八年级英语OxfordEnglish知识点归纳牛津深圳版.pdf

初二年级英语(Oxford English)Chapter 1:Water 1.a little,much,no,too much,too little,not enough+不可数名词 2.a few,many,no,too many,too few,not enough,many a+可数名词 3.A lot of,lots of,some,no,not enough,a great deal of+可数名词或不可数名词 4.A little=not much a few=not many 5.经常在否定句中用 much,e.g.There is not much water.6.与 There be 句型搭配:There are a lot of people in the swimming pool.7.用在特殊疑问句中:How much food is there?How many oranges are there?8.need的用法,两种词性:A.情态动词:need do sth./neednt do sth.B.实意动词:need to do sth./dont need to do sth./need sb to do sth.C.We need water for drinking(表示目的)9.It be+(very much,quite,rather,a little,)形容词+for sb+to so sth.对某人而言做某事比较,e.g.Its very important for us to learn English well.10.由 If 引导的状语从句:主句用将来时态,If 从句用一般时态 A.现在时态 We will be thirsty to death if there is no water.B.过去时态 We would have arrived at home if there was no traffic jam.C.将来时态 They will go to American if they get their passport and Visa.11.英语中分数词的表达法:A.用“基数词+序数词”表示:其中基数词表示分子,序数词表示分母,分子除用 one 外,也可用 a;如果分子大于 1,分母要用复数形式。但是,1/2 不能说a(one)second,而要说 a(one)half。E.g.one tenth,a tenth,two fifths,a half,three eighths,a quarter,three quarters,one fourth,three fourths,B.分数修饰名词时,若该名词是不可数名词只能用单数;若是可数名词,用单数或复数均可。但是,若它们在句子中作主语,则谓语动词是用单数还是复数取决于名词,即与分数所修饰的名词保持一致。例如:Only one-fifth of air consists of oxygen.氧气只占空气的 1/5。About two thirds of the students attend the meeting.大约 2/3 的学生都参加了会议。C.用“基数词+介词+基数词”表示:借助介词表示分数,介词前的数词是分子,介词后的数词是分母,一般介词用 out of,of,in,to.例如:.Ninety-nine people out of a hundred,if they were asked who first found America,would answer Clumbus.如果要问是谁首先发现美洲,一百个人中有九十九个(百分之九十九)将回答是哥伦布。12.Until 一词的用法:A.当谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定形式:You can wait here until help comes.(直 到.才)B.当谓语动词时非延续性动词时,用否定形式:She didnt go to bed until her daughter came back.(直到她女儿回来了她才睡觉)用心爱心专心 1 C.是否用 not 要取决于动词时延续性还是非延续性的,即使动词用否定形式,在翻译成汉 语的时候都要说成“直到.才.”。D.it was not until.that.,强调句型。It was not until her daughter came back that she went to bed.E.Not until 放在句首,句子要倒装:Not until her daughter came back did she go to bed.12.常用短语:Believe it or not,flush the toilet,at least,pour into the sink,waste water,clean up,in the first place.Chapter 2 School newspaper 1.suggest用法:建议,暗示,同义词 advise,A.Suggest+doing sth.:She suggests going shopping at weekend.B.Suggest+that(should)do sth.He suggested that school should hold a sports event.2.Take charge of=be in charge of,由.负责;be in the charge of.某物在某人的掌控之下 She takes charge of all books in the library.She is in charge of all books in the library.All books in the library is in the charge of her.3.ask的用法:ask sb(not)to do sth./ask for help,sth./ask ab about sth.He asked me to fetch water He asks me about the whether in England.He asks for help.4.how often,多久.;How often do you take exercise?5.agree 的用法:A.agree with sb.同义某人的观点,意见,想法,分析:In my opinion,we should not play computer games frequently.Yes,I totally agree with you.B.Agree to sth.表示一方提出意见,观点,计划,另一方写作,We agree to their arrangement.C.Agree on/upon sth:指双方通过协商而取得一致意见,We agree on the price.D.Agree to do sth.=agree on doing sth.同意某人做某事 They agree to conclude the meeting soon.(不能用 agree sb to do sth.)6.In one weeks time=one week later 表示在一星期之后,一般用于将来时。7.finish 用法:finish doing sth./finish sth 完成某事 8.take part in&join in&join 的用法:A.Take part in,常指参加某活动,聚会等:She took part in Helens birthday party yesterday.B.Join in,常指参加某活动,聚会等:Would you like to join in the dancing with us?C.Join 常指参加某团体,组织,军队等:Pupils are proud of joining Young Pioneer.9.Should&ought to:两者都“应该”,用法基本相同,区别在于:(1)ought to 比 should 语气强,should 表示主观看法,一些建议,劝说时,译作“应当”。ought to,直接接动词原形,更多反映客观情况,“有义务”或“必要”做某事,译为“应当,应该”(2)(2)ought to 的否定就表示做某事一定是错误的而 should 的否定就表示某动作不一定要做。A.I/You/He/She/We/They should+do sth=I/You/He/She/We/They ought to do sth B.I/You/He/She/We/They should not+do sth=I/You/He/She/We/They ought not to do sth C.I/You/He/She/We/They shouldnt do sth=I/You/He/She/We/They oughtnt to do sth E.g She ought to take care of her sister.