写作知识与技巧.ppt

1“启”。按顺序：First,Firstly,Firstofall,Atfirst,Inthefirstplace,Inthebeginning,Tobeginwith,Tostartwith,Foronething,Ontheonehand当前：Now,Atpresent,recently,lately,一般而言：Ingeneral,generallyspeaking,asamatteroffact2“承”。按顺序：second,secondly,besidethis,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,举例子：forexample/instance,asanexample,asanotherexample;namely,换言之：inotherwords,inparticular,扩展：afterthat,afterwards,fromnowon,similarly,meanwhile,atthesametime,3“转”。转折：but,yet,however,nevertheless,though,although,despite,inspiteof,onthecontrary,unlike,ontheotherhand,4“合”。结尾:Inconclusion;Inshort;Insummary;Therefore;Thus;Tosumup;Toconclude;consequently,Tosummarize;Briefly;Aboveall;Asaresult;atlast;eventually;accordingly;认为：assume/argue/hold/claim/suggest/declare/say/believe/insist/maintain/supposethatinmyopinion/inmyview/inmypointofview/asfarasIknow/asfarasImconcerned/asforme重要的：important/significant/beofgreatvalue/beofgreatsignificance/beofgreatuse很多：many,amultitudeof,anarmyof,anoceanof,Agreat/large/huge/considerable/significant/noticeablenumber/amount/quantity/portionof越来越多moreandmore/agrowingnumberof/anincreasingnumberof/ontherise大多的：the(vast/overwhelming)majorityof人：people-folks,individuals,characters支持/反对者：followers/objectors,beinfavoroftheideathatApparently，evidently，however,surely,indeed,briefly,fortunately,amazingly，undoubtedlymostimportantofall,evenworse,strangeenough,afterall,toonessurprise,tobeexact,roughlyspeaking,inotherwords,asamatteroffact,generous,humorous,interesting,smart,gentle,warmhearted,hospitablegood：favorable,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,perfect,etc.bad：unfavorable,harmful,adverse,poisonous,etc.大学英语四级考试大学英语四级考试 写作知识与技巧写作知识与技巧 （一）四级作文的考试要求1.考生应在30分钟内，根据题目要求及写作提纲或规定情节，图表等写出120字以上，语言比较规范的短文。Nomorethan180words.2.要求“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点，表达清楚，文字连贯。句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。”（二）四级作文通病分析通过对历年英语短文写作考生答卷的分析，考生写作时已具有较大的主动性和创造性。绝大多数考生都有一定的英语基础，也已经基本上掌握了表达自己观点和想法的词汇和语法知识。但从整体得分来看，多数考生短文写作成绩却不尽人意。分数主要集中在5-9分。考生普遍存在的问题是思维单调，例证堆切，简单罗例数据，片面描绘画面，缺乏主题提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在着教学过程中忽略了对学生书面表达能力的培养，学生缺乏适量的作文训练；另一方面，还有些考生对英语短文写作的考试要求不十分明确，靠背几篇范文，压几道题，抱着碰运气的态度，就仓促上阵。（三）四级作文常见的（三）四级作文常见的11大症结大症结1.大小写，标点符号，拼写错误;2.卷面不洁，字迹潦草，用铅笔写作；3.语法和结构错误，造成文章结构松散，脱节；4.代词，连接词或逻辑顺序词错用，而造成文章的逻辑混乱；5.用中文思维加英文翻译所造成的语句生硬，错误；6.文不对题，部分跑题或主题不突出所造成的文章不切题现象。7.词汇量匮乏，文章中难见高分词汇；8.语法不通，复合句使用错误多且表达不清；9.句型单一、句子无变化，表达方式单调;10.不会正确使用常用套语，文章缺少层次感；11.作文普遍缺乏文采，打动人的杰作奇缺。1.对立观点型：对立观点型：要不要取消春晚（2006，12）大学校园是否要开放（2005，12），口语考试要不要考（2000，6）娱乐活动的益处和坏处（2008.6）2.解释说明型：解释说明型：选择选修课的因素（2007，12）选择大学任课教师（2006，6new），做人要诚实（2003，1），我最喜爱的电视节目及原因（1993，6）3.解决问题型：解决问题型：怎样取得面试成功（2001，1），怎样支付大学学费（2000，1）4.图表图表：大学生使用计算机（2002，6）5.信件：信件：欢迎加入社团（2007，6）招募志愿者活动辞(2006,6)，给老师的感谢信（2005，6），竞选学生会的演讲稿（2005，1），导游介绍（2004，1），建议朋友报考专业信（2003，12），帮助同学的感想（2004，1），食堂投诉信（2002，1）2011年11月CET-4PartIforthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will bycommentingonthehumourssaying,“Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.Ivedoneithundredsoftimes.”Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIWriting【标准版】【标准版】NothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillNothingrunssmoothlyinourlife.Toachievethingssuccessfully,astrongwillisessential.LifeislikeaMarathon.Manypeoplecantgettotheterminal.Thisisnotbecausetheyarelackofvitalitybutbecausetheirwillofsuccessisnotstrongenough.Totakequittingsmokingasanexample,someregarditasapieceofcake.Theymakeuptheirmindstoquititinthemorning,butintheeveningtheyfeelthatthesmellofcigarettesistempting.Theirthroatsaresore,theirmouthsarethirsty,andtheirhandsareshaking.Afterthepainfulmentalstruggle,theytellthemselvesthat“Onecigaretteisenough.Justtakeone,andthenextdayIwillquitit.”Bydoingthis,theysurrendertotheirweakwill.Intheend,theyhavequittedsmoking“ahundredtimes”,butinnotimetheysucceed.Justlikequittingsmoking,nothingsucceedswithoutastrongwill.Tobesuccessfulinoneslife,astrongwillmeansthatyouknowwhereyougoandyouwillpersistontheroadyouchoose.Undoubtedlysuccessbelongstothosewhoovercometheirweakwillandwhohanginthereuntilthelastminute.【文章点评】本文属于话题类作文，只看题目“NothingSucceedswithoutastrongwill”考生会觉得比较抽象，难以下手。细看题目说明中给出了提示，要求考生结合戒烟屡次不成功的幽默引语对该话题进行分析阐述。总体来说，这是一篇“中等偏上”的考生作文。本文先点题指出“坚强意志”的重要性；第二段从反面举例阐述具体描写了意志不坚定者的心理活动，阐述为什么会戒烟失败；最后从戒烟延伸到生活中的其他事情，并复述坚强意志的内涵，点题收尾。总体上来看，文章思路清晰，采用了生动的比喻和形象的心理描写，语言流畅，用语地道。但一些重复表达（如第二段和第三段中的weakwill）显得单调，可用shakyones,weak-willedpersons，thestrong-willed等灵活表达。在备考中，多积累不同表达，相信会写出更生动的文章。在论述上，叙述略显罗嗦。第二段心理描写过多，虽然流畅生动，但却使这篇考场作文超过了规定字数，反而成为失分点，这一点要引以为戒。