英语s发音规则.pdf

s发/s/的读音规则 一、s在词首时;除了sugar;sure以及sh组合发/以外;其余一般发/s/.例：surface;serve;seven;six;some;sign 比较：design/dizain/一般前缀;合成词不影响其读音.s仍读成/s/.例：unsafe;unsatisfactory;roadside;teaspoon;snowstorm 二、两个s在词尾时读作/s/.例：grass;glass;address;press;success;pass;miss;stress;across;swiss;progress;process;kiss 三、词尾s在u后读作/s/.例：bus;us;minus;abacus;plus;status;virus 四、在sis组合的弱读中;两个s都读作/s/.例：emphasis;analysis;thesis;crisis emphasise;emphasize;analyse/analyze;criticise/criticize criticism n.五、s在字母c前常读作/s/.例：muscle;discipline;science 六、s在某些前后缀中读作/s/.1在前缀mis-;dis-中;s读作/s/.例：mismanage;misjudge;misbelieve;disorder;disobey 2在后缀sive;sity;self;-some;-sy中;s读作/s/.例：expensive;intensive;decisive;yourself;handsome;troublesome;tiresome;quarrelsome 七、s在清辅音前后常读作/s/.1s在清辅音前常读作/s/.例：honest;newspaper;task;satisfy;grasp grab;grip 2s在清辅音后常读作/s/.例：sportsman;works;stops;roofs 八、词尾se在字母r;l;n后读作/s/.例：horse;nurse;worse;course;universe;pulse;else;tense;sense I couldnt find good references by Googling;and I dont know anything about British English.As I think it through;it is quite complicated Sorry-we should really get around to some spelling reform.I hope others can help edit this list if they think of exceptions.In American English;typically If there are any prefixes or suffixes causing an s to be in the middle of a word either because the s is part of the prefix or because it is part of the root;the s is always unvoiced清音/s/;e.g.subsist;substandard;mismatch;mistake;etc.An s that is written next to an unvoiced consonant 清辅音 is always unvoiced/s/;e.g.lisp;rasp;history;etc.When the unvoiced consonant of the above rule is t;then the/t/is silent if the next syllable is syllabic/n/or/l/:listen;whistle.Otherwise it is pronounced.See the comments for a more detailed description of this rule.An s before m is always voiced/z/:chasm;prism;plasma.However;the top rule takes precedence 有优先权;so the s in mismatch is always voiceless/s/.An s that is written doubled between vowels is also unvoiced:massive;missive;missile;etc.However;if the s would occur in the phonetic stream/s+j/then it assimilates to/;e.g.in mission.An s that is written as one single letter between vowels is usually/z/;e.g.laser;risible;criticise/criticize;desert;design;reason;busy;result;reserve;closer the comparative form of the adjective close;has an/s/sound.In the same environment as mentioned above/z+j/will assimilate to/e.g.in vision.Terrible exception to the above:in dessert;the s is voiced to/z/.Many native English speakers misspell dessert for this reason.Note also that the difference between desert and dessert is not voicing;but which syllable gets the accent it is the first in desert and the second in dessert.Possess and its derivatives are another exception;the middle ss is voiced to/z/.The terminating ss is not.Other miscellaneous exceptions:The-ss-in the American state name Missouri is also exceptionally pronounced/z/.In raspberry;the p is silent and the s assimilates to the/b/;so is voiced to/z/.