2023年剑桥初级语法笔记.docx

现在时3、现在进行时:1am do i ng以下动词不可用于现在进行时:li k elovewantknowunders t andr ememb e rdep e ndp referhaten e edmeanbeli evef o r g e t4、现在进行时的疑问式:Are you doing?5、一般现在时:l do/wor k/like 等一般现在时用来表达一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情：11 i ke b i gc i t i es.Alw ays /ne v er/often/u s u a I 1 y/som e t im e s 常与一般现在时连用:l ne v er eat breakf a s t .6、一般现在时的否认式：I don】/h e d o e srft +动词原形I don't hav e a bath every day.e ver y day表天天，作状语；e v er y day表天天的，形容词】7、一般现在时的疑问式:D o you.?Do/d o e s主语动词原形D oyouw o rkon S und a ysDoy o ur friendslivenea r he r eDo e sAnneplaytennisWheredoYour fr i end sli v eHow oftend oyo uwashyou r hairWha td o esThi s w o rdmeanHow muchdo e sitcos tto fl y t o Rome*What d o you do?表达“你是做什么工作的？ ”8 、 have/have go tA bit old e r than.A bit m o re di f ficul t th a n.M u ch b ette r th a n.Muc h more e xpe n sive than.89> n ot as.a sNot a s much as.Not a s ma n yTh e s ame as.90、the oldest/the most exp e n s ive可用最高级 + I've ev e r ./you've ever.等:The f ilm was v e ry b ad. I t h ink i t's th e worst f i Im I've e ve r seen.Wh a t is t h e most u n u s ual thing yo u' v e eve r done?91、e n o ug h / t ootoo.for s b / s thtoo.t o do sthtoo .for s b t o do st htoo.for s b / s thtoo.t o do sthtoo .for s b t o do st heno ugh for s b / s t he n o u g h to d o sthenough forsb/sthto d o st h93、词序(1)地点状语位于时间状语之前:we went t oapartyla st night.(2)al ways/ n ever / often等词用于动词之前,b e动词之后，两个动词之间:alw a ys often ev e r rare 1 y als o al r eady alle.g. I al wus u ally sometimes neve r seldom just st i II b othays d r i n k c o f fe e in th e m o rn i n g .I am always tired.I wi 1 1 always rem e mbe r you. / I c a n ne v e rfind m y keys.96、give/ 1 e nd/ p a ss/s e n d/show / bu y /g e tg ive st h t o sbgiv e s b s t h注意:当某物为代词it或them时，用第一种结构比较好：I g a ve it t o m y fa t her.98> whe n(1)当以when开头时，两部分用逗号隔开：W h en I went o ut, i t wa s r a i n ing.(2) 一般现在时用于when之后表达将来：I is a wil 1 be in Mex i co wh e n Sa r ah is in Ne w York.W h en I get h ome t h is eve n ing, I'm going t o h a ve a s h owe r .(3)before / w h i I e / a fte r / u nt i I 的用法类似：P 1 e ase c los e th e win d o w before you g o out.II 1 wait he r e u n til you come b a ck.99、if(1) if之后常用一般现在时：If you see An n tom o rr o w, can you ask her t o ca 1 I m e ?Wh a t shall we do if it r a ins?(2) if I / y ou/he/ s h e/they/it hadI / you/ h e wo u Id.i f l/i t /he/ s he w a s或 if 1/ i t/he/she were.(这里的动词都是过去式)I f1yOUit t heyhad/ k ne w/li v e d/w e nt.didn't have /didn't know.w e re.c o uld.1yo ui tthe y wou1 d(n't) could( n't)b uy. b e . have .go.在这种句子里，句意表达事实上这个假设不成立:I f I ha d the mon e y, I wou 1 d buy a fast car.事实上我没有钱买车。I wouldn't g o out if I were you.事实上我不是你。（3）比较if I have/ i f i t is I must go and see Helen. If I h ave tim e , I will go t o d a y. ( = mayb e I'll hav e time, so maybe I'll go) I'll help you if I ca n .( = m aybe lean help you)if I have/ i f i t is I must go and see Helen. If I h ave tim e , I will go t o d a y. ( = mayb e I'll hav e time, so maybe I'll go) I'll help you if I ca n .