科技英语写作语法错误举例.ppt

from:TheACSStyleGuide,Chapter2科技英语写作语法错误举例1Subject-VerbAgreements例1 Application of this technique tostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed.说明Thesubjectis“application”,whichissingular.Applicationofthistechniquetoisdescribed.Sometimes,two singular subjects joined by“and”causethiserror.例2 Growth and isolation of M13 virus wasdescribedGrowth and isolation of M13 virus weredescribed.Exception:A subject that is pluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb.例3The name and addressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.例4Research and developmentisattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.However,whentwoormoresubjectsarejoined by“or”,the verb takes thenumberoftheclosestsubject.例5Applicationoruses werenoted.Usesorapplication wasnoted.Collective nouns take a singular verb when thegroupasawholeismeant,theytakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegrouparemeant.例6The seriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize.说明Referstothe seriesasaunit.例7A series ofcompoundsweretested.说明Referstoeachcompound.例 8 A series of low molecular weightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(Mn500700)has been prepared from phenolphthalein andepichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O ascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(Mn500700)heve been prepared from phenolphthalein andepichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O ascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.例9Experimental datathatweobtainedare comparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults.说明Referstothedataasindividualresults.例10Afterthedataare distributed,wecanmeettodiscussthem.Afterthedatais distributed,wecanmeettodiscussit.说明Referstothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit.例11Noneofthesampleswas soluble.Noneofthesamplesweresoluble.说明Referstoindividuals.例12Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities.Thisgroupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities.说明Referstothegroupasaunit.Units of measurement are treated as collectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularsubject.例13Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwere added.Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwasadded.例14FivegramsofNaCLwereaddedtothesolution.FivegramsofNaCL wasaddedtothesolution.例15Threeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment.Threeweeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment.Compoundsubjectscontainingthewords“each”,“every”,and“everybody”may take singularverbs.例16Eachflaskandeachholderwassterilizedbeforeuse.Both components of the compound subject mustcontain the words in question.Otherwise,theverbmustbeplural.例17Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited.2RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClausesWhenaclauseinacompoundsentenceisrestrictive,theclause is necessary to the sense of the sentence,thesentence would become pointless without the clause.Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedby“that”,not“which”.例18Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupwhichwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupthatwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.When a clause is nonrestrictive,it addsinformation,butthesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningiftheclauseisdeleted.Nonrestrictive clause are introduced by“which”aresetoffbycommas.例19Thecurrent-voltagecurves,whichareshowninFigure6,clearlydemonstratethereversibilityofallfourprocesses.3DanglingModifiers（垂悬修饰语）One form of a dangling modifier is a verbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyandlogicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence.