初中英语八大时态讲解及练习(全).pdf

一、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,every week(day,year,month),once a week,on Sundays,etc.基本结构：be 动词；行为动词否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用 doesnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于句首；用助动词 do 提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用 does，同时，还原行为动词。在中，当主语是时，谓语动词要用形式，即常在后加-s 或-es。一、一、he,she,ithe,she,it 是第三人称单数。如：是第三人称单数。如：He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视。She has lunch at twelve.她十二点吃午餐。It looks like a cat.它看起来像只猫。(口诀：I 用 am，you 用 are，is用于它，单数名词用 is，都用 are)二、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语；是第三人称单数。如：二、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语；是第三人称单数。如：Han Mei looks like her mother.看起来像她的母亲。Beijing is in China.北京在中国。1Uncle Wang often makes cakes.王叔叔经常做蛋糕。三、单数可数名词或三、单数可数名词或this/that/the+this/that/the+单数可数名词单数可数名词 作主语时，是第作主语时，是第三人称单数。如：三人称单数。如：A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。This book is yours.这本书是你的。四、四、someone,somebody,nobody,everything,somethingsomeone,somebody,nobody,everything,something 等及指示代词等及指示代词this,thatthis,that 作主语时，是第三人称单数。如：作主语时，是第三人称单数。如：Everyone is here.大家到齐了。There is something wrong with the watch.这块手表有毛病。五、作主语时为第三人称单数。如：五、作主语时为第三人称单数。如：The milk is in the glass.牛奶在里。The bread is very small.那面包很小。六、当数字或字母作主语时，看作第三人称单数。如：六、当数字或字母作主语时，看作第三人称单数。如：6 is a lucky number.6是个吉利数字。【练习】二、一般过去时：二、一般过去时：概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,lastweek(year,night,month),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,oneday,long long ago,once upon a time,etc.一般过去时的结构（可分三类不同的结构）11.Be 动词的一般过去时在没有实义动词的句子中使用 be 动词，am is的过去式为 was;are 的过去式为 were肯定句式：主语+be(was,were)+其它.否定句式：主语+be(was,were)+not+其它.一般疑问句：Be(was,were)+主语+其它？注：在这种构成中，be 动词有人称和数的变化，即要根据主语选用 was/were。Be 动词分为单数和复数，was 是表示单数，were 是表示复数。2.实义动词的一般过去时态 肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词 do 和 does 的过去式 did.肯定句式：主语+动词（过去式）+其它否定句式：主语+didnt+动词（原形）+其它【did not=didnt】一般疑问句：Did+主语+动词（原形）+其它【do,does 的过去时均为did】？注：1.did 和 didnt 是构成一般过去时的助动词，其特点是要在其后跟动词的原形。2.实意动词 do 的一般过去时I do my homework every day.(用 yesterday 改写句子)I did my homework yesterday.I didnt do my homework yesterday.(否定句)Did you do your homework yesterday？Yes,I did./No,Ididnt.(一般疑问句)13.情态动词的一般过去时态 含有情态动词的一般过去时与含有 Be 动词的一般过去时，是十分相似，请注意观察。肯定句式：主语+情态动词+其它否定句式：主语+情态动词+not+其它.一般疑问句：情态动词+主语+其它？注：情态动词的过去式：cancould,maymight,mustmust，will-would，should-should。4.特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词+be 过去式+主语+其他？特殊疑问词+情态助动词过去式+主语+动词原形+其他？特殊疑问词+do/does 过去式+主语+动词原形+其他？What was your former name？你以前叫什么名字？Why was he late for school last Monday？上星期一他为什么迟到？What could she do twenty years ago？20 年前她能做什么？规则动词的过去式1.一般情况下，在动词原形后面加-ed。looklooked playplayedstartstarted visitvisited pull-pulled,cook-cooked2.以不发音 e 结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-d。liveliveduseused taste-tasted3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，先将 y 改为 i,再加 ed。studystudied trytried flyflied4.以重读闭音节（即辅音元音辅音）或r 音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要先双写这个辅音字母后，再加 ed。stopstoppedplanplanned stop-stopped preferpreferred1基本用法 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。He suddenly fell ill last night.他昨晚突然病倒了。表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作She went to the cinema once a month when she was at alked by theriverside.