补充：Based on the immediately surrounding letters:Word-internal-ns-;e.g.in insist;tense;tinsel;is almost always pronounced/ns/with unvoiced/s/.This doesnt apply to words that end in-ns;like pens or lens these have/nz/.Exceptions:cleanse and pansy;which have/nz/.For some speakers;certain but not necessarily all words starting with trans such as transit and transition have/nz/.Word-internal-ls-;e.g.in else;pulse;is almost always pronounced/ls/with unvoiced/s/.This doesnt apply to words that end in-ls;like eels or steals these have/lz/.Exception:palsy;which has/lz/.Word-internal-rs-;e.g.in persist;verse;is almost always pronounced/rs/with unvoiced/s/.This doesnt apply to words that end in-rs;like stars or yours these have/rz/.Based on identifying particular suffixes:The ending-sive is usually pronounced/s v/with voiceless/s/;even when there is a vowel letter immediately preceding the letter s.For example;explosive;invasive;abusive;derisive are all pronounced with/s/.The ending-osity is always pronounced with voiceless/s/.名词复数后面 s 的发音规则 一般来说;s在元音或浊辅音后读z;在清辅音后面读成s;在t后与t在一起读成ts;在d后与d一起读成dz.cups 杯子 days 日子 hands 手 hats 帽子 2、以s;sh;ch;x结尾的词在词尾加es;读iz classes 班级 buses 公共汽车 boxes 盒子 watches 手表 3、以“元音字母y”结尾的词;加s;读作z；以辅音字母y结尾的词;变y为i;再加es;读iz.boy-boys 男孩 army-armies 军队 story-stories 故事 factory-factories 工厂 baby-babies 宝贝 4、以o结尾的词;多数加s;读z.kilo-kilos 公里 photo-photos 照片 tobacco-tobaccos 烟草 piano-pianos 钢琴 以元音字母o结尾的词一律加s;读z.zoo-zoos 动物园 radio-radios 收音机 少数以o结尾的词;在词尾加-es;读z.tomato-tomatoes 西红柿 hero-heroes 英雄 Negro-Negroes 黑人 potato-potatoes 土豆 5、以f或fe结尾的词;多数把f;fe变为v;再加es;读s.leaf-leaves 树叶 thief-thieves 小偷 wife-wives 妻子 knife-knives 小刀 shelf-shelves 架子 6、不规则名词的复数形式.1、通过变化单词内部元音字母;构成复杂形式.man-men 男子 woman-women 女人 foot-feet 脚 goose-geese 鹅 tooth-teeth 牙齿 mouse-mice 老鼠 child-children 小孩 2、单数形式与复数形式相同 sheep-sheep 绵羊 deer-deer 鹿 Chinese-Chinese 中国人 Japanese-Japanese 日本人 规则的名词复数形式一般是在单词后加-s 或-es.其音法方法为：在/p/t/k/f/等清辅音后/s/Cups;hats;cakes;roofs 在/s/z/M/CM/DN/等音后/iz/glasses;roses;brushes;matches;bridges 在其它情况下：/z/Beds;days;cities;knives 以th收尾的词原读/的;加词尾s后;多读/z/;例如：mouth mouths path/pa:z/-paths/pa:Iz/但也有不这样变的;如：month/mn/-months/mns/;length/leng/-lengths/lengs/;另有些词可变可不变;如：youth/ju:/-youths/ju:s/或/ju:z/;truth/tru:/-truths/tru:s/或/tru:z/.关于名词复数后面 s 的发音规则;我相信你已经看过了多遍语法书上名词复数后面的三条发音规则了;只是看不懂;也不会用.要掌握这些复杂难懂的规则;关键是要知道其背后的用意;从而不被表面的文字所迷惑.下面请你睁大双眼;我告诉你它们的真实用意其实就是为了两个字“顺口”.没明白吗;稍微解释两句.s为什么可发s和z两个音呢;就为了顺口;这两个音一个弱一个强;一个无声一个有声也就是过去所说的;前一个是清辅音;后一个是浊辅音;那么这两个音怎么用呢很简单;遇到单词尾是不响亮的清辅音字母时如 p;t;k;f 就发 s；遇到单词尾是响亮的浊辅音字母如 b;d;m;n;r 或元音字母如 a;e;o;u 时就发 z;这样做的目的就是为了顺口.清辅音发音时仅气流从嘴里出来;声带不振动;发出的声音较弱;因此英语里认为清辅音是一种不响亮音;而浊辅音和元音发音时声带要振动;发出的声音大;因此英语里认为浊辅音和元音是响亮音.为了追求发音的顺口和协调;英语人民普遍有一个发音倾向;并且大家都在自觉地执行;就是让清辅音和清辅音连在一起如 ps;ts;ks;fs;让响亮音和响亮音连在一起如 bz;dz;mz;nz;rz;az;他们认为这样发音很顺口协调.在他们看来;要是让一个清辅音和一个浊辅音连在一块;比如 fz;kz;pz;tz;就好像让一个哑巴和一个大叫驴站在一块;怎么看都别扭;不顺口;不舒服.因此英语人民在发名词复数后面 s 音时就自发自动地出现了的两个现象也就是上面的第一条和第三条：1s 在 p;t;k;f 等清辅音后发 s；3 在其他情况下即在浊辅音和元音后发 z.怎么样;这回你明白了吗;要是没明白的话;别急着往下看;翻回头去再看几遍我上面说的话;直到彻底搞明白了再往下看.我向你保证;以上内容绝对十分简单;只是你过去学英语“复杂”惯了;猛然碰到个简单的;一时半会还转型不过来.等你看明白了上面的话语;我再接着讲.英语里有一些特别讨厌的单词;它们以 s;z;sh;ch 为结尾;比如单词 bus;fox;dish;watch;等;这些单词的结尾音有一个一致的特点;就是和 s 的发音一样或特别接近;这使得若在这些单词的后面直接加个 s 来表达复数的话;成为 buss;foxs;dishs;watchs 的话;单词结尾的发音就出现了难题;因为区分两个一样或十分相近的 s 音十分困难;不信你念念上面单词;看你的嘴能否区分开.怎样来解决这个难题呢英语人民还真很智慧;他们不知道是谁带了头;想了一个办法来对付这个难题;就是在两个 s 之间塞个 e;变成 buses;foxes;dishes;watches;并且让 e 发音为 i;这样一来不就把两个相似的s 的发音间隔开了吗妙妙妙看来全世界群众的眼睛都是雪亮的.那么 buses;foxes;dishes;watches 最后的那个 s 该怎么发音呢 这回该问你了;你不是看懂了我前面说的那段话了吗;里面有“响亮音要和响亮音连在一起”.e 是个什么音是元音;元音属声带振动的“响亮音”;并且 e 在这里发 i;那么它后面跟个 s 该怎么发音;这还用说吗;肯定是顺口协调地与 e 一同发响亮的 z 了.因此要是让我来修改上述三条规则;首先就是取消第二条;取消这个像烟雾弹一样的多余规则;都是它把问题搞乱了;这条多余的规则使整个规则的讲解都出现了逻辑上的混乱;就好像告诉别人“人类社会是由人类和大人小孩组成的”;这话谁能听得懂 取消第二条后我把上述三条规则改写成如下两条：名词复数后的 s 1S 在清辅音后发 s 2S 在浊辅音或元音后发 z.如果你还能进一步看得明白;看得觉醒;我就索性将它再改一改;改成一步到位的、谁都能一眼看得明白记得住的下面两句话：1S 在不响亮音后发 s 2S 在响亮音后发 z.