专业四级语法冲刺.ppt
专业级四语法冲刺V.非谓语动词i.不定式和动名词的区别动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smokingisprohibitedhere.(抽象)Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具体)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbingmountainsisinteresting爬山很有趣。(经验)Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.(经验)Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.(一件尚未完成的事情)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。ii.谓语动词还是非谓语动词对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：Allthings_becauseofthesnowstorm，manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.A.hadbeencanceledB.havebeencanceledC.werecanceledD.havingbeencanceledAtlast,wefoundourselvesinapleasantparkwithtreesprovidingshadeand_downtoeatourpicniclunch.A.sittingB.havingsatC.tositD.satIsendyou100dollarstoday,therest_inayear.A.followsB.willfollowC.tofollowD.beingfollowedIfthebuildingproject_bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.A.beingcompletedB.iscompletedC.tobecompletedD.completedNoonehadtoldSmithabout_alecturethefollowingday.A.therebeingB.therebeC.therewouldbeD.therewasJack_fromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.A.hasbeenmissingB.hasbeenmissedC.hadbeenmissingD.wasmissed独立结构分词独立结构：一般分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语，但有时分词的逻辑主语是其它的名/代词，n./pron.+分词的结构就是独立(主格)结构。Anewtechnique_,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20%.Answer:havingbeenworkedout.独立结构：(不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同)该结构在句中一般作说明情况的状语。Theplanwasthatthecontendingpartiesshouldreachanearlyagreementonbasicprinciples,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.1.结构：(with)+n./pron.+doing(done,adj.,prep.phrase)Withyoustandingthere,wecantwork.Theboysreturnedwiththeirfacecoveredwithsweat.with/without引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词being.Shelefttheroomwiththecandleburningonthetable.Hewanderedinwithoutshoesorsockson.2.结构：S1,S2.(S1和S2的主语不一致)Weatherpermitting(Ifweatherpermits),wellplaybasketballtomorrow.Thisdone(Whenthishadbeendone),theypackedtheirtoolsandwenthome.Therainhavingstopped(Aftertherainhadstopped),thesoldierscontinuedtheirmatch.Theywalkedinthegarden,littlebirdssinginghappilyinthetree.Theoldmanwassittingatthetable,thenewspaperspreadbeforehim.Itbeingrainy,theyhadtocallofftheirtrip.3.省去being或分词后，由n./pron.+adj./adv./介词短语构成。Heenteredtheroom,hisnose(being)redwithcold.Themeal(being)over,hewenttohisofficeagain.Hestoodindoorway,ahat(held)inhishand.Club(held/being)inhand,thepolicemanranafterthethief.iii.非谓语动词常考的其它结构1.不定式的特殊结构构成：疑问代词、副词及whether/if+todo常跟疑问代词、副词及whether/if+todo作宾语的v.有ask,consider,decide,discover,discuss,explain,findout,inquire,forget,know,learn,remember,show(演示),tell,think,understand,wonder.Istilldontknowwhomtoturntoforhelp.Theyaretryingtofindouthowtosolvetheproblem.Showmewheretoputthebooks.Theyhaventdecidedyet(asto)whethertoacceptourofferofhelp.2.Itis+nouse,nogood,nopoint,agreatfun,arealpleasure,awasteoftime,abore等名词+(in)doingsth.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.Thereisnopointintalkingwithyou.3.go+doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动go+jogging(慢跑)/fishing/dancing/skating/bowling(打保龄球)/shopping/sightseeing/camping/surfing(冲浪)4.Thereisno+doing.(Thereisno表示”不可能”)Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.说出他要干什么是不可能的.Thereisnodenying(thefact)thatwomenareplayinganimportantroleintheworldtoday.Thereisnojokingaboutthismatter.这事开不得玩笑(1)Thereisnopointindoingsth.做某事没有意义Thereisntmuchpoint(in)repairingthatoldcaragain.(2)Thereisnogainindoingsth.做某事没有好处Thereisnogaininbeingcruel/rudetopeople.iv.非谓语动词的时态1.不定式的时态如不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后(或与之同时发生或将要发生)，用一般时Heisdeterminedtoworkhardernextterm.如不定式(动态动词)表示的动作与谓语动作发生在同一时间，用进行时Theyseemtobehavingameeting.不定式动作先于谓语动作,用完成式HeissaidtohavetranslatedmanyarticlesintoEnglish.2.动名词的时态完成式:表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生,使用havingdoneHewaspraisedforhavingmadeagreatcontributiontohiscountry.Hishavingbeenelectedchairmanoftheclubsurprisedusgreatly.Thepictureremindedusofhavingbeentakentothezoo.3.现在分词的时态(1)现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。WorkingtogetherwithDr.White,welearntalotfromhim.(2)现在分词的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。Nothavingdoneitright,Itriedagain.A、有些现在分词由不及物动词变来，只表示一个动作已完成；无被动意义.fallenleaves,theexplodedbomb,aretiredminer,escapedprisoners,therisensun.B.时间关系不同。现在分词表示的动作正在进行，而过去分词表示的往往已完成。thechangingworld-thechangedworldboilingwater-boiledwaterdevelopingcountries-developedcountries4.过去分词与现在分词的时间Havingatripabroadacertaingoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seenWalterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheofficebutourwork_,werefusedtheoffer.A.notfinishingB.hadnotbeenfinishedC.nothavingfinishedD.notbeingfinishedv.非谓语动词的语态1.分词的语态(1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意.(2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事.Theroomfacing(=whichfaces)southisourclassroom.Isthereanythingplanned(=thathasbeenplanned)fortomorrow?Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.2.现在分词的被动语态beingdone表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。havingbeendone表示动作发生在谓语之前。Whoisthepatientbeingoperatedon?Youwillfindthematterbeingtalkedaboutalloverthetown.Havingbeentoldthatsomeguestswerecoming,theygottheroomsready.主动语态thelastpersontoleave被动语态thepersontobereliedon当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，用被动语态Heisbelievedtobeelectedmonitor.Thehousetobebuiltisourdiningroom.Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.3.不定式的主动与被动6.动名词的语态被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者Hediditwithoutbeingasked.Theyinsistedonbeinggiventhetask.Beingtakenadvantageofisnotagoodthing.Herewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemed_blownoffthemountain.A.tohavebeenB.thatitwasC.tobeD.thatithadbeenThelab_nextyearwillbemoreadvancedthantheoldone.A.builtB.beingbuiltC.tobebuiltD.tobebuildingThedecision_,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.A.havingbeenmadeB.havingmadeC.havingbeenmakingD.beenmadevi.非谓语动词的句子成分考点1.不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词,和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去Ineedapentowritewith.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.2.非谓语作状语(1)so+形容词(或副词)+astoThehouseissohighandnarrowastoresembleatower.(2)such+名词短语+astoHisindifferenceissuchastomakeonedespaired.(3)onlyto竟然(表示与预料相反的结果)Hestudiedhardonlytofailintheexam.(4)形容词(或副词)+enough(副词)to够,足以Theroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.(5)not/nevertooto,toonotto,but/onlytooto,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。1.决定but(except)是否带”to”，关键在于看句子的谓语动词是否是动词”do”(1)donothinganythingeverythingbut(except)结构中不带toLastnightIdidnothingbutwatchT.V.Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.v.带to与不带to(2)以下情况but(except)后必须带”to”如果谓语动词不是”donothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则须带”to”。Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.Idonothaveanyalternativebuttogowithhim.2.在hadbetter,wouldrather.(than).,would.ratherthan,wouldsooner.(than),cannotbut.,canthelpbut.,may(might)aswell.(不妨.)等习惯用法中Sincesheisangry,wehadbetterletheralone.Ratherthanbeginthestreet,hewouldprefertodieofhunger.(Hewouldratherdieofhungerthanbeginthestreet.)Icouldnthelpbutwaitforthenextbustocome.Marycannotbutsing.(=Shecouldnthelpbutsing.)Icannothelpsinging.vi.V+to”to”是介词的词组1.下列词组中的to都是介词,后面须跟动名词：beaccustomedto=beusedto习惯于,adaptto适应adjustto适应于,agreeto同意,amountto合计；等于confessto承认,attendto出席;照料devoteto献身于taketo养成习惯;喜欢,turnto着手工作,lookforwardto盼望,objectto(=beopposedto=oppose)反对,payattentionto关注,contributeto贡献,deny(to)否认,cometo提到Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.Ipreferreadingbookstodoinghousework.Mostpeopleobjecttosmoking.注意：比较Whenitcomestodoingsth.(说到)Wetodosth.(逐渐地)2.一些固定结构中不定式的用法(1)too.to表否定含义,而enough.to.表肯定a.Itwastoocoldforustogoshopping.(=Itwassocoldthatwecouldnt.)b.Itwascoldenoughtofreezeourfingers.但enoughto之前如有否定词，不定式也表否定含义Thewaterisntwarmenoughforustogoswimming.(=Thewaterisntwarmenoughsowecant.)(2)(alltoo),onlytoo等与不定式连用表示肯定意义Hesonlytoopleasedtohelpus.非常愿意/高兴帮助我们。Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtocome.(3)tooreadyto结构表肯定意义Hestooreadytopromise.他太易于许诺。Hestooreadytocriticizeothers.1._isnotaseriousdisadvantageinlife.A.TobenottallB.NottobetallC.BeingnottallD.Notbeingtall2.Thismayhavepreservedtheelephantfrombeingwipedoutaswellasotheranimals_inAfrica.A.huntedB.huntingC.thathuntedD.arehunted3.TheClarkshaventdecidedyetwhichhotel_.A.tostayB.istostayC.tostayatD.isforstaying4.Ininternationalmatches,prestigeissoimportantthattheonlythingthatmattersistoavoid_.A.frombeingbeatenB.beingbeatenC.beatingD.tobebeaten5.Henoticedthehelicopterhoveringoverthefield.Thentohisastonishment,hesawaropeladder_outandthreemenclimbingdownit.A.throwingB.beingthrownC.havingthrownD.havingbeenthrown6.AIDSissaid_thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen7.TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved_ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.A.thatheisthinking B.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothink8.Arrivingatthebusstop,_waitingthere.A.alotofpeoplewereB.hefoundalotofpeopleC.alotofpeopleD.peoplewerefound9._regulartraininginnursing,shecouldhardlycopewiththeworkatfirst.A.NotreceivedB.SincereceivingC.HavingreceivedD.Nothavingreceived10.Whatsthechanceof_ageneralelectionthisyear?A.therebeingB.theretobeC.therebeD.theregoingtobe11._nocauseforalarm,theoldmanwentbacktohisroom.A.TherewasB.SinceC.BeingD.Therebeing12.Itisnotuncommonforthere_problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.A.beingB.wouldbeC.beD.tobe13.Thecountryschiefexportsarecoal,carsandcottongoods,cars_themostimportantofthese.A.havebeenB.areC.beingD.arebeing14.Ifnot_withtherespecthefeelsduetohim,Jackgetsveryill-temperedandgrumblesallthetime.A.beingtreatedB.treatedC.betreatedD.havingbeentreated15._,hecannowonlywatchitonTVathome.A.ObtainingnotaticketforthematchB.NotobtainingaticketforthematchC.NothavingobtainedaticketforthematchD.Notobtainedaticketforthematch