( = m aybe lean help you)if I had/if it was I m u st go a nd s ee H elen. If I h a d t i m e , I would g o toda y . (=1 d o n't h ave t i me today, so I will no t go) I'd hel p you if I c ould, but I can't.103、a t / o n / i n(1)at（时间点）8 o'clock 1 0.30 midnighton （星期、日期、节日）S u nday / Mon d ay.2 5 Apri 1 Ju n e N e w Y ea r zs D ayi n （月份、年份、季节）A p ril / J u n e 2 0 2 3 /19 9 8 summer / spring（2 ）固定搭配a t th e we e k e nd a t ni g htat C h ri s t masa t t h e e n d ofa t the mom e ntin the mor n i ng i n the afte r noo nin the e v e nin gin f ive minu t e son Mo n d ay morning on T uesd a y aft ernoon注意：this、last、n e x t > eve r y 等前不用介词，如 next year10 6、 i n /a t /oni nin a r oomin a shopin the wateri n Brazilin t h e f ie 1 data t the bu s s t opat th edoora t th e tra f fic 1 i gh t sa t her des kat the top/ bot t o m/e n d o f.(at the age o f 21/at 50ki 1 o met r esan ho u r / a t 1 0 0 degrees）onon a shelf o n a pla t e o n a balcony o n the fl o or o n a wa 1 1 o n a d o or o n th e ceili n g on a h orse/bi cycle /motor b ike on foo ton holida y o n televis i on on t h e phon e on t ime o n f i re（2）inin b edi n ho s pital i n the sky i n the wo r Id' inane wspap e r i n a ca rin the middl e o f .a ta t homea t w o rk / scho o 1at uni v ers i t y /at c o lie g e at th e s t a t i on/airport at J a ne's house at the do c t o r's a t t h e hairdres s e r's a t a c on c e r t at a p artyata f oo t b all m a t c honon a b u s/ t r a in/planeo n t h egr o u nd floor / firs tflooro n the way （to.）/on the way h o me备注：i n或at可用于建筑物（宾馆、餐馆前）：We stay e d at a ni c e h o t el./ We stayed in a nice h o te 1 .wit h 可用 a man withabeard/a woman with glas s es/a h o us e with a big ga r den等结构112、动词短语(1)a f raid of.ang r y with sb a n gry a bout stf u II of.g o od at.in t ere sted in. married t o.s o rr y about.sorry for/about doi n g sth b e / fe e 1 s o rr y for s bhdiff erent f r om.=d ifferent to.fed u p wit h （厌 烦）n i ce/ki n d o f s b t o .b e nice/ki n d t osb（2）look at.1 i s t en to.ask （sb） for.b elon g t o .happen t o .s p eak / talk t o s b a b o u t sth tha n k s b for.think about./ think of.wait for.wri t e to sblook for.（寻找）look a f ter.（照顾） depe n d on注意：p h one/call s bget in a carget on t h e busgo awa yran away/ru n o ffdriv e aw a y/dri v e offt u rn over an d I o o k a t the next p a geh ave= h a ve g otha s =has gotDon't ha v e = haven't gotDoe sn't h a v e = h as n't gotDo y o u have=have y ou gotDoes he have=h a s h e got(2)hav e 表“吃、喝、拿”时，不能用have go t代替h a vehav e b reak f ast / lune h /dinn e r have a meal/a piz z a / a s andwic hha v e a cup o f cof f e e have sth to e a t/drin k(3)下列短语中，要用havehavehave a b ath/ashow er have a rest / a holiday/a party have a nice time/a good trip/fun ha v e a walk/a swim/ a g a me have a dre a m/an accid e nt have a b a b y ha v e a look15、现在完毕时(1) h ave done(2) just/alr e ady/yetJ ust 表“刚才" :we've j u s t a rrived.Al r e ad y 表“已经”(在预料之前):th e yz v e air e a d y a r rived. (= b efore you expec t ed)Yet表“直到现在”(用于否认句和疑问句中):th ey haven，t arr i ved y et.(3) )现在完毕时与ever (用于疑问句中)/ n ev e r连用:H a v e you ever played golf?(4) gone 表“去而未归"：she has gone to China.Been表“去而已归"：he ha s bee n to Chi n a.(5) How Io n g have y ou.?S he has been i n I re 1 a n d since Mond ay/f o r t hre e days.一般现在时现在完毕时Dan and Ka I e are marri e d.Th e y have b e en m a r r ie d f or f u ur year s .Are you ma r ried?How 1 o n g h a v e you bee n mar r ie d ?现在进行时现在完毕进行时I'm 1 e a rning E n gli s h.How Io n g hav e you b e en lea r n i ng Eng 1 i sh?25、what ar e you doin g tomor r ow?I am do i n g som e thi n g t o mo r row表达“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事”I am going t o do s ome t h ing.同上(be going to 与 w i 1 I 的区别)注意：用一般现在时表达时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等：Thetr a in arr批注kwl:现在进行时通常指人；一般现在时通常指i v es at 7. 30.