第14页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.A Price Floor That Is Not Binding.$3Quantity ofIce-CreamCones0Price ofIce-CreamCone100EquilibriumquantityEquilibriumpriceDemandSupplyPricefloor2Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第15页!A Price Floor That Is Binding.$3Quantity ofIce-CreamCones0Price ofIce-CreamConeEquilibriumpriceDemandSupplyPrice floor$4120Quantitysupplied80QuantitydemandedSurplusChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第16页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.How Price Floors Affect Market Outes 价格下限如何影响市场结果价格下限如何影响市场结果uA price floor prevents supply and demand from moving toward the equilibrium price and quantity.价格下限阻止供给和需求调整到均衡价格和均衡数量价格下限阻止供给和需求调整到均衡价格和均衡数量uWhen the market price hits the floor,it can fall no further,and the market price equals the floor price.当市场价格达到下限时，它就不能再下降，此时市场当市场价格达到下限时，它就不能再下降，此时市场价格等于下限价格。价格等于下限价格。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第17页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.价格下限如何影响市场结果价格下限如何影响市场结果有限制作用的价格下限导致有限制作用的价格下限导致.过剩，因为过剩，因为 QS QD.非价格方式配给是根据歧视来配非价格方式配给是根据歧视来配给物品的一种方式。给物品的一种方式。u例子例子:最低工资最低工资,对农产品价格的支持对农产品价格的支持。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第18页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Minimum Wage 最低工资最低工资Quantity of Labor劳动量劳动量0Wage工资工资EquilibriumWage均衡工资均衡工资Labor demand劳动需求劳动需求Labor supply劳动供给劳动供给A Free Labor Market自由市场自由市场EquilibriumEmployment均衡就业均衡就业Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第19页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.最低工资最低工资最低工资如何影响劳动市场最低工资如何影响劳动市场劳动量劳动量0工资工资劳动需求劳动需求劳动供给劳动供给供給量供給量需求量需求量劳动过剩劳动过剩(失业失业)有限制性最低工资的劳动市场有限制性最低工资的劳动市场Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第20页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.How Taxes on Buyers(and Sellers)Affect Market OutesnTaxes discourage market activity.nWhen a good is taxed,the quantity sold is smaller.nBuyers and sellers share the tax burden.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第21页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Elasticity and Tax IncidenceuTax incidence is the study of who bears the burden of a tax.uTaxes result in a change in market equilibrium.uBuyers pay more and sellers receive less,regardless of whom the tax is levied on.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第22页!Impact of a 50 Tax Levied on Buyers.3.00Quantity ofIce-Cream Cones0Price ofIce-CreamCone100D1Supply,S1A tax on buyersshifts the demandcurve downwardby the size ofthe tax($0.50).D2Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第23页!3.00Quantity ofIce-Cream Cones0Price ofIce-CreamCone10090$3.30PricebuyerspayD1D2Equilibriumwith taxSupply,S1Equilibrium without taxImpact of a 50 Tax Levied on Buyers.2.80PricesellersreceivePricewithouttax Tax($0.50)Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第24页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.What was the impact of tax?nTaxes discourage market activity.nWhen a good is taxed,the quantity sold is smaller.nBuyers and sellers share the tax burden.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第25页!3.00Quantity ofIce-Cream Cones0Price ofIce-CreamCone10090S1S2Demand,D1Impact of a 50 Tax on Sellers.Price without tax2.80Price sellers receive$3.30Price buyers payEquilibrium without taxA tax on sellers shifts the supply curve upward by the amount of the tax($0.50).Tax($0.50)Equilibriumwith taxChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第26页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.A Payroll TaxQuantity ofLabor0WageWage without taxLabor demandLabor supplyTax wedgeWage firms payWage workers receiveChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第27页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Elasticity and Tax IncidenceuIn what proportions is the burden of the tax divided?uHow do the effects of taxes on sellers pare to those levied on buyers?The answers to these questions depend on the elasticity of demand and the elasticity of supply.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第28页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.（a）Elastic Supply,Inelastic Demand.Quantity0PriceDemandSupplyTax1.When supply is moreelastic than demand.2.theincidence of thetax falls moreheavily onconsumers.3.than onproducers.Price without taxPrice buyers payPrice sellers receiveFigure 9 How the Burden of a Tax Is DividedChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第29页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.(b)Inelastic Supply,Elastic Demand.Quantity0PriceDemandSupplyPrice without taxTax1.When demand is moreelastic than supply.2.theincidence of the tax falls more heavily on producers.3.than on consumers.Price buyers payPrice sellers receiveFigure 9 How the Burden of a Tax Is DividedChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第30页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.So,how is the burden of the tax divided?The burden of a tax falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic.ELASTICITY AND TAX INCIDENCE Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第31页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.SummaryuPrice controls include price ceilings and price floors.u A price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price of a good or service.An example is rent control.uA price floor is a legal minimum on the price of a good or a service.An example is the minimum wage.