我在乡下时经常在河边散步。叙述过去连续发生的一件件事She got up early,fetched water,cleaned the room and then wentout for a walk.她早早起床，提水，打扫房间然后出去散步。【练习】一、请用正确动词形式填空一、请用正确动词形式填空1.He (live)in Wuxi two years ago.2.The cat (eat)a bird last night.3.We (have)a party last Halloween.4.Nancy (pick)up oranges on the farm last week.5.I (make)a model ship with Mike yesterday.6.They (play)chess in the classroom last PE lesson.7.My mother (cook)a nice food last Spring Festival.8.The girls (dance)at the party last night.9.I (watch)a cartoon on Saturday last week.10._ you _(visit)your relatives last SpringFestival?111._ he _(fly)a kite on Sunday?Yes,he _.12.Gao Shan _(put)up the picture last night.13.I _(sweep)the floor yesterday.14.What _ she _(find)in the garden last morning?15.Her father _(read)a newspaper last night.16.Mike _(not go)to bed until 12 oclock lastnight.17.I listened but _(hear)nothing.18.How many people _(be)there in your class last term?二、按要求变换句型。二、按要求变换句型。1.Frank read an interesting book about history.（一般疑问句）_ Frank _ an interesting book about history?2.He cleaned his roomjust now.（划线提问）What_ he_?3.Thomas spent RMB 10 on this book.（否定句）Thomas _ _ RMB 10 on this book.4.My family went to the beach last week.（划线提问）_ _ _ family _ last week?1.I _(have)an exciting party last weekend.2._ she _(practice)her guitar yesterday?No,she _.3.What _ Tom _(do)on Saturday evening?1He _(watch)TV and _(read)an interesting book.4.They all _(go)to the mountains yesterday morning.5.She _(not visit)her aunt last weekend.She _(stay)at home and _(do)some cleaning.6.When _ you _(write)this song?I_(write)it last year.7.My friend,Carol,_(study)for the math test and_(practice)English last night.8._ Mr.Li _(do)the project on Monday morning?Yes,he _.9.How _(be)Jims weekend?It _(be not)bad.10._(be)your mother a sales assistant last year?No.she _.三、现在进行时：三、现在进行时：概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。构成：be+现在分词。be 应为，应与主语的人称和数保持一致。【注】动词现在分词的变化规则1.一般情况下，直接在动词后加-ing，如：work-workingstudy-studying2.动词以不发音的-e 结尾，要去-e 加-ing，如：make-makingdance-dancing3.重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加-ing，如：put-puttingbegin-beginning14.以-ie 结尾的动词，把-ie 变成 y 再加-ing，如：lie-lyingtie-tying写出下列动词的现在分词形式dance_shop_play_speak_have_work_write_take_study_sit_sing_swim_lie_变化：式：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它.式：主语+be(am,is,are)+not+其它.：Be(am,is,are)+主语+其它？：+be(am,is,are)+主语+现在分词+其它？对现在进行时的的回答，它不可以用 Yes 或 No 直接作答，要根据实际情况回答。用法（包括高级用法)：4,现在进行时与 always 等副词连用时带有。Hes always quarrelling with others.他老喜欢跟别人吵架。She is constantly worrying about her sons health.她不停地为她儿子的健康担心着。The boy is forever asking questions.那个男孩老是问问题。这类情况常与 always 总是，usually 通常，continually 不断的，constantly 经常的，forever 永远、老是等副词连用。5,有的现在进行时句子和同义。用现在进行时表示问者的关切心情。1How are you feeling today?（How do you feel today?）你今天感觉如何？I am looking（look）forward to your next visit.我盼望你下次再来。Why are you looking（do you look）so sad?为什么你看起来这么愁眉苦脸的样子呢？【练习】一.填空题1Mr Zheng _(read)a book now.2.The rabbits _(jump)now.3.Look!Tom and John _(swim).4.My brother _(make)a kite in his room now.5.Look!The bus _(stop).6.We _(have)an English class now.8.They _(catch)butterflies now.9.He _(do)an experiment now.10.They _(collect)stamps now.11.Look!He _(dive)now.12.Tom _(watch)TV in the dining room.13.The doctors _(get)off the bus.14.Come on.They _(leave)now.15.It _(eat)fish now.116.My father _(work)in the office now.17.Where is your mother?She _(answer)the phone.18.The teachers _(run)now.