（五）考试作文类型及命题（五）考试作文类型及命题1.短文写作大致分为五种类型：A.记叙文(Narration)B.描写文（Description）C.说明文（Exposition）D.论说文（Argumentation）E.应用文（PracticalWriting）外语习得者要消灭写句子时的错误通常是不可能的，但是朝少犯错误、不犯严重错误的方向而努力奋斗，这应该是受到鼓励和劳有所报的过程。正确无误的句子标准正确无误的句子标准 1.保持句子结构完整。2.首字母要大写。3.结尾要有句号或问号或感叹号或省略号。4.句子应表达一个完整的意思。5.句子前后要符合逻辑推理。6.主语为代词时要指代明晰。7.句子时态要正确，主要指前后一致或符合 上下文场景。eg.Mr.Bush said to his brother that he had done a good job.Note:Note:The reader is not sure whom“he”should be referred to.So this sentence lacks coherence.1.XiaoLiwasborninasmallvillage.Thevillagewas not printed on any map.His father was ateacher in the village school.He never left thevillage.Laterhe graduatedfromthatschool andentered a junior middle school in a town.Onweekdayshehadtoliveatschool.Withoutparentsthere,he learned to look after himselfbuyingfoodandwashingclothes.Note:Thisisachildishcomposition,justasadiaryfrom a pupil.As an adult,we are advised uponmore sophisticated writing at least not thatmonotonic.So to be various in style is to beencouragedifagoodessaytendstoturnup.让我们一起看一下四级写作的一些固定句式吧！Fighting表示原因的常用句型1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.5）Thereasonforthisisthat.6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat.例如：Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly，peopleslivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.表示好处的常用句型1）Ithasthefollowingadvantages.2）Itdoesusalotofgood.3）Itbenefitsusquitealot.4）Itisbeneficialtous.5）Itisofgreatbenefittous.例如：Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.表示坏处的常用句型1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.2）Itdoesusmuchharm.3）Itisharmfultous.Withtherapidimprovementoflivingstandards,taxihasbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportationinChinabecauseofitsreasonableprice,itsavailabilityandthecomfortitoffers.Infact,manypeopledependontaxitogotoworkandalmosteveryonehastheexperienceoftakingataxionspecialoccasions.Iamhappyfornothavingbusesastheonlychoiceanymore.表示事实、现状的常用句型表示事实、现状的常用句型1）Wecannotignorethefactthat.2）Noonecandenythefactthat.3）There is no denying the factthat.4）This is a phenomenon thatmanypeopleareinterestedin.5）However，thatsnotthecase.例如：Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrialization brings with it theproblemsofpollution.Tosolvetheseproblems，wecanstartbyeducating the public about thehazardsofpollution.Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesign stricter laws to promote acleanerenvironment.表示比较的常用句型表示比较的常用句型1）ComparedwithA，B.2)AandBhasseveralpointsincommon.3)ItistruethatA.,butthechieffaultB(obviousdefects)are.4)AandBdifferinseveralways.5)TheadvantagesofAaremuchgreaterthanthoseofB.6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.例如：Comparedwithcars，bicycleshaveseveral advantages besides beingaffordable.Firstly，they do notconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum.Secondly，they do notcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast，theycontributetopeopleshealth by giving them due physicalexercise.表示例举的常用句型常用句型1)Agoodcaseinpointis.2)Asanillustration,wemaytake.3)Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily.4).isoftencitedasanexample.表示数量的常用句型表示数量的常用句型1）Ithasincreased（decreased）from.to.2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800，000.3）The output of July in this factoryincreasedby15comparedwiththatofJanuary.表示看法的常用句型表示看法的常用句型1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth.2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion.4）Some people believe that.Othersarguethat.例如：Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Some believe that failure leads tosuccess.Every failure they experience translatesinto a greater chance of success at theirrenewed endeavor.However，others areeasily discouraged by failures and putthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.再如：Do“luckynumbersreallybringgoodluck？Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonit.表示结论的常用句型表示结论的常用句型1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat.2）It may be briefly summed up asfollows.3）From what has been mentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat.部分常用套语部分常用套语1）Itswellknowntousthat.2）Asisknowntous，.3）Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout.4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat.5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.写好作文的关键1，层次清晰，一般3段，有信号词2，语言无明显错误，有三句左右的复合句（如名词性从句、独立结构等）3，切题，按照instructions来写4，不重复某个词汇（替换词汇eg,认为：assume/argue/hold/claim/suggest/declare/say/believe/insist/maintain/supposethat）