=She should take care of her sister.You oughtnt to be late for school.You shouldnt be late for school.10.感叹句形式:A.What a/an+形容词+名词+主语+谓语 B.How+形容词、副词+主语+谓语 E.g.What a beautiful girl she is!=How beautiful girl she is!What an exciting new it is!=How exciting the new is!How quickly he ran!11.Hundreds of,thousands of,millions of,billions of.成百上千,成千上万,成万上亿.12.常用短语:hold a meeting,elect the chief editor,vote for(为.投票),take charge of=be in charge of,ask for,take notes(of),be responsible for,take over,be free to readers,pay for sth.,agree to do sth.Conclude the meeting,bring the meeting to the end,give out newspaper(出版),common sense,put a mark on,write down,at the New Years Party,in all(总共),march around the street,take part in,at the end(of),in the end,take place,be on fire(着火),be born in(出身于),science fiction film,adventure film,what a shame,congratulations!Well done,you deserve to win.Long time no see.Im sorry but.,find out.Chapter 3 Detectives and Crimes 1.The+adj.:表示一类人,the old 老人,the young 年轻人,the guilty 有罪之人,当这类词做主语时,谓语动词要用三人称单数形式:e.g.The old always needs to be taken care of.2.protect用法:protect sb from doing sth,保护某人.不受影响,相当于 prevent from.阻止某人受.影响。The government tried best to protect local villagers from being threatened by the flood.The government tried best to prevent local villagers from being threatened by the flood.3.deny用法:deny doing sth.E.g.He denied stealing Lis bag.4.admit用法:admit doing sth.承认做某事。She admitted taking away her roommates camera.5.非谓语动词(infinitives):to do&doing 两种形式 A.refuse,offer,decide,fail,pretend,agree,promise+to do sth.(只能加不定式)B.区别 remember to do sth./doing sth.,Stop to do sth./stop doing sth.,forget to do sth./forget doing sth.,like to do/like doing,try to do sth/try doing sth,go on to do sth/go on doing sth,mean to do sth./mean doing sth.C.Enjoy,practice,finish,admit,suggest,avoid,deny,forgive,+doing sth.(只能加动名词)D.Begin/start/learn+to do sth=doing sth.加动名词和不定式意思相近。6.On+具体时间,He went to hospital on May 8th,2011.7.knock at ones door 敲某人的人 8.常用短语:protect the innocent,as well as,find the guilty,alone,lock sth in the safe,report the theft,look for clues,the same as,no longer,not at all,break into ones house(破门而入),go to jail/go to prison,behind bar(在监狱中),fake money(假钱),in the case of.,instead of,short of sth.(缺少东西),play games with sb.,share information,bump into.Chapter 4 Computer Technology 1.形容词的比较级与最高级:形容词有三种等级:原级、比较级、最高级。A.原级:句中只有一者时用原级,其标志词是 very,so,too,quite,rather等修饰。e.g.His handwriting is very good.他的书法很好。(一个人不作比较。)B.比较级和最高级构成:1)单音节或少数双音节词一般在原级后加 er 构成比较级,加 est 构成最高级。e.g.small smaller smallest young younger youngest 2)以不发音的字母 e 结尾的形容词,直接加 r 或 st 构成比较级和最高级。e.g.Nice nicer nicest late later latest 3)以辅音字母+y 结尾的形容词,变 y 为 i,再加 er 或 est,构成比较级和最高级。e.g.Busy busier busiest heavy heavier heaviest 4)在重读闭音节中,末尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词,要先双写这个辅音字母,再加 er 或 est,构成比较级和最高级。e.g.hot hotter hottest big bigger biggest 5)多音节词前加“more”构成比较级,加“most”构成最高级,形容词的最高级前要加 the,副词的最高级前面可省略 the。6)有些词语没有最高级,因为它本身就是最高级,例如:favorate/favourate.7)个别形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则变化,需个别记忆。e.g.good(well)better best bad(badly,ill)worse worst many(much)more most Little less least Far father farthest 或 further furthest C.形容词各级用法归纳:1)原级(同级)比较:asas;not as(so)as Well give you as much help as we can.She isnt as(so)active in sports as before.2)比较级:表示两者之间比更可用状语 much,a little,even 等修饰:He made fewer mistakes than I did.He is even richer than I.3)最高级:形容词最高级前必须加 the,副词最高级前常省略 the,后面多用of,in短语表示范围:It was the most/least interesting story I have ever listened.He is the tallest of the three.4)如果在两者之间表示“最”时要在比较级前加 the,而且还用 of the two,of the pair 短语:John is the clever of the two boys.Of the two boys,John is the clever.5)表示是最中的一个用“one of the most./形容词的最高级”句型。Yangtz river is one of the longest river all over the world.6)表示“第几.”