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第32页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.SummaryuTaxes are used to raise revenue for public purposes.uWhen the government levies a tax on a good,the equilibrium quantity of the good falls.uA tax on a good places a wedge between the price paid by buyers and the price received by sellers.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第33页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.SummaryuThe incidence of a tax refers to who bears the burden of a tax.uThe incidence of a tax does not depend on whether the tax is levied on buyers or sellers.uThe incidence of the tax depends on the price elasticities of supply and demand.uThe burden tends to fall on the side of the market that is less elastic.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第34页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Controls on Price.价格控制价格控制uAre usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers.当政策制定者认为市场价格对买者或卖者不公当政策制定者认为市场价格对买者或卖者不公平时，往往实行价格控制。平时，往往实行价格控制。uResult in government-created price ceilings and floors.这就促使政府实行这就促使政府实行价格上限价格上限和和价格下限价格下限政策。政策。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第35页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.How Price Ceilings Affect Market OutesnTwo outes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling:The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium price.The price ceiling is binding if set below the equilibrium price,leading to a shortage.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第36页!A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding.$43Quantity ofIce-CreamCones0Price ofIce-CreamConeDemandSupplyPriceceilingEquilibriumprice100EquilibriumquantityChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第37页!A Price Ceiling That Is Binding.$3Quantity ofIce-CreamCones0Price ofIce-CreamCone2DemandSupplyEquilibriumpricePriceceilingShortage125Quantitydemanded75QuantitysuppliedChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第38页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.How Price Ceilings Affect Market OutesnEffects of Price CeilingsnA binding price ceiling creates.shortages because QD QS.uExample:Gasoline shortage of the 1970s nonprice rationinguExamples:Long lines,Discrimination by sellersChap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第39页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Lines at the Gas PumpIn 1973 OPEC raised the price of crude oil in world markets.Because crude oil is the major input used to make gasoline,the higher oil prices reduced the supply of gasoline.What was responsible for the long gas lines?Economists blame government regulations that limited the price oil panies could charge for gasoline.Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第40页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Not Binding.汽油的价格上限没有限制性汽油的价格上限没有限制性$4P1Quantity of Gasoline汽油数量汽油数量0Price of Gasoline汽油价格汽油价格Q1Demand 需求需求Supply 供给供给Price ceiling价格上限价格上限1.Initially,the price ceiling is not binding.1.原来，价格上原来，价格上限没有限制性限没有限制性Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第41页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.汽油的价格上限有限制性汽油的价格上限有限制性.P1汽油数量汽油数量0汽油价格汽油价格Q1需求需求S1价格上限价格上限S22.但当供给但当供给减少时减少时.P23.价格上限变为价格上限变为限制性的限制性的.4.导致短缺。导致短缺。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第42页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.短期中和长期中的租金控制短期中和长期中的租金控制u租金控制租金控制房东能向房客收取的房东能向房客收取的租金上限。租金上限。u这一政策的目的是帮助穷人更能租这一政策的目的是帮助穷人更能租得起住房。得起住房。u一位经济学家称租金控制是一位经济学家称租金控制是“除了除了轰炸之外毁灭一个城市的最好方法轰炸之外毁灭一个城市的最好方法”。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第43页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.短期的租金控制短期的租金控制.公寓数量公寓数量0公寓租金公寓租金价格价格需求需求供给供给受控制的租金受控制的租金短缺短缺供给与需求都相供给与需求都相对缺乏弹性对缺乏弹性Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第44页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.长期的租金控制长期的租金控制.公寓数量公寓数量0公寓租金公寓租金价格价格需求需求供给供给受控制的租金受控制的租金短缺短缺因为供给和需求更富因为供给和需求更富有弹性有弹性租金控制导致租金控制导致大量短缺大量短缺Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第45页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.价格下限如何影响市场结果价格下限如何影响市场结果当政府实行价格下限时，可能出当政府实行价格下限时，可能出现两种价格：现两种价格：如果价格下限低于均衡价格，价格下如果价格下限低于均衡价格，价格下限没有限制作用。限没有限制作用。如果价格下限高于均衡价格，价格下如果价格下限高于均衡价格，价格下限对市场有限制作用，导致过剩。限对市场有限制作用，导致过剩。Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第46页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.没有限制性的价格下限没有限制性的价格下限.$3冰激凌蛋卷的数量冰激凌蛋卷的数量0冰激凌蛋卷冰激凌蛋卷的价格的价格100均衡数量均衡数量均衡价格均衡价格需求需求供给供给价格价格下限下限2Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第47页!有限制性的价格下限有限制性的价格下限.$3冰激凌蛋卷的数量冰激凌蛋卷的数量0冰激凌蛋卷冰激凌蛋卷的价格的价格均衡价格均衡价格需求需求供给供给价格下限价格下限$4120供給量供給量80需求量需求量过剩过剩Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第48页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.How Price Floors Affect Market OutesA binding price floor causes.a surplus because QS QD.nonprice rationing is an alternative mechanism for rationing the good,using discrimination criteria.uExamples:The minimum wage,Agricultural price supports Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共66页，您现在浏览的是第49页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Minimum Wage 最低工资最低工资An important example of a price floor is the minimum wage.Minimum wage laws dictate the lowest price possible for labor that any employer may pay.价格下限的一个重要例子是最低价格下限的一个重要例子是最低 工资。最低工资法规定了任何一工资。最低工资法规定了任何一 个雇主要支付的最低劳动工资价格个雇主要支付的最低劳动工资价格Chap06供给、需求与政府政策经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共