托福阅读四插入句子题.pptx
考察能力1、相关语句和词汇的理解2、对于语段中的逻辑顺序的把握第1页/共27页题目特征Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.(Youwillseeasentenceinbold)Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonatoaddthesentencetothepassage.第2页/共27页Question：在托福阅读中，为什么不论插入题出现在文章的那个位置，这种题都位于总结题之前,存在于倒数第二题的位置呢?第3页/共27页ETS是一个很人性化的机构,如果这类题出现在前几道题的位置,选错了会对文章的理解造成影响,影响做其它题。插入的句子对文章本身的影响有多大？和几句话相关？如果和前后两句话都相关,是不是把它拿掉了,就会对文章有较大的影响？只需要找出待插入的句子跟前后某一句话的逻辑联系即可。第4页/共27页英语句子间的衔接手法(cohesivedevices)该题型重点考查英文句子间的逻辑语义关系，即英文中句子与句子是如何衔接在一起的。第5页/共27页Cohesive devices1.代词(Pronouns)具体包括人称代词、指示代词和关系代词等（personal,demonstrative,relative,etc）。在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代该话题词。例：例：Speakingaforeignlanguageisanenormousassetinthemodernworld.Thisiswhysomanyjuniorhighschoolsarenowofferinglanguageclasses.Todaysteachersarefacedwithastarkchoice.Theymustdecidewhethertoteachinawaythathelpsstudentpassstandardizedexamsorteachinawaythatactuallyhelpsstudentslearn.第6页/共27页Cohesive devices2.定冠词the+名词(specificarticles+nouns)名词所指对象第一次出现时，用不定冠词a连接，当后句再次提及该名词对象时，为了表示它和前一句名词是同一关系，会用定冠词the引出。例如：Awomaniswalkingintoourclassroom.Thewomanisourteacher.第7页/共27页Cohesive devices3.重复话题词或同义近义改写(Repetition,synonym,orslightvariationofaword)上下句的衔接也可以通过重复话题词实现，或者是对该话题词进行相关改写。例如:Tofosterhealthyrelationshipsbetweenchildreninaclassroom,teachersshouldprovidetimeforgamesandfunactivities.Havinghealthyrelationshipswiththeirpeershelpschildrengainconfidenceusefulinotherpartsoftheirlives.(重复话题词)Beforechoosingapublicorprivateschoolfortheirchildren,parentsshouldtakeintoaccountthecost.Thepriceofaprivateschoolisusuallymuchhigherthanthatofapublicschool.(话题词同义改写)第8页/共27页Cohesive devices4.过渡性词和词组(Transitionalphrases/transitionaladverbs)上面讲到的三种句间关系属于隐性关系。隐性关系通过上下句的语义关系体现。现在，我们要讲的是句子间的显性关系，即通过明显的逻辑连词或副词来体现句间关系。这些显性关系词包括以下类别。4.1时间关系then,next,later,finally,etc.4.2因果关系therefore,consequently,asaresult,etc.4.3转折关系however,but,yet,nevertheless,ontheotherhand,etc.4.4解释关系thatis,inotherwords,etc.4.5举例关系forinstance,forexamplePeersandoldersiblingshaveamajorinfluenceonhowschoolchildrenbehave.Forinstance,youngchildrenoftenrepeatbadwordstheyhearfromtheirfriendsorbrothersandsisters.第9页/共27页解题步骤4stepsS1:阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2:在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3:插入S4:检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理第10页/共27页解题思路思路思路1指代词出现往前看思路思路2连接词转折词看两边思路思路3总起总结句要不割裂，能概括第11页/共27页解题思路Suggestion 1在段落之前的空，一般为错，因为每段的中心都在第一句，如果把第一句改变了，也就改变句意了Suggestion 2空后有代词they，it的，一般是不对的。（因为代词不能跨句，如果在代词前面加一句话，就会改变代词的指代对象。但是有例外存在，比如一段中只有一个主语。）Suggestion 3优先考虑段落最后的空。（因为放在最末尾，对文章内容影响小。）第12页/共27页Example 1:Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.4 steps S1:阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词 S2:在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3:插入 S4:检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理第13页/共27页Vocabulary1.extinct adj.:(espofatypeofanimal,etc)nolongerinexistence2.bridge a gap:(a)fillanawkwardoremptyspace;(b)reducethedistance(betweenwidelycontrastinggroups)3.mammal:anyoftheclassofanimalsthatgivebirthtoliveoffspringandfeedtheiryoungonmilkfromthebreast4.intermediate:(a)situatedorcomingbetweentwopeople,things,etcintime,space,degree,etc;(b)betweenelementaryandadvanced5.transitional:过渡的6.reconstruct：constructorbuildagain,afterdamage；createagain(sththathasexistedorhappened)byusingevidenceorimagination7.origin：starting-point;source第14页/共27页Example 2:Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregeneralthedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.4 steps S1:阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词 S2:在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3:插入 S4:检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理第15页/共27页Vocabulary1.raise:bringup(achild,etc);breed(farmanimals);groworproduce(crops)2.livestock:animalskeptonafarmforuseorprofit,egcattleorsheep3.arid:(oflandorclimate)havinglittleornorainfall;dry4.dominant:mostimportantorprominent5.vegetation:plantsingeneral6.consequence:thingthatisaresultoraneffectofsthelse7.excessive:greaterthanwhatisnormalornecessary;extreme8.graze:(ofcattle,sheep,etc)eatgrowinggrass9.trample:treadheavilyonsth/sbsoastocausedamageordestruction10.pulverize:grindorsmash(sth)topowderordust11.accelerate:make(sth)movefasterorhappenearlier;increasethespeedof12.reliance:confidenceortrustinsb/sth13.tract:largestretchorareaofland14.susceptible:easilyinfluencedorharmedbysth第16页/共27页Example 3:Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.4 steps S1:阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词 S2:在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3:插入 S4:检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理第17页/共27页Vocabulary1.artisan:skilledworkmanorcraftsman 2.impart:give(aquality)tosth3.apprentice:personwhohasagreedtoworkforaskilledemployerforafixedperiodinreturnforbeingtaughthistradeorcraft4.journeymen:trainedworkerwhoworksforanemployer5.raw material6.tend:takecareoforlookafter(sb/sth)第18页/共27页Example 4:Becausetheyarealwaysswimming,tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills.Accordingly,theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills.Infact,tunasmustswimtobreathe.Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking,sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder,thegas-filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant.Consequently,tunas do not need to suck in water.4 steps S1:阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词 S2:在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3:插入 S4:检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理第19页/共27页Vocabulary1.tuna:金枪鱼2.gill:鳃3.bladder:膀胱;（任何可充气的）囊状物4.sac:bag-likepartofananimalorplant（动植物组织中的）囊,液囊.5.buoyant:(ofanobject)abletofloat第20页/共27页Example 5:Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseperatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipment,similartothebodysvitalorgansandsystems.Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.Ofcourseinearlyarchitecturesuchasigloosandadobestructurestherewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.However,some modern architectural designs,such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures,are again unifying skeleton and skin.4 steps S1:阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词 S2:在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3:插入 S4:检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理第21页/共27页Vparable:ableorsuitabletobecompared2.interior3.vital4.plumbing:systemofwater-pipes,water-tanks,cisterns,etcinabuilding管道装置5.igloo:smalldome-shapedhousebuiltbyEskimosfromblocksofhardsnowasatemporaryshelter6.concrete:existinginmaterialform;thatcanbetouched,felt,etc以物质形式存在的;具体的;definite;positive7.inflate:充气膨胀8.unify:form(sth)intoasingleunitormakeuniform第22页/共27页Example 6:BeforeCooperstime,AmericanreadershadgenerallylookedtoEuropeanauthorsasthesourceofmuchoftheirliterature.ThesenovelsnaturallydealtwithEuropeanissuesratherthanAmericanones.AfterthesuccessofCoopersNovels,however,Americanswerenolongercontentwiththissituation.TheybegantodemandnovelsthattookplaceinAmericansettingsanddealtwithAmericanissues.Therefore,CoopersnovelwereinfluentialinpromptingthegrowthofAmericanliteratureingeneral.In short,they wanted novels for Americans,written by Americans.第23页/共27页Vocabulary1.be content with:besatisfiedwithwhatonehas;notwantingmore;happy2.prompt:adj.donewithoutdelay;punctual;v.causeorincite(sb)todosth第24页/共27页Example 7:SocialDarwinism,theadaptionofDarwinsideastohumansocieties,wasthedominantsocialphilosophyofthe19thcentury.Initsbasicform,SocialDarwinismclaimedthatthesameforceswhichcausetheevolutionoforganismscausedtheevolutionofsocietiesaswell.Accordingtothisview,itwasnaturalthatsocietieswhichwerebetteradaptedtothepressuresoftheerawouldadvanceandoppressthosewhichwerenotsowelladapted.Therefore,everysocietywaslockedinastruggleforsupremacyagainstitsneighbors.Simply put,Social Darwinism stated that the rise and fall of culture was governed by the survival of the fittest.第25页/共27页Vocabularyevolution:processofgraduallydevelopingorganism:(ususmall)livingbeingwithpartsthatworktogetheradvance:oppress:ruleortreat(sb)withcontinualinjusticeorcrueltysupremacy:beingsupreme;positionofthehighestpower,authorityorstatusgovern:rule(acountry,etc);controlordirectthepublicaffairsof(acity,country,etc);influence(sth/sb)decisively;determine第26页/共27页感谢您的观看。第27页/共27页