例20Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsonthe parent molecules,the ortho hydrogenscouldbeassignedtothehigh-frequencypeak.Understanding the effect of substituents onthe parent molecules,we could assign theorthohydrogenstothehigh-frequencypeak.例21Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated.thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluatedby usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously.Or,Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,we can evaluatethepartitionfunction.4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbsBesurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsandauxiliaryverbs.例22Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamplescollectedin10-mLincrements.Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamples werecollectedin10-mLincrements.补充科技英语写作表达的几个问题平山健三英语化学论文写作方法市原英语论文的写作方法周春晖科技英语写作英文现刊1简明2富于变幻3辨析近义词4语法修辞及其他（1）由which,that,where引出的从句（2）不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰（3）词序（4）利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系（5）介词1)与描写实验过程有关的介词2)由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构1简明例AscanbeseenfromFig.1,growthisrapid.Growthisrapid(Fig.1).Fig.1showsthatgrowthisrapid.AsshowninFig.1Fig.1showsThe molar enthalpy of decompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molby means of thee third peak area inDSCcurve.Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molfrom(orby)theethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.下述句式可以更加简捷的形式表达常以介词介词或副词副词代替anumberof=several,someatatemperatureofatatsomefuturetimelateratthepresenttime(moment)nowaverylimitednumberoffewbymeansofbyorwithduetothefactthatbecauseorsinceduringthetimethatwhileforaperiodofforforthereasonthatbecauseorsincefromthestandpointofaccordingtogreater(orhigher)numberofmoreifconditionsaresuchthatifcomparedwithA,BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanAconsiderableamountofmuchconsiderablenumber(orproportion)manyormostinacarelessmannercarelesslyinaconsiderablenumberofcasesofteninasimilarmannersimilarlyinallcasesalways,allinanycaseanyhowinconsequenceofthisfactthereforeinexcessofmorethaninfewcasessometimes,rarely,seldominmanycaseschemistsaremanychemistsareinordertotoinregardtoinrelationtoinrespecttointhecaseofinthecontextof以上可使用适当的介词，例如in,for,about,withinsomecasessometimesintermsofininthecaseofsodiumwithsodiumintheeventthatifinthenearfuturesooninthetemperaturerangeofbetweenandinviewofthefactthatsinceorbecauselargenumber(s)ofmanylargeproportionofmanyofgreatimportanceimportantofsuchhardnessthatsohardthatonthebasisoffrom,by,becauseontheorderofaboutoverthepastfewyearsrecently,inrecentyearsowingtothefactthatsince,becauseasmallnumberofafewsubsequenttoafterasufficientnumberofenoughwithreferencetoaboutpriortobeforeItisapparentthatApparently,hence,thusItappearsthatApparentlyItisinterestingtonotethatInterestinglyItwasin1977thatIn1977ItisclearthatClearlyItisourconclusionthatWeconcludethatItispossiblethatItmaybesaidthatPerhaps,Possibly,ProbablyItisoftenthecasethatOftenItispossiblethatthecauseisThecausemaybe可去掉It,改用动词，而不用名词ItistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovideThisinvestigationisaimedtoproviding两种类型的复杂句及其简化有被动式从句与主动式从句之分被动式从句Heusesaninstrumentwhichiscalledaspectroscope.Heusesaninstrumentcalledaspectroscope.（简化为后置的过去分词）带有 介词介词+which句子的简化(1)atwhichwhereAirportisaplaceat whichspecialattentionispaidtotheweather.Airportisaplacewherespecialattentionispaidtotheweather.(2)bymeansofwhichwherebyA fuse box is a device by means of whichexcessiveloadsareavoided.Afuseboxisadevicewherebyexcessiveloadsareavoided.DefinitionofthermalanalysisA general term covering a group ofrelatedtechniqueswherebythedependenceoftheparametersofanyphysical property of a substance ontemperatureismeasured.