用“the+序数词+最高级+名词单数”:The Yellow river is the second longest river in the world.7)the more.,the better 句型:越.越.The more exercise you have taken,the healthier you will be.8)比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越.”,Drinking water will make you look more and more beautiful.2.prefer 的用法:1)后接不定式时与 rather than 或 instead of 连用:He preferred to die rather than(to)steal./He perferred to die instead of stealing.他宁死也不去偷窃。2)注意介词搭配,如:I prefer swimming to skating.(I like swimming better than skating.)我喜欢游泳胜过滑冰。prefer 因其本身含有比较之意,而不可再与more 或 most 连用。3)prefer+名词或动名词“宁愿”,“更喜欢”:He comes from Shanghai,so he prefers rice.他是上海人,因此更喜欢吃米饭。I prefer going by bike.我宁愿骑单车去。I prefer the white one.我喜欢那个白的。4)prefer to do“愿意做”。I prefer to go at once.我愿意马上就走。5)prefer sb.to do“愿意某人做”I prefer you to go out at once.我倒希望你马上就走。6)prefer sth to sth./prefer doing sth.to doing sth.“宁愿做.而不做.”.I prefer tea to milk.我宁愿喝茶也不喝牛奶。I prefer watching TV to going out.我宁愿看电视也不出去。7)prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.“宁愿做.而不做.”,但是不能说 prefer sth rather than sth I prefer to watch TV rather than go out.我宁愿呆在家里也不出去。7、prefer+that 从句“宁愿”(从句一般用虚拟语气)I prefer that you should do it.我宁愿你做这件事。3.In the 1960s,意为“在 20 世纪 60 年代”4.way的用法:1)the way to do sth.表示做某事的方法:There are many ways to learn a foreign language well.2)the way of doing sth.表示做某事的方法:There are many ways of learning a foreign language well.3)on ones way to+地名,在某人去某地的路上;也可以引申为“在某人做某事,成为。的路上”She was on her way to school when I came across her this afternoon.He has been on his way to a scientist with his diligence and study.4)the way 引导定语从句时,一般用“that,in which,或者省略 I really appreciate the way that you teach me to swim.=I really appreciate the way in which you teach me to swim.=I really appreciate you teach me to swim.5.常用短语:be unaware of sth,dependent on sth,the answer to the question,for the time being(暂时),have understanding of sth,be good at doing sth,raise questions(引发问题),in ones opinion,in reply to the question at the end,link sth together,all over the world,a wide range of,come into existence.Hardly ever(难得,几乎不),Chapter 5 Historical Stories 1.Tooto 句型:太.而不能,与“so.that”句型有相似:e.g.The box is too heavy to carry The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.2.Except for 除了,表示不包括事物在内 In addition to,apart from,besides,except 均表示“除了之外,还有”e.g.She likes all kinds of movies except for the horric.(表示她不喜欢恐怖 电影)Except for horric,she likes all kinds of movies.(表示她喜欢恐怖电影)3.Succeed in doing sth.成功做某事,反义词:fail to do sth.(做某事不成功)4.定于从句:has/have done sth.A.动词的过去式与过去分词构成:1)一般在动词词尾加 ed。E.g.workworked,rainrained,watchwatched 2)如果动词以字母 e 结尾,变过去式时直接在词尾加 d。例如:loveloved,livelived,changechanged 3)如果动词是以一个元音字母加上一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词,变过去式时,要双写这个辅音字母,再加 ed。如:stopstopped,planplanned,dropdropped 4)如果动词是以辅音字母加 y 结尾,变过去式时要变 y 为 i 再加 ed。例如:studystudied,carrycarried,trytried 5)一些特殊词汇的过去时与过去分词形式需区别记忆,如下表所示:动词原形过去时过去分词动词原形过去时过去分词 常用型 A-A-A 型 dodoes did done broadcas t broadcas t broadcas t be waswere been cost cost cost go went gone cut cut cut become became become hurt hurt hurt spend spent spent let let let meet met met put put put hear heard heard read read read get got got shut shut shut make made made hit hit hit lose lost lost set set set see saw seen must must must begin began begun spread spread spread know knew known A-B-A give gave given become became become eat ate eaten come came come forget forgot forgotten run ran run break broke broken can could could A-B-B will would would A-A-oughtaught A-oughtaught may might might bring brought brought must must must buy bought bought take took taken fight fought fought bring brought brought think thought thought hurt hurt hurt catch caught caught let let let teach taught taught make made made find found found read read read A-A-d+t A-d+t come came came build built built 其他 lend lent lent sell sold sold send sent sent tell told told spend spent spent hold