物，比如时间表之类的批注kw2:注意英文时间的写法2 7、wi 1 l/sha 1 I(1 ) I sha 1 I =1 wil 1 > we s hal 1 =we will :I s h all be la t e tomo r r ow. = I wi 1 I b e 1 a t e tom o r r ow.在构成将来时的时候，不可将shal 1与v ou/t h ey/ i t/he/ s he等非第一人称连用：Tom will b e lat e .(而不能 Tom s h all b e I a te.)(2) I，1 I表”建议或决定做某事”：111 ph o n e you tomo r r o w.I t h in k K 1 1 /I d o n't think I II表”决定做某事 " ：l t h ink II 1 g o t o be d ea r I y tonigh t .(3) Shalll./Sha 1 1 we.? 表“你认为好吗？”28、mi g h t =may2 9、c an/ c ould： could 为过去式3 0 m u s t / m u stn't/don't need t o(1 )表达过去时，用 had to 而不用 mu s t:W e had t o walk h o me 1 a st night.(2 ) d o n't need t o = don't have t o3 1、sho u Id(1) I t h i n k . s h ould/ I don't t h ink.shoul d /do you think. s h o u 1 d?(2) o ught t o =shou 1 d32、I h a ve to(1 )表过去时，用had to(2)表达认为有必要做某事或提出个人见解时，mus t或havet。都可以不是表个人见解时，只能用have t o:Eg: Y ou can't park yo u r car here for nothing. You have t o p a y ,(非个人见 解)It's a fantasti c f ilm. Y ou must se e i t. /You have t o see it.3 3、 I used t o / I didn't u s ed to/ d id y o u u s e to.?4 8、 t her e h as b e e n / t h ere h ave b een一般过去时现在完毕时Th ere was an a ccide nt 1 a s t n ight.L ook! There's b e en a n acci d ent.Whe n we arrive d at t h e the a t r e, t h ere w a s a long q u e ue out s ide.This ro a d is very dang erous. There hav e been many ac c i dent s .W h y are th o s e p ol i cemen outs i de t h e b ank? There's been/ t he r e was a r obbe r y .41、反义疑问句Have you? / a re you? /don't you? 表“对某事感爱好或感到惊奇”：I've bo u ght a n ew car.0hz h a ve y ou?记住：前否后肯，前肯后否If s a n ice day, is n't it?Th a t isn/t your car, is it?42、 t o o / ei t he r so am I / n either d o（2） both+复数名词句尾to o （肯定）I'm h a p p y too.ei t her (否认)I'm not h a p py e i th e r.，m h appy.S o am 1(so was he/so do l/so would 1)I'm notI'm n o t happyNei t her am 1(可用n or代替n e it h er)1 ameit h er/neithe r单数名词，谓语动词用单数bot h(of)the.e ith e r ne i the r0 ft h ese/tho s e . m y / y our/PauKs.44疑问句(1 ) i s it.?/ h ave you.?/ d o they.? why isn't.?/why don t.?(2 ) who saw you? /who d id you see?(3)以特殊疑问词开头的句子，介词位于句尾:where are you f r om?批注kw3: Like是介词不是动词(4) w hat's it like? /what ar e they like?表询问某事物的情况新旧、好坏、大小等（5）疑问词whatWhat+名词What time./wh a t s i ze不加名词W h at's you r n am e?whi c hWh i ch+名词（物/人）W h i ch t rai ndid you c a tc h ?不加名词时，不指代人Which is b i ggest?howHo w+形容词/副词Ho w ta 1 1 a r e y ou?How deep / how h eav y /how h ig h / how big.What （范围更广） Which（选择较少）Wha t's the c apital of Argentin a ?W h i c h co 1 our d o you prefer, pin k or y e 1 1 ow?whatWhat+名词What time./wh a t s i ze不加名词W h at's you r n am e?whi c hWh i ch+名词（物/人）W h i ch t rai ndid you c a tc h ?不加名词时，不指代人Which is b i ggest?howHo w+形容词/副词Ho w ta 1 1 a r e y ou?How deep / how h eav y /how h ig h / how big.What （范围更广） Which（选择较少）Wha t's the c apital of Argentin a ?W h i c h co 1 our d o you prefer, pin k or y e 1 1 ow?批注kw4:这里的名词用单数形式5 2、不定式与-i ng形式动词+不定式wa n tp 1 and e cidetry+to.(to wh op eex p e c to fferfo r geto r k /to d o / tneedprom i seref u selearnobe)动词+-inge n j oysto psu g gest+-ing (d o i nmindfini s hg/work i ng)动词+-ing或不定式1 i keloves t artco n tinu e+ing/to.prefe rhat ebeg i n55、go t 0go to w o rkgo t o s cho o 1go to univ e rsi t ygo t o hospi t a 1go t o p r i song o to bedgo to sleepg o to chu r chg o to the b ank /the theatre/the airp o r tgo homego to t h e do c t or/ d enti s t(b e)at w o rk (be ) at s chool(b e )a t u n iv e r si ty(be) i n hospit a 1(b e ) i n p r i son(be) i n b ed(b e)i n /at ch u rch(b e )at homeg o o ngo