二、按要求改写句子二、按要求改写句子1.The boy is playing basketball.否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯定回答：_否定回答：_对 The boy 提问：_2.造句:1).she,the window,open,now.(用现在进行时连词成句.)_2).is,who,the window,cleaning?(连词成句)_3).She is closing the door now.(改成否定句)_4.)You are doing your homework.(用I作主语改写句子)_5).they,the tree,sing,now,under.(用现在进行时连词成句.)_6).The Young Pioneers are helping the old woman.(改成一般疑问句)_1过去进行时：（一）概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。(二)结构：were/were+V-ing.(三)标志词：1.atthis/thattime,2.atthis/thattimeyesterday(lastnight/Sunday/week,3.at+点钟+yesterday(lastnight/Sunday)，4.whensb/sth.didsth.lastevening5.thewholemorning,allday,fromninetoten,e 等。例如：Iwasmakingfruitsaladatthistime.Theywerestudyingfrom8:00to11:00yesterday.一般过去时的肯定句、否定句、疑问句及简略回答。1.肯定句:主语+was/were+V-ing+其它.IwaswatchingTVatthattimelastnight.2.否定句:主语+was/were+not+V-ing+其它.IwasnotwatchingTVatthattimelastnight.3.一般疑问句：was/were主语+V-ing+其它?WereyouwatchingTVatthattimelastnight?肯定回答：Yes,Iwas.否定回答：No,Iwasnt.1)whil特殊问句:疑问词was/were主语+V-ing+其它?Whatwereyoudoingatatthattimelastnight?(五)基本用法：1.过去进行时表示在过去某个时间点发生的动作或事情。(用介词短语和从句来表示时间点)IwassleepingatthistimelastSunday.(过去某一时刻)Mymotherwascookingdinnerat9:00yesterday.(过去某一时刻)WewerehavingsupperwhenTomcamein.我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了（从句表示时间点）过去进行时表示在过去某段时间内持续发生动作或事情。（thewholemorning,allday,fromninetoten,while,when 等。）Lucywasworkingallday.（过去某一段时间）WewerewatchingTVfromsevenoclocktonineoclocklastnight.3.在复合从句中，从句和主句的动作都是延续性或同时发生，那么主从句都要过去进行时。Whilehewaswaitingforthebus,hewasresdingnewspaper.他边等车边看报。（两个动作都是延续的）HewascleaninghiscarwhileIwascooking.他洗车时我在做饭。（两个动作同时进行）when和 while 的用法区别when 既指时间点，也可指一段时间。因此 when 在状语从句中的动词可以终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词1while 只指一段时间。while 从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后生；while则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。when 引导的时间状语从句。后用一般过去时。While 后面一般用过去进行时。如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用 while 引导，Whentheteachercamein,weweretalking.=Whileweweretalking,theteachercamein.b.Theyweresingingwhileweweredancing.【练习】1.I_at8:00yesterday.A.wassleepinglateB.sleptlateC.sleeplate2.They_atthistime.A.talkingonthephoneB.weretalkingonthephoneB.wastalkingonthephone3.Lilywasstandinginfrontofthelibrary_.A.twohoursagoB.tomorrowC.atthattimeyesterday4.I_whentheUFOarrived?A.wascuttinghairB.wascuttinghairC.cuttinghair5.Myfatherwasreadingnewspaper_mymotherwascookingdinner.A.whenB.whileC.what16.Mybrother_whilehe_hisbicycleandhurthimself.A.fell,wasridingB.fell,wereridingC.fell,rode7.IfirstmetLisathreeyearsago.She_ataradioshopatthetime.A.workedB.wasworking.C isworking8.-whatwereyoudoingatsevenoclocklastSunday?-I_theshower.A.wasgettingoutofB.gotoutofC.wasgetoutof9.I_mybreakfastwhenthebellrang.A.hadB.washavingC.amhaving10ThereportersaidthattheUFO_easttowestwhenhesawit.wastravelingB.traveledC.traveling11.-Whatsthematter,Ali?Youlooksad.”-Oh,nothingmuch.infact,I_ofmyfriendsbackhome.A.justthoughtB.havejustbeenthinkingC.wasjustthinkingWhat_fromthreetofouryesterdayafternoon?A.haveyoudoneB.didyoudoC.wereyoudoing113.-Icalledyouyesterdayevening.buttherewasnoanswer.