held held A-A+edt A+edt lay laid laid burn burned burnt burned burnt pay paid paid dream dreamed dreamt dreamed dreamt say said said learn learned learnt learner learnt hear heard heard smell smelled smelt smelled smelt mean meant meant spell spelled spelt spelled spelt stand stood stood A-A-e A+t-e understand understo od understood feel felt felt shine shone shone keep kept kept win won won sleep slept slept dig dug dug sweep swept swept stick stuck stuck feed fed fed get got got meet met met make made made A-B-C lose lost lost A-A-i 变 a-a 变 u sit sat sat begin began begun lead led led drink drank drunk leave left left ring rang rung hang hung hung sing sang sung 无规则 swim swam swum dodoes did done A-B-A+nen be waswere been blow blew blown go went gone grow grew grown see saw seen know knew known fly flew flown throw threw thrown lie lay lain(躺;平卧)draw drew drawn lied lied(说谎)drive drove driven hang hung Hung(悬挂)give gave given hanged Hanged(绞死)rise rose risen shake shook shaken show showed shown eat ate eaten fall fell fallen forget forgot forgotte n hide hid hidden ride rode ridden write wrote written take took taken A-B-B+nen break broke broken speak spoke spoken steal stole stolen choose chose chosen freeze froze frozen wake woke woken wear wore worn B.现在完成时的用法:现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。1)构成:肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他。(当主语是第三人称单数时用 has,其余人称用 have)否定式:主语+havent/hasnt+过去分词+其他。疑问式:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他?简略答语:Yes,主语+have/has.(肯定)No,主语+havent/hasnt.(否定)2)现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达 这种含义:以 already,just 和 yet 为标志,already,just 和 yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态 已经、刚刚或还没有发生。She has already finished her homework.(already 用在肯定句中)He hasnt finished her homework yet.(yet 一般用于否定句或疑问句中)以 ever 和 never 为标志,ever 和 never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发 生过。Nancy is the most beautiful girl she has never met before.(Never用于陈述句表否定)Have you ever visited Shenzhen?(even 一般用于肯定句或疑问句)以动作发生的次数为标志,若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完 成时。I have been to Beijing for three times.以 so far,recently,nowadays,by.为标志,so far 往往表示到目前为止动作或状 态已经发生。Recently,great changes have taken place in China.过去开始的动作可以延续到某一点结束,也可能继续延续,这时就要根据时间“点”、“段”选择相应的介词 for 或 since。She has stayed in America for three years(for指一段时间)She has lived with her grandmother since her parents moved to another city.(since 指一点的时间)5.Be made of:由.组成(看得清原材料的)/Be made from 由.组成(看不清原材料的)The crown is made of gold.The paper is made from wood.相近短语:consist of=be made up of 由.构成 China is made up of many provinces.6.常用词语:run a competition,rush down,run up the stairs,look down at(向下看),capture the city,take away,on wheel(带轮子的),drag into the city(拉近城),by midnight,make jokes about(开玩笑),except for(除了,exclude),sweep the floor,make the bed,wash the dishes,hang up the clothes,fix the chair,empty the rubbish bin,paint the wall,mend the hole,get rid of rats,save money,pack ones suitcase,lion dance,firework display,dragon boat race,take sb for a walk,leave sb a message/note,get into the bath,come out of,send sb to prison.take turn(轮流,依次)Chapter 7 Fish Story 1.形容词变副词的规则:一般直接加 ly,“元 e”去 e 加 ly,“辅 y”改 i 加ly,“le”结尾 e 改 y,A.一般情况下直接加“ly”,以“y”结尾的,先将“y”改成“i”,再加“ly”,少数以 e 结尾的形容词,要去掉 e 再加-ly。但绝大多数以 e 结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly。分别举例如下:quickquickly,truetruly,happyhappily,possiblepossibly.B.以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词要变 y 为 i,然后再加-ly。如:busy-busily;angry-angrily;easy-easily C.某些以辅音字母加不发音的字母 e 结尾和以-ue 结尾的形容词要先去掉 e,然后再加-y 或-ly。如:terrible-terribly;true-truly;gentle-gently D.副词还可以由形容词加前缀 a-得来,如:loud(adj.)-aloud(adv.),lonely-alone E.多音节 y 结尾的词,将 y 改为 i 后加 ly easy-easily,happy-happily,heavy-heavily 单音节 y 结尾的词直接加 ly gay-gayly(gaily),sly-slyly(slily)以 ue 结尾的词去 e 加 ly true-truly 以 le 结尾的词去 e 加 y gen