o n hoi i d a y go o n a tr i p g o o n a to u r go o n an exc u rsion g o on a cruise go on a strik ego f orgo f or a walkgo f o r a r ung o for a swimg o fo r a dr i nkg o f o r mealg o (g o ing / wen t /gone)sh o pping swimm i n gget +名词（收至lj/买至lj/找到某物）get a job/g eta 1 et t erget +交通工具get a bus g e t a tra i n geta taxig e t +形容词（变得.）get hun g ry ge t c old get t i r edget to +地点（到达）get t o work get t o NY（g et h e re/ g et h ome）ge t的短语g et i n a ca rget out o f a c ar get o n a bus ge t o f f a b us ge t ma r rie d （结婚） get dress e d（穿衣） get los t （迷路）f i s hi n g sail i ng skiing jogg i ngget +名词（收至lj/买至lj/找到某物）get a job/g eta 1 et t erget +交通工具get a bus g e t a tra i n geta taxig e t +形容词（变得.）get hun g ry ge t c old get t i r edget to +地点（到达）get t o work get t o NY（g et h e re/ g et h ome）ge t的短语g et i n a ca rget out o f a c ar get o n a bus ge t o f f a b us ge t ma r rie d （结婚） get dress e d（穿衣） get los t （迷路）56、批注kw5:上自己的车用in,坐公共汽车那种公共交 通工具用on5 7、do 与 makedod o a n examdo a testdo a c our s e doh omewor k do h ousewo r k do s omeb o dy a f a vour do an e x ercised o the s hoppingdo t he was h i n g 洗衣服 d o the washing -up 洗碗 d o the i r on i ng 熨烫 d o the c o okingmakemake ami s t a ke make an a p p o intm ent ma k e a ph o n e cal 1 ma k e a list make a noise mak e a be d ma k e a fi 1 m拍电影 t ake a photog r a p h 拍照在英语中，下列词语以复数出现：sciss o rs gl a sses tro u s e r s jean s sho r t s tights pyj a mas peopl e p o li c ea bo 11 1 e of waa c a rto nof mil ka b a r of c hocolate/ a b o xt ero f c h ocola t esa pie c e o f c h eesea bottle f umeof p e ra p i ece o f musica b o w 1 of r i cea cup ofcof f eea game o f te n n i sa bo 11 1 e of waa c a rto nof mil ka b a r of c hocolate/ a b o xt ero f c h ocola t esa pie c e o f c h eesea bottle f umeof p e ra p i ece o f musica b o w 1 of r i cea cup ofcof f eea game o f te n n i s批注kw6: n.尤指装食品或液体的）硬纸盒;塑料盒;硬 纸盒（或塑料盒）所装物品;纸板盒vt.用盒包装以下名词通常不可数a d v ic ebreadf u rnitur ehairinformation new swe a the rwork73、th e的用法the su n t he moon the world t he sky t he sea the c o unt r y t he poli c e the fire brigad e the armythe t o p the end the middle the Ie代the piano th e guita r the trumpetthe radioth e I nternet注意：1. tele v ision/T V 不用 the :l wat c h T V a I o t ,但是 can yo u turn o f f the TV(=the T V s et)2. b r e akfa s t/lunch / din n e r 等不加 the3. n e xt/last + we e k / month/ y ear/s u mmer 等不力口 the4. 球类名词前不加th e5. 学科名词前不加thethe（地名）1.地区名称前一般不用t h eF ranc e /J a p a n /Pe r u2 .与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数 形式连用the Al p s/t h e Philipp i n e s /the N e therlands / th e Canar y 1 s 1 ands3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用thetheA tian t i c /the Am a z on /th e N i Ie / t h e Black sea4街道、广场等名称前不用theliv e s i n N e wton S t re e t/Hig h f ield Road/T i me s Squa r e5 .机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建 筑物不用th eKen ned y Ai r p o rt/London Zo o /Vi c to r i a St a t i on6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称 前要用th etheRe gent Hotel/the N atio n a 1 Th e at r e /the Scienc e M u s e um7.表方位时用thethe n o r t h/sou t h/eas t /west of.77、not + a n y /no/more(l)not + any=no. =no t a(2)no通常用于 h a ve( g o t)与 t h er e i s/a r e 之后(3)动词否认形式+an y二动词肯定形式+ no(4) no之后接名词、no ne可单独使用8 0、ev e r y / a I 1(1)every +单数名词，谓语动词用单数(2 Jeveryw h ere 是副词allm o sts o mean y no+c i t i es childr e n b o oks moneya 1 1(of)t he.this /that. t hese/those. m y / y o ur.mosts o meany noneo