-Oh,ImsorryI_dinneratmyfriendshome.A.hadB.washavingC.have14.Mymother_whilemyfather_TV.A.cooked,waswatchingB.wascooking,waswatchingC.cooked,watched15.whenIgothome,myson_themusic.A.amlisteningB.listenedtoC.waslistening二、动词填空。二、动词填空。1.John_（work）alldayyesterday.2.He_（walk）homewhentherain_（begin）.3.-What_you_（do）attenoclockyesterday-I_（study）inclass4.WhileHarry_（have）breakfast,Lilytelephonedhim5.I_(write)aletterattenlastnight.6.Itwassix.TheGreens_(have)supper.7.Whenyou_(knock)atthedooryesterday,I_(do)somewashing.8.Whilemymother_(watch)TV,I_(make)akite.19._you_(feed)theanimalsat5:00yesterdayafternoon?10.MrsGreen_(notwash)clothesatthistimelastSaturday.三、按要求改写句子。三、按要求改写句子。1.IwasgettingoutofbedwhentheUFOlanded.（对划线部分提问）_you_whentheUFOlanded?2.Theyplayedtennisyesterdayafternoon.(用at5:00yesterdayafternoon 改写句子)They_tennisat5:00yesterdayafternoon.Whileitwasraining,theplanetookoff.（改为同义句）Itwasraining_theplane_off.4.昨晚八点钟我爸爸在看报纸。Myfather_anewspaperat8:00yesterdayevening.5.电话响时，我妈妈在做晚饭。Mymother_whenthephone_.6.当外星人买纪念品时，我报了警。_thealienwasbuyingasuvenir,I_thepolice.Iwaswashingmyshoesatthattime.（改为一般问句）_yourshoesatthattime?1五、现在完成时：五、现在完成时：概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。（一）构成：主语have/hasV 过去分词。“have/has”如何使用需记清。当主语是 I，you 和复数名词或代词时要用 have；单数主语后跟 has。也就是说 have/has 需同主语的人称或数保持一致。（二）用法接触一：肯定句式现在完成时的肯定句式是“have（has）过去分词”。如：We have just finished our homework She has gone home注意：1）该句式中的 have 或 has 是助动词，has 用于第三人称单数，其它人称一律用 have。2）该句式中 have（has）和过去分词之间可用 just 插入。3）把该句式译成汉语时，往往用“已经”、“刚刚”、“过”或“了”等。接触二：疑问句式现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词have 或 has 提到主语之前。如：Have you read this story book yet？特殊疑问句及反意疑问句结构如下：What have you done with my bike?Youve read this story book,havent you?注意：1）现在完成时的一般疑问句往往在句末加 yet。12）把现在完成时的一般疑问句译成汉语时，往往译成“过吗？”、“已经了吗？”等。3）其肯定回答用“Yes，have（has）”，否定回答用“No，havent（hasnt）”，有时用“No，not yet”或“No，never”。接触三：否定句式：现在完成时的否定句式是“havent（hasnt）过去分词”。如：We havent studied Unit 2 yet The train hasnt stoppedyet注意：1）现在完成时的否定句句末往往加 yet。2）否定句常译为“还没有”等。接触四：用法之一：现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如：Have you read that story？你读过那个故事吗？（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。）I have bought two apples 我买了两个苹果。（“买”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果。）在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词：already，just，ever，yet，never 等。already，just 多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never 多用于疑问句和否定句中。如：I have already finished my homework我已经做完家庭作业了。He has just had his meal他刚吃过饭。Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？1They havent started yet他们还没有动身。We have never heard of it我们从来没有听说过这件事。接触五：用法之二:表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。注：这一用法即现在完成进行时的用法因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词：be,stay,study,wait,keep,have 等；使用的时间状语通常由 for 或 since 引导，但二者后接的词有所不同：for 后常跟一个时间段，指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间，如forthree years,for half an hour 等。since 作介词，后面可以接一个时间点，如 since 1980，也可以接“一段时间+ago”,如:since three years ago,since two months ago等。since 还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。如：We have known each other since we went to college.句型 It is the first（second,third.)time that.的 that 从句中，谓语动词须用现在完成时，表示到说话时为止动作发生过几次。如：Itis the first time that I have been here.接触六：现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。试比较：The plane has arrived.飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿。）1The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago.飞机是一刻钟以前抵达的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去。）接触七：have been in,have been to 与 have gone to 的用法1.have(has)been in 意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：Mr.Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。They have been in Canada for five years.他们到加拿大有五年了。2.have(has)been to 意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。可与 just,ever,never 等连用。如：Ive just been to the post office.我刚才去邮局了。Have you ever been to Hangzhou?你曾经去过杭州吗？Mary has never been to the Great Wall.玛丽从未去过长城。3.have(has)been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。如：Ive been to Beijing three times.我去过北京三次。They have been to that village several times.他们去过那个村庄好几次了。4.have(has)gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如：一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如：1Where is Tom?汤姆在哪里？He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。接触八：常用于现在完成时的时间状语除了我们讲过的 already,yet,still，just,ever,never,since 短语和 for 短语外，还有许多时间状语常用于现在完成时，我们要留心将它们和一般过去时的时间状语区分开来：1.lately,recently 是完成时的时间状语；just now 有 a moment ago之意，是过去时的时间状语。如：Have you heard from your family lately/recently?Did you see Joanjust now?2.in the past few years 意思是“过去几年来”，常用于完成时中；in the past 意思是“在过去”，常用于过去时中。如：Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past fewyears.Where did you work in the past?3.ever since then 与 from then on/after that 都有“打那以后”之意，但前者常用于完成时，而后两者常用于过去时。如：Shes lived here ever since then.I didnt hear of Jim fromthen on/after that.4.before 通常用于完成时；.ago 通常用于过去时。如：I have never been to Japan before.She went to Japan two yearsago.15.so far“到目前为止”，these days“这些天来”也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。如：So far,no man has travelled farther than the moon.What have youdone these days?接触八：过去分词有规则与不规则两种。规则的变化形式与动词的过去式一样。不规则就需要记忆了不规则动词过去式和过去分词A.原型：过去式和过去分词完全不同drink-drank-drunk ring-rang-rung swim-swam-swumsing-sang-sung sink-sank-sunk give-gave-givenhide-hid-hidden do-did-done see-saw-seenB.过去式与过去分词完全相同bright-brought-brought think-thought-thought fight-fought-foughtbuy-bought-bought catch-caught-caught sell-sold-soldC.原型与过去分词相同D.原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同cast-cast-cast cut-cut-cut put-put-putlet-let-let set-set-set hit-hit-hit【练习】一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.I_never_（speak）to a foreigner12._Tom_（return）the library book？Yes，he has3.When_he_（return）it？Half an hour ago二、按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。二、按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。1、He has already finished his homework（改为否定句）He _ finished his homework _2They have found the lost books already（改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答）_ they _ the lost books _？No，they_3Julia has not got home from school yet（改为肯定句）Julia _ _ _ home from school 4You have never been to Shanghai before，_ _？（改为反意疑问句）5.Hes gone to Beijing,_ _?（改为反意疑问句）6Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in1999（改为同义句）Mr Wang _ _ English in this school since19997.He hasnt left home for 3 days.(同义句)He _ _ _ home for 3 days.三、选择正确答案。三、选择正确答案。(11Who is Mary？_？I saw you talking with her at the meeting ADont you meet her yet BDidnt you met her yet CHaventyou met her yet DHad