(3)ofwhichwhoseVenusisaplanetof whichthesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200.Venusisaplanetwhosethesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200.有介词from,in,for者不能简化Laboratoriesareroomsin whichexperimentsareconducted.有助动词的句子，不能简化Hereisalistofexperimentswhichwillbe/shouldbe/havebeendonethisyear.（这里是今年要做的/必须做的/已做过的实验明细表。)主动式从句例ThemanwholecturesonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.ThemanlecturingonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.（简化为现在分词，作后置定语。）再简化被动式Airwhichiscompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.Air compressed can be used for severalpurposes.Compressed air compressed can be used forseveralpurposes.主动式Malaysiaisacountrywhichproducesrubber.Malaysiaisacountryproducingrubber.Malaysiaisarubber-producingcountry.2富于变幻比如，“称作”一词Suchfractionsare called asnon-freezingwater.Suchfractionsare referred to asfreezingboundwater.Thiswateris designated asfreezingwater.再比如，报道、阐述、主张、确认Conflicting data have been presented in literatureconcerning the compatibility of poly(vinyl chloride)-PVC-and poly(methyl methacrylate)-PMMA.Thus,Schureretal1reportedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleonlyinblendshavingaPVCcontentgreaterthan60w/w,whereasRozinskaetal2claimedPVC/PMMAtobeimmiscible.Ontheotherhand,Parmeretal3asserted PVC/PMMA to be miscibleover the wholerangeofcompositionshowingasingleglasstransition,Tg,inthesecondDSCheatingratetraces.MiscibilityofPVC/PMMA has also been confirmed by Albert etal4bynon-radiativeenergytransferandNMR.3辨析近义词例1absorbedby,adsorbedonadsorbedon（吸附于表面），absorbedby（吸收其中）。如：adsorbedonthesurfaceofsilveriodide.（吸附于碘化银的表面。）waterwasabsorbedbythesponge.（水被泡沫材料吸收。）例2accuracy,precisionaccuracy（准确定），示值（实验值）与被测量真值（约定真值）的一致程度；precision（精密度），某一物理量多次测量值的一致性（或称数据的分散性）。例如：Althoughhighprecisionwasachieved,accuracywaslow.（虽然达到高精密度，但准确度低。）例3actually,infact在例句“Actually,thereactionratesbyemployingsomeothermethodswereconsiderablyslower,”中，对于科学论文来讲，这里使用infact更为合适。与书面语言相比，actually更多用于口语。例4adjust,calibratecalibrate的名词形式是calibration（校准），在规定条件下为确定测量仪器或测量系统的示值与被测量相对应的已知值之间关系的一组操作。可以用校准的结果评定测量仪器、测量系统的示值误差，或给任意标尺上的标记赋值；有时把校准的结果表示为校正因子或取校正曲线形式的一系列校正因子。可按上述的校正对测量结果做调整（adjust）。例如：The results of the calibration permitted us toadjustthefinalresult.（校准的结果允许我们去调整最终结果。）例5common,general,ordinary,usual,routinecommon（普 通 的，共 同 的）,-Aluminamonohydrateisacommoncomponentofmanybauxites,of which the French bauxites aretypical.（-氧化铝单水合物是许多铝土矿的共同成分，general（一般的），Oneofthebestandmostgeneral methods for preparing ketones in thearomaticseriesistheFriedel-Craftreaction.（制备芳酮类化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反应。）ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavywaterdifferssomewhatfromordinarywaterincertainphysicalproperties.（重水在某些物理性质方面与普通的水有所不同。）ordinarypressure（常压），ordinarytemperature（常温）。Usual（常规的），Under these condition theend-pointoftitrationcouldbefoundaccuratelyintheusualway.（在这种条件下，按常规的办法可以精确发现滴定终点。）茲以method为例：acommonmethod普通的方法ageneralmethod一般的方法ausualmethod常规的方法aconventionalmethod传统的方法此外，routine（贯常的），如routinetest（惯常测试），是指按即定的程序开展的大量重复测试。例6bymeansof,intermsofbymeansof与by,using,byusing同义，表示利用某种方法（手段，诸如IR,DSC,NMR,X射线衍射等）开展研究、观测；intermsof通常用在采用某种理论（说法）、参数来解释实验结果。例如：ThethermalanddynamicmechanicalpropertiesofPES/PPSblendshavebeeninvestigatedbymeansofDSCandDMA.Sometimes,wehavetostudythemiscibilityofpolymerblendsbymeans of a combination of two or more methods in order toconfirmtheexperimentalresults.Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositions.Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation.修改后，使重点（Tg与组成的关系）更加突出，此句的重点并非是Fox方程。WehavepreparedthecomplexoftitlecompoundanddiscusseditsthermaldecompositionprocedurebyTG-DTG,DTA,SEMandIRtechniquesandthecorrespondingnon-isothermalkineticsby means of the Malek method.in terms of the Malekmethod.