英语重点语法详解 同位语和独立成分解析.docx

英语重点语法详解同位语和独立 成分解析构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语.宾语、定语.状语、补足语和同位语。一、主语主语（subject）:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。表示 句子所要说明或描述的人或事物；主语可由名词.代词、数词、不定式. 动名词.名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。IJane is good at playing the piano.2.She went out in a hurry.3 .Four plus four is eight.4 .To see is to believe.5 .Smoking is bad for health.6 .The young should respect the old.7 .What he said is true.8 . It is necessary to master a foreign language. （it 作形式主语， 真正的主语为后面的不定式）It is clear enough what he meant.他是什么意思很清楚。（it作形 式主语,真正的主语为关系代词型what引导的主语从句）Is it true that he is the girl's father?他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？ （如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构，即不能把从句直 接做主语）. That he is still alive is a wonder.他还活着,真是奇迹。（that 引 导的主语从句）Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。（Whether引导的主语从句）Whichever you want is yours.你想要哪个哪个就是你的。（连接代词Whichever引导的主语从句）Where I spend my summer is no business of yours.我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。（连接副词Where引导的主语从句）What we need is money.我们需要的是钱。（关系代词What引导 的主语从句）二、谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，即说明主语做什么或怎 么样。用以说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征即为谓语；通常由动词 充当。动词常分为实义动词，系动词,情态动词和助动词。He ate two eggs this morning.She cleans her room every day.She came .The bird died三.宾语宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面，分别称为动宾和介宾。1 .We study English.2 .He is looking at them.3 .He has refused to help them.4 . She enjoys reading.4.1 don't believe what he said.6. She found it necessary to learn a foreign language.双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。He gave me two books.7. She doesn1 t know （that） she is seriously ill.（由that引导的宾语从句）I don7 t know why the train is late.（由连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 和连接副词 when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语 从句中充当某个成分。）I want to know if （whether） he lives there.（由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否） 四、表语 表语位于系动词之后，用以说明主语的身份、性质、特征和状态。表语 一般由名词、代词.形容词.分词.数词.不定式、动名词、介词短语、 副词或相当于名词.形容词的词、短语或表语从句表示。l.Our English teacher is an American.2. The weather has turned cold.3. The speech is excitingHis job is to teach English.4. His hobby （爰好）is playing football.5. Time is up. The class is over.6. The machine must be out of order.7. The truth is that he has never been abroad.五、宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上 一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。（去掉宾补句子就不完整, 甚至说讲不通。）宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足 语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。The story made us happy.He told us to stay.他叫我们留下。F ve never seen her dancing.我从未看见过她跳舞。I found it difficult to refuse him.我感到很难拒绝他。这类常用的及物动词有：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let.六、定语定语，用来修饰、限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可 由以下等成分表示：（位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之 后）1 .Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. （分词）2 .My mother bought a birthday cake for me.（名词）. Her brother is a teacher.（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式 短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.（定语从句）七、状语状语是修饰动词、形容词.副词或整个句子的句子成分，说明方式、原 因、结果、条件、时间、地点、让步.方式、程度.目的、伴随情况等。 可用作状语的有副词，不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。（位置灵活， 句首，句中，句末都行）1.1 will be back in a while.时间状语.They are playing on the playground.地点状语2 .He was late because he got up late.原因状语从句4.1 got up so late that I missed the train.结果状语从句八、同位语 同位语：指两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样， 那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。一般在名词或代词之后并列名词或 代词或名词短语，对前者加以说明的成分。（后者就是前者的同位语）. We young people should respect the old.名词1 .He himself will do the experiment.代词.He is the oldest among them four.数词2 .He told me the news that our team won the game.同位语从句九、独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语.感叹 语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：He' s a nice person, to be sure.肯定他是一个好人。Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all.说也奇怪，考试他竟 然通过了。