02+动词的语态【知识串讲】-备战2023年高考英语语法知识串讲与运用（通用版）.docx

备战2023年高考英语语法知识串讲02动词的语态语态表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。一、主动语态主语是谓语动作的使动方。也就是说谓语的动作源自主语，而施加于宾语。在英语里，有些表 达只能用主动语态。I clean my room once a week.We had fun at the party.There is going to be a sports meeting next Friday.二、被动语态被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动 作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态由“be动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态 变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。三、主动语态改成被动语态，可以遵循以下几个步骤：1 .将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语；2 .谓语动词变为“be及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态；3主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时 by的短语可以省略）；例：1. Jack writes an e-mail every week. -*An e-mail is written by Jack every week.四、常用时态的被动语态由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：The Olympic Games are held every four years.(2) 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：The glass was broken yesterday.这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。(3)现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：The plan is being carried out.这个计划正在执行中。(4)过去进行时：was/were/being +过去分词。如：This road was being built this time last year.这条路去年这个时候还在修建。(5)一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：The package will be sent after the Spring Festival.那个包裹将在春节之后寄出。(6)过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：The manager said (he project would be completed by the end of the year.经理说这个工程在年底前 将会完成。(7)现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：This novel has been translated into several languages.这本小说已被译成了 几种语言。(8)过去完在时:had been +过去分词。如：When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.我到达剧院时，发现票已卖 完了。五、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1 .带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+bc+过去分词。例:The elderly should be taken good care of by the organization.2 .有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的个宾语变为主语，另 一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例:His mother gave him a bike for his birthday,可改为 He was given a bike by his mother for his birthday.3 .当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不 动。例:Someone caught the boy smoking in the meeting room. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking in ihe meeting room.4 .在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作 宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式I。要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加t。例:Someone saw the worker walk into the building.可改为 The worker was seen to walk into the building.5 .有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可以用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.We can' t laugh at him. -* He can' t be laughed at by us.6 .不及物动词无被动语态。The accident happened on a cold morning.The earth has existed for so many years.7 .有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。如act, break, catch» cut, clean, drive, draw, let, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash, wear等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，其主 动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外，像owe, beat, cook, bake, print, build, make等，有时可以 用主动形式表达被动含义。如：The door won (lock. |'3 锁不上。The cloth washes well.这布料很耐洗。The drawer won' t open.这抽屉打不开。His novel sells well.他的小说销路很好。This paper tears easily.这纸一撕就破。This kind of radio doesn't sell well.这种收音机不太畅销。The shop opens a（ eight o'clock.这个商店八点开门。The pipe does not draw well.这烟斗不太通畅。These plays act wonderfully.这些剧演得好。Kate's book reads like an interesting novel.凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣的小说。注意：主动表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。如：His novels sell easily.他的小说销路好。（指小说本身内容好）His novels are sold easily.他的小说容易销售。（主要强调外界对小说的需求量大）8 .如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个 介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.-> A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.-*A ticket was shown to me by him.六、某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义1）在need, want, require, deserve和bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，其 含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如：The house needs repairing （to be repaired）.这房子需要修理。My clothes need washing （to be washed）.我的衣服需要洗了。2）形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面 跟动词不定式的被动形式。如：The picture-book is well worth reading. （=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.） 这本画册 很值得一读。This plan is not worth considering. ( =This plan is not worthy to be considered.)这个计划不值得考虑。七、某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义a.当 nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important» impossible, pleasant, interesting 等形容词 后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达 被动含义。如：Chinese is difficult to learn.汉语难学。（指汉语被学）The water is unfit to drink.这水不适合喝。（指水被喝）The piece of music is pleasant to hear.这首音乐听起来很悦耳。（指音乐被听）This book is easy to read.这本书读起来很容易。（指书被读）b.当动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式表示 被动含义。如:I have a lot of homework to do today.我今天有很多作业要做。（homework to do指被做的作业）He has three children to look after.他有三个孩子要照看。（children to look after 指孩子被照看，）注意：如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式，其含义有所区别。如：I have some clothes to be washed.我有些要洗的衣服。（衣服不是自己洗，由别人来洗）c.在there be.句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动或被动式，其含义 没有什么区别。如：There is a lot of homework to do （to be done）.有很多家庭作业要做。There are some clothes to wash （to be washed）.有些衣服要洗。4）由介词for, on, above, under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义。如：His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon. =His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon .他的油画作品明天下午展出。The office building is under construction.办公楼正在被建设。