例7curve,thermogramcurve（曲线），thermogram（热谱）。thermogram的一种解释是，住院病人，例行查房，体温的逐日记录。因此，以英国学者为主的热分析名词委员会主张称热分析的记录为“曲 线”，而 不 称“热 谱”。如 DTAcurve（DTA曲线），DSCcurve（DSC曲线）。例8derivative,differentialderivative（微商），表示某物理量P对温度T或 时 间 t的 微 商，dP/dT(或 dP/dt),如derivativethermogravimetry（微商热重法）differential（差，差 式），如 differentialscanningcalorimetry（差式扫描量热法）。例9different,various,varyingdifferent（不同的），various（各种的），varying（改变的）。例如：Theresultsareclearlydifferent.（结果显然不同。）Wetriedvarious（或severaldifferent）methods.（我们试过各种方法。）Theeffectofvaryingtheconditionwas（改变条件的影响是）例10mass,weightmass（质量），weight（重量）。如：massofthesample（试样质量，或简称试样量），而不称sampleweight（试样重量）。重量在本质上与力是相同的，即是质量与因重力而产生的加速度的乘积。例11often,sometimes,usually它们在表现时间的频次上是不同的，usually,often,sometimes依次为“通常”、“常常”、“有时”，频次降低。如：Itwasusuallyobservedthat（通常观测）Itwasoftenobservedthat（常常观测）Itwassometimesobservedthat（有时观测）例 12 standard material,certifiedreferencematerialstandardmaterial标准物质，certifiedreferencematerial有证参样（或称有证标准物质）。standardmaterial用于检定仪器测量准确度的物质；certifiedreferencematerial用一种或多种技术上正确的方法，鉴定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鉴定机构所发给的证书或其他文件的标准物质。4语法修辞及其他（1）由which,that,where引出的从句which1)通过which进行双扩展The changeofheatoffusionofpolyethyleneasafunction of the specific volume which the sample has at room temperature,andwhich is related to the crystallinity through Eq.(5)in Chapter IVis showninFig.IV12.2)由于插入从句，which远离它所代替的主句中的词Inthecaseofcoldcrystallizationitissuggestedthat by reason of somewhat rigid backbonechains in these polymers,there will be somelocal ordersuch as parallel chains or nematic domains,originating during quenching the melt and frozen in the glassy state,which favorssubsequentcrystallization.（2）不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰Thermal decomposition kinetics of thecomplexes of light rare earth bromides withalaninebyDSCmethod DSC study on kinetics of thermaldecomposition for the complexes of light rareearthbromideswithalanine（3）词序In the form of extended helical chain,the junction zonesarelinked.The junction zonesarelinkedintheformofextendedhelicalchain.Fox equation interprets the relationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositions.The relationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)and copolymer compositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation.（4）利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系Examine the contents of the tube in which theliquidhave collected.考察（事先已在）试管中收集的液体。(现在完成时在前，现在时在后。）（5）介词1）与描写实验过程有关的介词underconditionundernon-isothermalconditionatheating/coolingrateunderatmosphereThe exothermic crystallization peaks wererecordedatdifferentcoolingratesrangingfrom2.5-40/minunderanitrogenatmosphere.升、降温速率也可用with,但如with已用于使用某种仪器前，则扫描速率仍须用at。Themeltingrangeofthispolymerwas138163,andtheheatoffusionwas24cal/g,asdeterminedbydifferentialscanningcalorimetrywithascanspeedof8/min.subsequentlythespecimenswerecooleddown,andcrystallization thermograms were recorded at scanspeedof0.532/minwithadifferentialscanningcalorimeter manufactured by Perkin-Elmer(DSCmodel1B).by使用方法differentialscanningcalorimetryWith使用仪器differentialscanningcalorimetrerin按（升、降温）模式Thefollowingequationisvalidfortheheatflowrateabsorbedbythesample(withoutreferencesample)in(quasi-)steadyheatingmode.Peakareacalibrationcanbeperformedintwoways.2）由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构The amorphous subsystem is linked to theequilibriummelt,followedbyextrapolationintothenonequilibrium,supercooledmelt,andfuture,underconsiderationoftimescaleofcooling,totheglass,asdescribedinSectionV.A.1 andF2.Thefollowingis valid forthe(steady-state)heatflow rates exchanged between furnace andsample,fs,between furnace and referencesample,fr,andforthemeasuredheat(output)flowratemandtrueheatflowratetureintothesample.